Neurology 2

Question 1

name the three parts which make up the brain stem

Answer 1

1. mid brain
2. pons
3. medulla

Question 2

what are the three main functions of the brain stem?

Answer 2

1. pathway of fibre tracts running between higher and lower centres
2. innervates head and neck via 10/12 cranial nerves
3. produces rigidly programmed autonomic behaviours

Question 3

what ventricle is in the medulla ?

Answer 3

4th ventricle

Question 4

how is the medulla attached to the cerebellum ?

Answer 4

inferior cerebellum peduncle

Question 5

what cranial nerves originate from the medulla ?

Answer 5

IX, X, XI, XII

Question 6

what structures are formed from the hind brain?

Answer 6

medulla
pons
cerebellum

Question 7

where do nerves cross over to the opposite side of the nervous system?

Answer 7

at the medulla

Question 8

in what structures do the nerves flow down the medulla?

Answer 8

the pyramids

Question 9

what happens if there is a lesion on the nervous tract is above the medulla ?

Answer 9

both sensory and motor neurons for the oppsoite side of the lesion is lost

Question 10

what happens if there is a lesion on the nervous tract is below the medulla ?

Answer 10

the sensory will be lost on the opposite side but the motor on the same side will be lost

Question 11

through which foramen does the spinal cord pass through the cranium?

Answer 11

foramen magnum

Question 12

what happens if there is a lesion on the nerves is below the spinal cord ?

Answer 12

sensory and motor loss from the same side as the lesion

Question 13

what attaches the pons to the cerebellum?

Answer 13

middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 14

what cranial nerves come for the pons?

Answer 14

5, 6, 7, 8

Question 15

what cranial nerves come from the medulla?

Answer 15

9, 10, 11, 12

Question 16

what ventricle is found behind the pons?

Answer 16

4th ventricle

Question 17

what are the three main parts of the brain stem?

Answer 17

mid brain
pons
medulla

Question 18

what ventricle is found in the mid brain?

Answer 18

cerebral aqueduct

Question 19

what structure connects the mid brain and the cerebellum ?

Answer 19

superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 20

what are the four pea shaped structures on the back of the mid brain called?

Answer 20

superior and inferior colliculi

Question 21

what nerves come from the mid brain?

Answer 21

3, 4

Question 22

what are the two black lines in the mid brain called?

Answer 22

substantia nigra

Question 23

what ventricle is found in the mid brain section?

Answer 23

cerebral aqueduct

Question 24

what two ventricles are connected by the cerebral aqueduct ?

Answer 24

3rd and 4th ventricles

Question 25

what is the structure which connects the left and right hemispheres?

Answer 25

vermis

Question 26

what are the depressions and hills of the cerebellum called ?

Answer 26

``` depressions = sulci hills = folia ```

Question 27

how many lobes are there in each hemisphere of the cerebellum ?

Answer 27

3

Question 28

what are the names of the lobes in the cerebellum hemisphere?

Answer 28

anterior posterior flocculonodular

Question 29

what are the two main functions of the cerebellum ?

Answer 29

1. posture maintenance | 2. fine tuning motor activity

Question 30

where do the nerve fibres pass through, from the cerebellum, to get to the cerebral cortex?

Answer 30

superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 31

state three tests that can be done to check for ataxia ?

Answer 31

1. finger nose test 2. knee-heel test 3. walking in a straight line

Question 32

what structure is the 3rd ventricle in?

Answer 32

diencephalon

Question 33

state three main structures that make up the diencephalon

Answer 33

- thalamus - hypothalamus - epithalamus

Question 34

what is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 34

sensory relay station

Question 35

what structure sits above the pituitary gland ?

Answer 35

optic chiasma

Question 36

does all sensory information pass through the thalamus ?

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

what three groups of nucleii are in the thalamus ?

Answer 37

anterior medial lateral

Question 38

what group of nucleii in the thalamus is involved in processing sensory information ?

Answer 38

lateral group

Question 39

what are the main functions of the hypothalamus ?

Answer 39

- autonomic control - body temp control - regulate food intake - regulate thirst - regulate sleep cycle - control endocrine system

Question 40

what are the two arteries which supply the brain ?

Answer 40

- internal carotid arteries | - vertebral arteries

Question 41

where do the internal carotid arteries enter the skull?

Answer 41

carotid canal

Question 42

where do the internal vertebral arteries enter the skull?

Answer 42

foramen magnum

Question 43

what are the three branches of internal carotid artery?

Answer 43

- anterior carotid artery - middle cerebral artery - posterior communicating arteries

Question 44

what is the artery formed when the two vertebral arteries join together ?

Answer 44

basilar artery

Question 45

what two arteries does the basilar artery divide into?

Answer 45

two posterior cerebral arteries

Question 46

what two arteries join the internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery together ?

Answer 46

- posterior communicating arteries | - posterior cerebral arteries

Question 47

what is the clinical significance of the posterior communicating arteries and posterior cerebral arteries joining together ?

Answer 47

As they are all joined means that if there is a thrombus and embolism in one of the main arteries, the brain would still be able to get blood supply as other arteries can flow

Question 48

what is the structure of all the main arteries in the brain called?

Answer 48

Circle of Willis

Question 49

where does most of the blood from the brain drain into ?

Answer 49

transverse cranial sinus -> internal jugular veins

Question 50

between which layers does the cranial sinuses lie?

Answer 50

between 2 layers of dura mater

Question 51

what nerves come out of the brain stem?

Answer 51

3 - 12