Neurology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

name the three parts which make up the brain stem

A
  1. mid brain
  2. pons
  3. medulla
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2
Q

what are the three main functions of the brain stem?

A
  1. pathway of fibre tracts running between higher and lower centres
  2. innervates head and neck via 10/12 cranial nerves
  3. produces rigidly programmed autonomic behaviours
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3
Q

what ventricle is in the medulla ?

A

4th ventricle

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4
Q

how is the medulla attached to the cerebellum ?

A

inferior cerebellum peduncle

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5
Q

what cranial nerves originate from the medulla ?

A

IX, X, XI, XII

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6
Q

what structures are formed from the hind brain?

A

medulla
pons
cerebellum

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7
Q

where do nerves cross over to the opposite side of the nervous system?

A

at the medulla

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8
Q

in what structures do the nerves flow down the medulla?

A

the pyramids

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9
Q

what happens if there is a lesion on the nervous tract is above the medulla ?

A

both sensory and motor neurons for the oppsoite side of the lesion is lost

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10
Q

what happens if there is a lesion on the nervous tract is below the medulla ?

A

the sensory will be lost on the opposite side but the motor on the same side will be lost

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11
Q

through which foramen does the spinal cord pass through the cranium?

A

foramen magnum

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12
Q

what happens if there is a lesion on the nerves is below the spinal cord ?

A

sensory and motor loss from the same side as the lesion

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13
Q

what attaches the pons to the cerebellum?

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

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14
Q

what cranial nerves come for the pons?

A

5, 6, 7, 8

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15
Q

what cranial nerves come from the medulla?

A

9, 10, 11, 12

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16
Q

what ventricle is found behind the pons?

A

4th ventricle

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17
Q

what are the three main parts of the brain stem?

A

mid brain
pons
medulla

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18
Q

what ventricle is found in the mid brain?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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19
Q

what structure connects the mid brain and the cerebellum ?

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

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20
Q

what are the four pea shaped structures on the back of the mid brain called?

A

superior and inferior colliculi

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21
Q

what nerves come from the mid brain?

A

3, 4

22
Q

what are the two black lines in the mid brain called?

A

substantia nigra

23
Q

what ventricle is found in the mid brain section?

A

cerebral aqueduct

24
Q

what two ventricles are connected by the cerebral aqueduct ?

A

3rd and 4th ventricles

25
Q

what is the structure which connects the left and right hemispheres?

A

vermis

26
Q

what are the depressions and hills of the cerebellum called ?

A
depressions = sulci 
hills = folia
27
Q

how many lobes are there in each hemisphere of the cerebellum ?

A

3

28
Q

what are the names of the lobes in the cerebellum hemisphere?

A

anterior
posterior
flocculonodular

29
Q

what are the two main functions of the cerebellum ?

A
  1. posture maintenance

2. fine tuning motor activity

30
Q

where do the nerve fibres pass through, from the cerebellum, to get to the cerebral cortex?

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

31
Q

state three tests that can be done to check for ataxia ?

A
  1. finger nose test
  2. knee-heel test
  3. walking in a straight line
32
Q

what structure is the 3rd ventricle in?

A

diencephalon

33
Q

state three main structures that make up the diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
34
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

sensory relay station

35
Q

what structure sits above the pituitary gland ?

A

optic chiasma

36
Q

does all sensory information pass through the thalamus ?

A

yes

37
Q

what three groups of nucleii are in the thalamus ?

A

anterior
medial
lateral

38
Q

what group of nucleii in the thalamus is involved in processing sensory information ?

A

lateral group

39
Q

what are the main functions of the hypothalamus ?

A
  • autonomic control
  • body temp control
  • regulate food intake
  • regulate thirst
  • regulate sleep cycle
  • control endocrine system
40
Q

what are the two arteries which supply the brain ?

A
  • internal carotid arteries

- vertebral arteries

41
Q

where do the internal carotid arteries enter the skull?

A

carotid canal

42
Q

where do the internal vertebral arteries enter the skull?

A

foramen magnum

43
Q

what are the three branches of internal carotid artery?

A
  • anterior carotid artery
  • middle cerebral artery
  • posterior communicating arteries
44
Q

what is the artery formed when the two vertebral arteries join together ?

A

basilar artery

45
Q

what two arteries does the basilar artery divide into?

A

two posterior cerebral arteries

46
Q

what two arteries join the internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery together ?

A
  • posterior communicating arteries

- posterior cerebral arteries

47
Q

what is the clinical significance of the posterior communicating arteries and posterior cerebral arteries joining together ?

A

As they are all joined means that if there is a thrombus and embolism in one of the main arteries, the brain would still be able to get blood supply as other arteries can flow

48
Q

what is the structure of all the main arteries in the brain called?

A

Circle of Willis

49
Q

where does most of the blood from the brain drain into ?

A

transverse cranial sinus -> internal jugular veins

50
Q

between which layers does the cranial sinuses lie?

A

between 2 layers of dura mater

51
Q

what nerves come out of the brain stem?

A

3 - 12