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Y2 Neurology > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

where do the inhibitory processes which causes sleep originate from ?

A

in the pons

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2
Q

does serotonin induce or inhibit sleep?

A

induce sleep

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3
Q

do serotonin levels increase during the day or at night?

A

at night

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4
Q

what area of the brain stem is thought to be closely associated with controlling state of consciousness ?

A

reticular formation

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5
Q

do people with depression have increased or decreased serotonin?

A

decreased

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6
Q

define sleep

A

= a condition of body and mind which typically recurs for several hours every night. State of unconsciousness from which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli

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7
Q

does brain activity vary at night during sleep?

A

yes

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8
Q

are chemical/peptides released into the CSF when you are tired?

A

yes

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9
Q

is there a spectrum to being conscious ?

A

yes

- awake to being alert

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10
Q

what excitatory neurotransmitter is produced from the hypothalamus?

A

orexin

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11
Q

what is the function of orexin?

A

required for wakefulness

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12
Q

does orexin concentration increase or decrease during sleep?

A

decrease during sleep

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13
Q

what condition can be caused by low concentrations of orexin ?

A

narcolepsy

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14
Q

what occurs when the SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei) of the hypothalamus is electrically stimulated ?

A

can promote sleep

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15
Q

what neurotransmitter does the SCN of the hypothalamus stimulate to be produced?

A

melatonin

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16
Q

what structure produces melatonin?

A

pineal gland

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17
Q

does melatonin make you feel alert or tired?

A

tired

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18
Q

does orexin make you feel alert or tired?

A

alert

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19
Q

what is the incidence of narcolepsy ?

A

1/2000

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20
Q

what areas does the reticular formation area communicate with?

A

thalamus

higher cortical areas

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21
Q

excitatory neurons in which system are released from sleep centres in the reticular formation?

A

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

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22
Q

when you become older, why do you become more sleepy?

A
  1. active cells become fatigued and signals fade.
  2. inhibitory signals from reticular formation dominate the balance
  3. there is a rapid progression into sleep state
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23
Q

what two ways could you assess the level of consciousness ?

A
  1. check speech pattern, reading and writing skills

2. EEG - ElectroEncepheloGram to check electrical activity

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24
Q

what two ways are EEG recordings analysed?

A

amplitude

frequency

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25
Are the brain wave lengths long or short during sleep ?
long
26
Have the brain waves got a high or low amplitude when sleeping?
high
27
name the four main types of wave pattern in the brain
alpha beta theta delta
28
when would the alpha brain activity wave be seen?
awake and relaxed
29
when would the beta brain activity wave be seen?
awake and alert
30
when would the theta brain activity wave be seen?
- during sleep | - during emotional stress
31
when would the delta brain activity wave be seen?
during deep sleep
32
describe what alpha waves look like
high frequency, high amplitude waves
33
describe what beta waves look like
even higher frequency than alpha waves, low amplitude asynchronous waves
34
describe what theta waves look like
low frequency waves which can vary enormously in amplitude
35
describe what delta waves look like
low frequency but high amplitude
36
how would you describe the 5 stages of the sleep cycle?
Sleep is cyclical, moving through S1-S2-S3-S4-S3-S2-REM-S2-S3-S4
37
what waves are seen in stage 1 of the sleep cycle ?
theta - high amplitude - low frequency 
38
is stage 1 of sleep cycle deep or light sleep
light sleep
39
in which stage of the sleep cycle do eye movements stop
stage 2
40
sleep spindles are seen in stage 2. | what are sleep spindles?
bursts of rapid waves
41
what waves are seen in stage 3 ?
delta waves interspersed with short episodes of faster waves - shorter episodes than stage 2
42
what waves are seen in stage 4?
only delta waves
43
in which two stages is it very difficult to arouse someone ?
stages 3 and 4
44
in which stages does sleep walking normally happen?
stages 3 and 4
45
what does REM sleep stand for?
rapid eye movement
46
in which stage do dreams occur?
REM sleep
47
what percentage of sleep occurs in stage REM?
25 %
48
what stages are classed as slow wave sleep?
stage 1-4
49
what stages are classed as fast wave sleep?
REM sleep
50
why is the REM stage of the sleep cycle sometimes referred to as paradoxical sleep?
EEG waves are desynchronized, high frequency, low amplitude, very like the awake state
51
what physiological changes does deep sleep cause for the body?
with decreased 1. vascular tone (and therefore BP) 2. respiratory and basal metabolic rate (hence drop in body temp.)
52
in the REM stage the eye muscles contract, but what prevents the other skeletal muscles from contracting?
inhibitory projections from Pons to spinal cord
53
what is the benefit of inhibiting the other skeletal muscles in the body?
prevents people acting out the dreams
54
REM sleep is dependant on what pathways in which areas?
dependent on cholinergic pathways within the reticular formation and their projections to the thalamus, hypothalamus and cortex
55
what drugs increase the time spent in REM sleep?
Anticholinesterases
56
what type of waves are seen in REM sleep stage?
beta waves
57
is it difficult or easy to arouse someone from REM sleep?
difficult
58
what happens when animals are deprived of sleep for a couple of weeks?
they die
59
what four changes do people who are sleep deprived demonstrate?
- Impairment of cognitive function - Impairment of physical performance - Sluggishness - Irritability
60
state 6 factors which are improved with good sleep habits?
1. Neuronal plasticity 2. Learning and memory 3. Cognition 4. Clearance of waste products from CNS 5. Conservation of whole body energy 6. Immune function
61
by what age may REM sleep be absent?
80 yrs
62
is REM sleep associated with memory ?
yes
63
why does REM sleep help with memory?
REM sleep has beta waves so the brain is alert but the person is sleeping. therefore the person can consolidate information in their brain and move information from short term to long term memory
64
why may elderly patients have a poorer memory in relation to their sleep?
older people have less REM sleep so don't consolidate their memories during their sleep
65
define insomnia
chronic inability to obtain the necessary amount or quality of sleep to maintain adequate daytime behaviour
66
is insomnia common or rare?
common | - affects 33% of adults
67
what is the difference between chronic and temporary insomnia ?
``` chronic = no identifiable cause temporary = response to pain, bereavement, crisis ```
68
what two disorders in insomnia associated with?
depression | post traumatic stress disorder
69
what two drugs can depress REM sleep?
Benzodiazepines | Barbiturates
70
what stage of the sleep cycle do nightmares occur?
REM sleep
71
what stage does night terrors occur in ?
deep delta sleep
72
do people remember they have had night terrors ?
no
73
do nightmares occur early or late in the night?
late
74
do night terrors occur early or late in the night?
early
75
what is somnambulism ?
sleep walking
76
what stage does sleep walking occur in?
stage 4 | - non REM sleep stage
77
why does sleep walking decrease with age?
because stage 4 decreases with age
78
do people remember sleep walking ?
no
79
what stage of sleep do patients with narcolepsy enter when they fall asleep?
REM sleep with little warning
80
what is circadian rhythm ?
sleep pattern oscillating every 24 hours
81
what structure controls circadian rhythm?
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus
82
what external cues affect the the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus?
light and dark cycle cues
83
do blind people have circadian rhythm?
yes
84
is orexin high during the day or during the night?
during the day
85
what is the function of orexin ?
wakes you up
86
what is the function of serotonin?
makes you sleepy
87
what is the function of melatonin?
makes you sleepy
88
do people who were born blind have auditory dreams?
yes

Y2 Neurology (52 decks)

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