Neurology 2 Flashcards
name the three parts which make up the brain stem
- mid brain
- pons
- medulla
what are the three main functions of the brain stem?
- pathway of fibre tracts running between higher and lower centres
- innervates head and neck via 10/12 cranial nerves
- produces rigidly programmed autonomic behaviours
what ventricle is in the medulla ?
4th ventricle
how is the medulla attached to the cerebellum ?
inferior cerebellum peduncle
what cranial nerves originate from the medulla ?
IX, X, XI, XII
what structures are formed from the hind brain?
medulla
pons
cerebellum
where do nerves cross over to the opposite side of the nervous system?
at the medulla
in what structures do the nerves flow down the medulla?
the pyramids
what happens if there is a lesion on the nervous tract is above the medulla ?
both sensory and motor neurons for the oppsoite side of the lesion is lost
what happens if there is a lesion on the nervous tract is below the medulla ?
the sensory will be lost on the opposite side but the motor on the same side will be lost
through which foramen does the spinal cord pass through the cranium?
foramen magnum
what happens if there is a lesion on the nerves is below the spinal cord ?
sensory and motor loss from the same side as the lesion
what attaches the pons to the cerebellum?
middle cerebellar peduncle
what cranial nerves come for the pons?
5, 6, 7, 8
what cranial nerves come from the medulla?
9, 10, 11, 12
what ventricle is found behind the pons?
4th ventricle
what are the three main parts of the brain stem?
mid brain
pons
medulla
what ventricle is found in the mid brain?
cerebral aqueduct
what structure connects the mid brain and the cerebellum ?
superior cerebellar peduncle
what are the four pea shaped structures on the back of the mid brain called?
superior and inferior colliculi
what nerves come from the mid brain?
3, 4
what are the two black lines in the mid brain called?
substantia nigra
what ventricle is found in the mid brain section?
cerebral aqueduct
what two ventricles are connected by the cerebral aqueduct ?
3rd and 4th ventricles
what is the structure which connects the left and right hemispheres?
vermis
what are the depressions and hills of the cerebellum called ?
depressions = sulci hills = folia
how many lobes are there in each hemisphere of the cerebellum ?
3
what are the names of the lobes in the cerebellum hemisphere?
anterior
posterior
flocculonodular
what are the two main functions of the cerebellum ?
- posture maintenance
2. fine tuning motor activity
where do the nerve fibres pass through, from the cerebellum, to get to the cerebral cortex?
superior cerebellar peduncle
state three tests that can be done to check for ataxia ?
- finger nose test
- knee-heel test
- walking in a straight line
what structure is the 3rd ventricle in?
diencephalon
state three main structures that make up the diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
what is the function of the thalamus?
sensory relay station
what structure sits above the pituitary gland ?
optic chiasma
does all sensory information pass through the thalamus ?
yes
what three groups of nucleii are in the thalamus ?
anterior
medial
lateral
what group of nucleii in the thalamus is involved in processing sensory information ?
lateral group
what are the main functions of the hypothalamus ?
- autonomic control
- body temp control
- regulate food intake
- regulate thirst
- regulate sleep cycle
- control endocrine system
what are the two arteries which supply the brain ?
- internal carotid arteries
- vertebral arteries
where do the internal carotid arteries enter the skull?
carotid canal
where do the internal vertebral arteries enter the skull?
foramen magnum
what are the three branches of internal carotid artery?
- anterior carotid artery
- middle cerebral artery
- posterior communicating arteries
what is the artery formed when the two vertebral arteries join together ?
basilar artery
what two arteries does the basilar artery divide into?
two posterior cerebral arteries
what two arteries join the internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery together ?
- posterior communicating arteries
- posterior cerebral arteries
what is the clinical significance of the posterior communicating arteries and posterior cerebral arteries joining together ?
As they are all joined means that if there is a thrombus and embolism in one of the main arteries, the brain would still be able to get blood supply as other arteries can flow
what is the structure of all the main arteries in the brain called?
Circle of Willis
where does most of the blood from the brain drain into ?
transverse cranial sinus -> internal jugular veins
between which layers does the cranial sinuses lie?
between 2 layers of dura mater
what nerves come out of the brain stem?
3 - 12
