Motor 1

Question 1

what are the three motor control structure hierarchy?

Answer 1

1. basal ganglia
2. motor cortex, cerebellum
3. brain stem, spinal cord

Question 2

what structure has the function of strategy?

Answer 2

basal ganglion

Question 3

what structure has the function of tactics ?

Answer 3

motor cortex, cerebellum

Question 4

what structure has the function of execution?

Answer 4

brain stem, spinal cord

Question 5

what do the lateral pathways of the spinal cord control?

Answer 5

voluntary movements

Question 6

what do the ventromedial pathways of the spinal cord control?

Answer 6

posture and locomotion

Question 7

what control are ventromedial pathways under ?

Answer 7

under brain stem control

Question 8

what control are lateral pathways under?

Answer 8

direct cortical control

Question 9

what does CST stand for ?

Answer 9

cortocospinal tract

Question 10

where does most of the CST originate from?

Answer 10

areas 4 and 6 (frontal motor cortex)

Question 11

what side of the body does the right motor cortex control?

Answer 11

left

Question 12

what does RST stand for?

Answer 12

rubrospinal tract

Question 13

where does the rubrospinal tract start?

Answer 13

red nucleus of the mid brain

Question 14

what would be the clinical consequences of lesions on the CST and the RST ?

Answer 14

fine movements of arms and hands are lost

e.g. can stand without losing balance but can’t play an instrument

Question 15

what would be the clinical consequences of a lesion on the CST and not on the RST?

Answer 15

fine movements of the arms and hands would be lost but after a few months they would reappear as the functions have been taken over by RST

Question 16

does CST and RST have the same input areas?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

what two lateral pathways (pass through the lateral column of the spinal cord) control voluntary motor movements ?

Answer 17

CST and RST

Question 18

name the two ventromedial pathways which control posture and locomotion

Answer 18

Vestibulospinal and Tectospinal tracts

• VST
• TST

Question 19

where does the TST start?

Answer 19

superior colliculi of the mid brain

Question 20

what is the function of TST?

Answer 20

ensures eyes remain able as the body moves

Question 21

where does VST start?

Answer 21

vestibular nucleus of the medulla

Question 22

what is the function of VST ?

Answer 22

stabilises the head and neck

Question 23

what is the function of pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts ?

Answer 23

maintain balance and body position

Question 24

in which spinal cord column do the reticulospinal tracts pass down?

Answer 24

ventromedial pathway

Question 25

what do the medial tracts from brainstem control?

Answer 25

posture, balance and orienting mechanisms.

Question 26

what do the lateral tracts from brainstem control?

Answer 26

precise skilled voluntary movements

Question 27

through which white matter do the upper motor neurons pass through in the spinal cord ? 1. upper motor neurons from the cerebral cortex 2. upper motor neurons from the brain stem

Answer 27

1. lateral white matter | 2. anterior medial white matter

Question 28

on which gyrus is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 28

pre central gyrus

Question 29

are areas 5 and 7 sensory or motor ?

Answer 29

sensory

Question 30

are areas 4 and 6 sensory or motor ?

Answer 30

motor

Question 31

what divides the sensory and motor areas?

Answer 31

the central sulcus

Question 32

what two parts is area 6 divided into ?

Answer 32

SMA - supplementary motor area | PMA - premotor area

Question 33

what does the PMA connect to?

Answer 33

reticulospinal neurones

Question 34

do SMA or PMA innervate distal or proximal motor units?

Answer 34

SMA = distal motor units PMA = proximal motor units

Question 35

what would be the clinical consequence of damage to the posterior parietal cortex (areas 5 and 7)?

Answer 35

person would not know where their body was in space | - would think half of their body didnt exist

Question 36

where are decisions about what actions to take and what there likely outcome would be made in the brain?

Answer 36

prefrontal and parietal cortex - P for planning

Question 37

on a PET scan- | during practised voluntary finger movements what areas would light up?

Answer 37

areas 4 and 6

Question 38

on a PET scan- | what areas would light up when thinking about an action ?

Answer 38

area 6

Question 39

what neurones does area 4 activate ?

Answer 39

CST | RST

Question 40

does the PMA part of area 6 fire APs when the movement is imagined ?

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

does the PMA part of area 6 fire APs when you watch the movement done by someone else?

Answer 41

yes