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DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does the Hershey Chase experiment demonstrate that DNA is the building block of Genetic Information and Not proteins

A

2 part experiment where radioactive proteins coated ( But not radioactive DNA )viruses were allowed to infect bacteria.

These viruses put their DNA inside the bacteria but the new DNA wasn’t radioactive.

2nd part allowed radioactive DNA viruses but not with a radioactive protein coat to infect the bacteria.

The radioactive DNA was passed on to the bacteria.

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2
Q

Purine bases for DNA

A

Adenine & Guanine

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3
Q

Pyrimide bases for DNA

A

Thymine & Cytosine

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4
Q

Which nucleotide contains a double ring?

A

Purine base: Adenine & Guanine

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5
Q

All nucleotides contain:

A

Phosphate, 5-Carbon Sugar, Nitrogen- Containing base

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6
Q

Chargaffs rules: (2)

A

The amount of A, T, C, G varies in species to species

In each species the amount of A = T & C =G

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7
Q

What does antiparallel mean in the description of DNA

A

The sugar-phosphate groups that are chained together make each strand are oriented in opposite directions.

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8
Q

Where is the phosphate located?

A

5’ posistion of the sugar

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9
Q

What type of bond occurs in the nitrogen bases of DNA

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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10
Q

The process of DNA replication that results in 2 double helix molecules, each having one parental and one new strand

A

Semiconservative replication

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11
Q

Three main events in DNA replication:

A

Unwinding of DNA molecule, complementary base pairing, joining of new DNA strands

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12
Q

Separates double-stranded DNA into single strands

A

DNA helicase

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13
Q

Binds to single-stranded DNA and prevents it from reforming a double helix

A

Single-Stranded binding protiens (SSB)

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14
Q

Synthesizes short RNA primers

A

DNA primase

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15
Q

Synthesizes DNA in the leading and lagging strands, RNA Primers, Filling the gaps with more DNA, and proofread newly made DNA

A

DNA polymerase

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16
Q

Covalently attaches adjacent Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand

A

DNA ligase

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17
Q

Where specifically does DNA replication start at

A

Origin of replication site

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18
Q

List steps and enzymes used to replicate DNA

A
  1. DNA helicase unzips the double helix
  2. Single stranded binding proteins (SSB) attach to separated DNA strands preventing them from reforming.
  3. DNA primase places short primers on the strand to be Replicated
  4. DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA forming complementary base pairs ( proofreading too )

Then

Converts the RNA sequences to DNA

  1. DNA ligase glues the Okazaki fragments together
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19
Q

Which strand are the Okazaki fragments found on?

A

The lagging strand

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20
Q

How does chemotherapy drugs stop cancer

A

They mimic one of the nucleotides used in DNA creation.

When a cancer uses these base pairs, replication stops and the cell dies.

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21
Q

Area of active replication is called:

A

The replication fork

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22
Q

Enzyme used to make sure areas outside of the replication fork do not super coil

A

DNA gyrase

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23
Q

Explain why replication must occur differently on the leading strand vs the lagging strand

A

Replication can only take place on the 5’ - 3’ direction.

Replication of the lagging stand must work backwards in the 5’ - 3’ direction

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24
Q

Compare DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotic begins at a single origin places and works in both directions towards the termination region

Eukaryotic DNA replication begins at multiple orgins of replication and continues until the replication forks meet

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25
Q

Transfer of information from genetic material (DNA) to RNA, and then onto a protein

A

Gene expression

26
Q

Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotides monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in many forms such as… messenger, ribosomal, and transfer

A

RNA

27
Q

What are the base pairs in DNA & RNA

A

DNA

Adenine & Thymine Cytosine & Guanine

RNA

Adenine & Uracil Cytosine & Guanine

28
Q

The process of _______ solves the problem of how to convert 4 bases found in the DNA to the 20 amino acids in a two step process

A

Gene Expressions

29
Q

The first step in Gene expression is….

What problem does it solve

A

Transcription

How to get the DNA info found in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

30
Q

How does Transcription get the DNA info out of the nucleus?

A

By making a complementary base pair of RNA using mRNA

31
Q

Type of RNA formed from a DNA template and bearing coded information for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

A

mRNA

32
Q

Type of RNA that transfers a particular amino aicd to a ribosome during protein synthesis

Contains an anticodon that binds to an mRNA codon

A

tRNA

33
Q

Along with ribosomal protiens makes up the ribosomes

A

rRNA

34
Q

Each codon refers to a(n)…..

A

Amino acid

35
Q

During ______ genetic information is used to make a polypeptide chain

A

Translation

36
Q

Where does translation happen

A

Cytoplasm at the ribosomes

37
Q

During ______, the mRNA transcript is read by a ribosome and converted into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

A

Translation

38
Q

Processes that dictate the flow of information from the DNA to RNA to a protein in a cell

A

Central dogma

39
Q

Allows for conversion of DNA and RNA’s chemical code to a sequence of amino acids in a protein

A

Genetic Code

40
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis

41
Q

What is meant when it is said that the genetic code is “Degenerate”

A

That several codons may specify the same amino acid

42
Q

Transcription begins when _________ attaches to a region of DNA called _________

A

RNA polymerase

The promoter

43
Q

3 stages of Transcription

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

44
Q

The cap and the tail of pre-mRNA consists of what and their functions are:

A

Cap is modified Guanine nucleotide that helps tell a ribosome where to attach when translation begins

Tail is a chain of 150-200 Adenine, that facilitates the transport of mRNA out of the nucleus, start of transition, and delays degradation of mRNA by hydrolytic enzymes

45
Q

This part of the gene gets expressed

This part gets cut out

This complex joins together the expressed genes

A

Exon

Intron

Spliceosome

46
Q

How does mRNA leave the nucleus

A

A nuclear pore

47
Q

_______ contains both exons and introns

A

Pre-mRNA

48
Q

In lower eukaryotes how do introns get removed?

A

They are self splicing and don’t require a splicesome

49
Q

How does the spileosome remove the introns

A

Ribozyme

50
Q

Explain the role of RNA polymerase

A

When mRNA is Synthesized, RNA polymerase joins the nucleotides together in a 5’ to 3’ direction

51
Q

3 major modifications that occur during the processing of mRNA

A

Introns removed, Exons joined together, 5’ guanosine and 3’ poly-A tail are added

52
Q

For example

tRNA that has the anticodon 5’ AAG 3’ binds to the mRNA codon 5’______3’

A

CUU

53
Q

Where is rRNA produced?

Describe the ribosomal subunits

A

Nucleolus

2 subunits one larger than the other

54
Q

During translation codons of an mRNA base pair with….

A

Anti codons of the tRNA

55
Q

This stage during protein synthesis is when a polypeptide increases in length one amino acid at a time

A

Elongation

56
Q

Can more than 1 tRNA be at a ribosome at the same time?

A

Yea

57
Q

Termination of polypeptide synthesis occurs at a ….

A

Stop codon

58
Q

All components of the translational complex, including the first tRNA carrying methionine, are assembled

A

Initiation

59
Q

Amino acids are delivered one by one as tRNA molecules pair with the codons on the mRNA

A

Elongation

60
Q

A stop codon is reached, a release factor binds to it, and the completed protein is cleaved from the last tRNA as ribosomal subunits dissociate

A

Termination

Biology (27 decks)

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