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Y2 Neurology > Common Conditions of the Eye > Flashcards

Common Conditions of the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

what are the symptoms of nuclear sclerosis ?

A

makes objects appear less clear

patient sees more of red spectrum

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2
Q

what is a glaucoma?

A

increased pressure in the aqueous humour

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3
Q

what layer is the uvea layer ?

A

vascular layer

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4
Q

what three things make up the vascular layer ?

A

choroid
ciliary body
iris

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5
Q

what is inflammation of the uvea called?

A

uveitis

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6
Q

what is the main cause of total blindness?

A

cataract

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7
Q

what is a cataract ?

A

opacification of the lens

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8
Q

state three characteristics of the lens of the eye which makes it prone to the development of cataracts ?

A
  1. avascular - so later in life vessels may flow into the lens for nutrition can cause the lens to become hazy
  2. can’t shed old fibres - fibres present in the embryo are present at death
  3. no nuclei
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9
Q

what response is used to dilate the pupils?

A

sympathetic response

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10
Q

are all cataracts the same?

A

no

- everyones is different

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11
Q

what do immature cataracts look like?

A

spoke like opacities

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12
Q

state two secondary causes of cataracts ?

A
  • steroid eye drops

- trauma

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13
Q

what type of cataracts are Sutural + Zonular cataract ?

A

childhood cataracts

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14
Q

do adult or childhood cataracts need to be treated more aggressively? and why?

A

childhood
- as the brain suppresses the image from the eye and can develop a lazy eye and become blind even if the cataract is treated

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15
Q

what are two causes of childhood cataracts ?

A

malnutrition

viral infection

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16
Q

are eye drops used to treat cataracts ?

A

no!!!

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17
Q

what is the len inserted into the eye during a cataracts operation?

A

PCIOL = Posterior Chamber Intra Ocular Lens

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18
Q

state the four stages of cataracts surgery

A
  1. small incision
  2. lens capsule opened
  3. cataractous lens removed by emulsification (phacoemulsification)
  4. plastic lens placed in capsular bag
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19
Q

what causes a glaucoma to form?

A

blockage of aqueous humour drainage

- therefore the pressure builds up

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20
Q

what structure does the aqueous build flow through at the angle of the anterior chamber ?

A

trabecular mesh

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21
Q

what channel does the aqueous fluid flow through after passing through the trabecular mesh?

A

schlemms canal

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22
Q

what structure produces the aqueous fluid?

A

ciliary body

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23
Q

what are the two types of glaucoma?

A

Primary open angle glaucoma

Angle closure glaucoma

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24
Q

is Primary open angle glaucoma unilateral or bilateral?

A

bilateral

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25
Q

is primary open angle glaucoma acute (sudden) or chronic (slow progressive) ?

A

slow progressive

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26
Q

will someone with primary open angle glaucoma have symptoms?

A

no not necessarily

- not symptomatic until late disease

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27
Q

what is the incidence of primary open angle glaucoma out of 100,000?

A

978

28
Q

over which age does primary open angle glaucoma start to become more common?

A

over 40

29
Q

what is a common cause for primary open angle glaucoma?

A

trabecular meshwork isn’t working properly so aqueous fluid can’t drain properly

30
Q

what can be seen on an ophthalmoscopy when IOP is raised?

A

optic disc appears unhealthy, pale and cupped

31
Q

what three things are required for a diagnosis of glaucoma ?

A
  1. raised IOP
  2. Visual field defects
  3. optic disc changes on ophthalmoscopy
32
Q

what three types of eye drops can decrease IOP during POAG?

A

Prostaglandin analogues
Beta-blockers
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

33
Q

what two types of surgeries can be done to treat POAG ?

A

Laser trabeculoplasty

Trabeculectomy surgery

34
Q

what are the symptoms of ACG?

A

Sudden onset, painful, vision lost/ blurred; headaches
Red eye
Eye is very hard

35
Q

what are the three causes of angle closure glaucoma ?

A
  1. large lens
  2. when sympathetic response is activated iris contracts and prevents fluid from escaping
  3. during inflammation of the choroid, sticky exudate on the lens prevents the fluid form escaping

– all over these increase the intraocular pressure

36
Q

what surgical procedure can be done to by pass the aqueous blockage

A

iridotomy

- laser is used to make a hole in both periphery of the iris

37
Q

what medication can be used to treat an acute episode of ACG?

A
  • carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
  • analgesia
  • pilocarpine
  • steroid eye drops
38
Q

what are the 5 histological layers of the cornea?

A
  1. stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
  2. bowmans membrane
  3. stoma
  4. descemets layer
  5. simple squamous epithelium
39
Q

what makes up the stroma of the cornea ?

A

regularly arranged collagen, no blood vessels

40
Q

give an example of an inflammatory pathology of the cornea ?

A

corneal ulcers

41
Q

give an example of an non-inflammatory pathology of the cornea ?

A

dystrophies

42
Q

what is a corneal transplant called?

A

keratoplasty

43
Q

does a corneal ulcer require aggressive treatment? why?

A

yes

- to prevent spread and scarring

44
Q

which is the most difficult to treat?

  • viral
  • fungal
  • bacterial
A

fungal

45
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of corneal dystrophies ?

A
  1. bilateral
  2. opacifying
  3. non-inflammatory
  4. mostly genetically determined
46
Q

state an example of autosomal dominant corneal dystrophy

A

lattice dystrophy

47
Q

what occurs in lattice dystrophy ?

A

Deposition of amyloid material in the corneal stroma

48
Q

what is the presentation of lattice dystrophy ?

A

eye irritation,
photosensitivity,
pain,
blurred vision

49
Q

what is Fuch’s endothelial dystrophy?

A

Asymmetrical bilateral progressive oedema

50
Q

what age range is most prevalent with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy?

A

60-70yrs

51
Q

what causes the opacification during Fuchs endothelial dystrophy?

A

number of functional endothelial cells decreases
oedema occurs
not enough cells to keep the cornea clear

52
Q

where are the three areas where uveitis can occur ?

A

Anterior uveitis - iris
Intermediate uveitis - ciliary body
Posterior uveitis - choroid

53
Q

what are the three main causes of uveitis ?

A
  • isolated illness
  • non-infectious autoimmune
  • infectious
54
Q

what is the main complication of anterior uveitis ?

A
  • inflammation can cause plasma and WBCs to leak into the aqueous humour
  • these cells are then deposited at the back of the cornea
55
Q

what is it called when plasma and WBCs settle posterior to the cornea ?

A

hypopyon

56
Q

what symptom can be a result of intermediate uveitis ?

A

hazy vision and floaters

57
Q

does the conjunctiva cover the cornea ?

A

no

58
Q

what are the three parts of the conjunctiva called?

A
  • palpebral
  • fornical
  • ocular
59
Q

what makes up the conjunctiva sac?

A

the three sections of conjunctiva together

60
Q

what are the symptoms of conjunctivitis ?

A

red, watery eyes
discharge
no loss of vision

61
Q

what would the difference between bacterial and viral conjunctivitis be?

A 
bacterial = yellow and pus 
viral = watery discharge
62
Q

what glands are affected during a stye ?

  • external
  • internal
A
  • external = sebaceous

- internal = meibomian

63
Q

what gland inflammation is more painful during a stye?

A

meibomian gland

64
Q

what is the hard connective tissue plate in the eye lid called?

A

tarsal plate

65
Q

what substance do glands in the tarsal plate produce ?

A

oily substance which slows down evaporation so you don’t need to blink as much

66
Q

what is an inflammation of the meibomian glands called?

A

hordeolum internum

67
Q

what is the treatment of a stye?

A
  • warm compress
  • eye lid hygiene
  • may need surgical incision

Y2 Neurology (52 decks)

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