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Y2 Neurology > Cognition and Memory > Flashcards

Cognition and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is a brief summary of cognition?

A

the integration of all sensory information to make sense/understanding of a situation

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2
Q

what two skills are required to be cognitive ?

A

ability to learn and remember

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3
Q

what is required to learn and remember things?

A

motivation

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4
Q

what is the main function of the association areas in the brain?

A

integrating information together to be able to understand information properly

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5
Q

what are the four structures which make up the limbic system ?

A

hypothalamus
hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
amygdala

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6
Q

what two important connections does the limbic system have ?

A
  • temporal lobe

- frontal lobe

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7
Q

what is the main function of the limbic system?

A

responsible for instinctive behaviour

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8
Q

give some examples of instinctive behaviour which is controlled by the limbic system?

A

thirst
hunger
sex
emotive behaviour of reward and avoiding punishment

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9
Q

are rewards and punishments a central aspect of learning?

A

yes

- conveys what experiences were good and which ones were bad

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10
Q

why is it important some tasks have significance ?

A

a significant task gives more motivation to complete the task

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11
Q

what term is used to describe a task which is barely remembered?

A

habituation

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12
Q

which structure in the limbic system does all sensory information pass through and acts as a relay to the other limbic structures?

A

the hippocampus

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13
Q

what is the main function of the hippocampus?

A

formation of new memories

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14
Q

what would be the clinical complication if someone had bilateral hippocampal damage ?

A

they have immediate memory and long term memory but they are unable to form new long term memories

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15
Q

what is reflexive memory?

A

motor skills such as riding a bike

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16
Q

what are the four stages of memory?

A

immediate
short term
intermediate
long term

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17
Q

how long does immediate memory last for?

A

few seconds

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18
Q

how long does short term memory last for?

A

seconds - hours

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19
Q

how long does intermediate memory last for?

A

hours - weeks

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20
Q

how long does long term memory last for?

A

hours - life time

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21
Q

what circuits cause short term memory ?

A

reverberating circuits

- electrical adaptation

22
Q

what adaption is associated with intermediate memory ?

A

chemical adaption at the pre synaptic terminal

23
Q

what changes are associated with long term memory ?

A

structural changes in synaptic connections.

24
Q

give an example of intermediate memory

A

what you did at the weekend

25
Q

give an example of short term memory

A

mental arithmetic

reading a sentence

26
Q

give an example of long term memory

A

where you grew up

27
Q

which memories decay the faster?

  • visual
  • auditory
A

visual

28
Q

describe how excitation is maintained in reverberating circuits

A
  1. stimulus from A stimulates B
  2. the circular circuit of neurons before neuron B stimulates B for a second time
  3. the long lasting neuronal activity in B keeps the memory alive for longer
29
Q

when does reverberation result in consolidation of a memory ?

A

when the memory is deemed to be significant

30
Q

define anterograde amnesia

A

inability to recall events following the injury but can form new memories

31
Q

what happens if the hippocampus is destroyed ?

A

the person can’t form new memories

32
Q

define retrograde amnesia

A

can’t remember events leading up to the injury, but can remember long term memory

33
Q

what is the function of the thalamus in relation to memory

A

required for “searching” our existing memory bank.

34
Q

what would be the clinical consequence if the thalamus was damaged but the hippocampus was uninjured ?

A

retrograde amnesia

35
Q

in intermediate long term memory, what is the chemical change which occurs ?

A

increase of Ca to the pre synaptic terminal which increases the release of neurotransmitters and strengths the signal

36
Q

state the three structural changes which occur during long term memory

A
  1. Increase in NT release sites on presynaptic membrane.
  2. Increase in number of NT vesicles stored and released.
  3. Increase in number of presynaptic terminals
37
Q

what is the term used to describe the strengthens the synapse ?

A

Long term potentiation

38
Q

what are the two main types of long term memory ?

A

explicit

implicit

39
Q

where is explicit memory based?

A

hippocampus

40
Q

where is implicit memory based?

A

cerebellum

41
Q

what is long term explicit memory ?

A

memory for events and words, rules and language

42
Q

what is long term implicit memory ?

A

motor skills which have been acquired slowly through repetition

43
Q

what is the term for converting short term memory to long term memory ?

A

consolidation

44
Q

describe how consolidation occurs

A

involves selective strengthening of synaptic connections through repetition (for minutes to hours)
- exists as electrical activity and is vulnerable to being wiped

45
Q

what 2 parts of the brain decides whether a memory is significant or not?

A

frontal cortex

limbic system

46
Q

where are new memories stored in the brain?

A

sensory and association areas of the cortex

47
Q

if an experience longer does a memory get stored better?

A

no

  • only if the experience was significant
  • for example a guy jumping out at out and points a gun at you and runs away, only lasts a couple of seconds but is remembered
48
Q

do memories have strong emotional components to them?

A

yes

49
Q

what are the four stages of the Papez circuit ?

A

hippocampus
mammilary bodies
anterior thalamus
cingulate gyrus

50
Q

why are smells particularly powerful at evoking long term memories ?

A

the olfactory tract passes through the amygdala and hippocampus to the prefrontal cortex

51
Q

how does a vitamin B1 deficiency affect memory ?

A

leads to damage of limbic system structures. Especially mamillary bodies in the hypothalamus. The ability to consolidate memory is impaired.

Y2 Neurology (52 decks)

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