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Y2 Neurology > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

where do the inhibitory processes which causes sleep originate from ?

A

in the pons

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2
Q

does serotonin induce or inhibit sleep?

A

induce sleep

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3
Q

do serotonin levels increase during the day or at night?

A

at night

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4
Q

what area of the brain stem is thought to be closely associated with controlling state of consciousness ?

A

reticular formation

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5
Q

do people with depression have increased or decreased serotonin?

A

decreased

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6
Q

define sleep

A

= a condition of body and mind which typically recurs for several hours every night. State of unconsciousness from which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli

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7
Q

does brain activity vary at night during sleep?

A

yes

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8
Q

are chemical/peptides released into the CSF when you are tired?

A

yes

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9
Q

is there a spectrum to being conscious ?

A

yes

- awake to being alert

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10
Q

what excitatory neurotransmitter is produced from the hypothalamus?

A

orexin

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11
Q

what is the function of orexin?

A

required for wakefulness

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12
Q

does orexin concentration increase or decrease during sleep?

A

decrease during sleep

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13
Q

what condition can be caused by low concentrations of orexin ?

A

narcolepsy

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14
Q

what occurs when the SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei) of the hypothalamus is electrically stimulated ?

A

can promote sleep

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15
Q

what neurotransmitter does the SCN of the hypothalamus stimulate to be produced?

A

melatonin

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16
Q

what structure produces melatonin?

A

pineal gland

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17
Q

does melatonin make you feel alert or tired?

A

tired

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18
Q

does orexin make you feel alert or tired?

A

alert

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19
Q

what is the incidence of narcolepsy ?

A

1/2000

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20
Q

what areas does the reticular formation area communicate with?

A

thalamus

higher cortical areas

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21
Q

excitatory neurons in which system are released from sleep centres in the reticular formation?

A

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

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22
Q

when you become older, why do you become more sleepy?

A
  1. active cells become fatigued and signals fade.
  2. inhibitory signals from reticular formation dominate the balance
  3. there is a rapid progression into sleep state
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23
Q

what two ways could you assess the level of consciousness ?

A
  1. check speech pattern, reading and writing skills

2. EEG - ElectroEncepheloGram to check electrical activity

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24
Q

what two ways are EEG recordings analysed?

A

amplitude

frequency

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25
Q

Are the brain wave lengths long or short during sleep ?

A

long

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26
Q

Have the brain waves got a high or low amplitude when sleeping?

A

high

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27
Q

name the four main types of wave pattern in the brain

A

alpha
beta
theta
delta

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28
Q

when would the alpha brain activity wave be seen?

A

awake and relaxed

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29
Q

when would the beta brain activity wave be seen?

A

awake and alert

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30
Q

when would the theta brain activity wave be seen?

A
  • during sleep

- during emotional stress

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31
Q

when would the delta brain activity wave be seen?

A

during deep sleep

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32
Q

describe what alpha waves look like

A

high frequency, high amplitude waves

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33
Q

describe what beta waves look like

A

even higher frequency than alpha waves, low amplitude asynchronous waves

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34
Q

describe what theta waves look like

A

low frequency waves which can vary enormously in amplitude

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35
Q

describe what delta waves look like

A

low frequency but high amplitude

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36
Q

how would you describe the 5 stages of the sleep cycle?

A

Sleep is cyclical, moving through S1-S2-S3-S4-S3-S2-REM-S2-S3-S4

37
Q

what waves are seen in stage 1 of the sleep cycle ?

A

theta

  • high amplitude
  • low frequency
38
Q

is stage 1 of sleep cycle deep or light sleep

A

light sleep

39
Q

in which stage of the sleep cycle do eye movements stop

A

stage 2

40
Q

sleep spindles are seen in stage 2.

what are sleep spindles?

A

bursts of rapid waves

41
Q

what waves are seen in stage 3 ?

A

delta waves interspersed with short episodes of faster waves
- shorter episodes than stage 2

42
Q

what waves are seen in stage 4?

A

only delta waves

43
Q

in which two stages is it very difficult to arouse someone ?

A

stages 3 and 4

44
Q

in which stages does sleep walking normally happen?

A

stages 3 and 4

45
Q

what does REM sleep stand for?

A

rapid eye movement

46
Q

in which stage do dreams occur?

A

REM sleep

47
Q

what percentage of sleep occurs in stage REM?

A

25 %

48
Q

what stages are classed as slow wave sleep?

A

stage 1-4

49
Q

what stages are classed as fast wave sleep?

A

REM sleep

50
Q

why is the REM stage of the sleep cycle sometimes referred to as paradoxical sleep?

A

EEG waves are desynchronized, high frequency, low amplitude, very like the awake state

51
Q

what physiological changes does deep sleep cause for the body?

A

with decreased

  1. vascular tone (and therefore BP)
  2. respiratory and basal metabolic rate (hence drop in body temp.)
52
Q

in the REM stage the eye muscles contract, but what prevents the other skeletal muscles from contracting?

A

inhibitory projections from Pons to spinal cord

53
Q

what is the benefit of inhibiting the other skeletal muscles in the body?

A

prevents people acting out the dreams

54
Q

REM sleep is dependant on what pathways in which areas?

A

dependent on cholinergic pathways within the reticular formation and their projections to the thalamus, hypothalamus and cortex

55
Q

what drugs increase the time spent in REM sleep?

A

Anticholinesterases

56
Q

what type of waves are seen in REM sleep stage?

A

beta waves

57
Q

is it difficult or easy to arouse someone from REM sleep?

A

difficult

58
Q

what happens when animals are deprived of sleep for a couple of weeks?

A

they die

59
Q

what four changes do people who are sleep deprived demonstrate?

A
  • Impairment of cognitive function
  • Impairment of physical performance
  • Sluggishness
  • Irritability
60
Q

state 6 factors which are improved with good sleep habits?

A
  1. Neuronal plasticity
  2. Learning and memory
  3. Cognition
  4. Clearance of waste products from CNS
  5. Conservation of whole body energy
  6. Immune function
61
Q

by what age may REM sleep be absent?

A

80 yrs

62
Q

is REM sleep associated with memory ?

A

yes

63
Q

why does REM sleep help with memory?

A

REM sleep has beta waves so the brain is alert but the person is sleeping.
therefore the person can consolidate information in their brain and move information from short term to long term memory

64
Q

why may elderly patients have a poorer memory in relation to their sleep?

A

older people have less REM sleep so don’t consolidate their memories during their sleep

65
Q

define insomnia

A

chronic inability to obtain the necessary amount or quality of sleep to maintain adequate daytime behaviour

66
Q

is insomnia common or rare?

A

common

- affects 33% of adults

67
Q

what is the difference between chronic and temporary insomnia ?

A 
chronic = no identifiable cause 
temporary = response to pain, bereavement, crisis
68
Q

what two disorders in insomnia associated with?

A

depression

post traumatic stress disorder

69
Q

what two drugs can depress REM sleep?

A

Benzodiazepines

Barbiturates

70
Q

what stage of the sleep cycle do nightmares occur?

A

REM sleep

71
Q

what stage does night terrors occur in ?

A

deep delta sleep

72
Q

do people remember they have had night terrors ?

A

no

73
Q

do nightmares occur early or late in the night?

A

late

74
Q

do night terrors occur early or late in the night?

A

early

75
Q

what is somnambulism ?

A

sleep walking

76
Q

what stage does sleep walking occur in?

A

stage 4

- non REM sleep stage

77
Q

why does sleep walking decrease with age?

A

because stage 4 decreases with age

78
Q

do people remember sleep walking ?

A

no

79
Q

what stage of sleep do patients with narcolepsy enter when they fall asleep?

A

REM sleep with little warning

80
Q

what is circadian rhythm ?

A

sleep pattern oscillating every 24 hours

81
Q

what structure controls circadian rhythm?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus

82
Q

what external cues affect the the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus?

A

light and dark cycle cues

83
Q

do blind people have circadian rhythm?

A

yes

84
Q

is orexin high during the day or during the night?

A

during the day

85
Q

what is the function of orexin ?

A

wakes you up

86
Q

what is the function of serotonin?

A

makes you sleepy

87
Q

what is the function of melatonin?

A

makes you sleepy

88
Q

do people who were born blind have auditory dreams?

A

yes

Y2 Neurology (52 decks)

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