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Y2 Neurology > Neurology 1 > Flashcards

Neurology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what two types of fibres are contained in the motor efferent division ?

A

somatic

autonomic

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2
Q

what are the two types of cells in the nervous system ?

A

neurons

glial cells

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3
Q

state two characteristics of neurons

A
  1. excitable

2. carry action potentials

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4
Q

state two characteristics of glial cells

A
  1. non-excitable

2. much smaller than neurons but there are a lot more in number

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5
Q

what are the four parts of the neuron called ?

A

dendrite
cell body
axon
synaptic terminals

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6
Q

how many dendrites are there in a neuron?

A

multiple

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7
Q

in which direction does the action potential travel in a neuron?

A

from dendrites to the synaptic terminals

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8
Q

what is the area of the cell body in a sensory neuron called ?

A

dorsal root ganglion

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9
Q

are neurons amitotic ?

A

yes

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10
Q

what organelles are present in neurons ?

A
  • lots of mitochondria
  • lots of rER
  • lots of golgi apparatus
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11
Q

do neurons have a slow or fast metabolic rate?

A

fast

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12
Q

why do neurons require lots of mitochondria and rER?

A

many neurotransmitters are produced all the time so a to of energy has to be produced for the large number of proteins which need to be produced

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13
Q

what is the cytoplasm in the cell body called?

A

perikaryon

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14
Q

what is the cytoplasm in the axon called?

A

axoplasm

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15
Q

under what condition can the axon grow back?

A

if the cell body is not damaged

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16
Q

when a nerve is myelinated, what is the conduction called?

A

saltatory conduction

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17
Q

what are the gaps in-between the myelin on a nerve called?

A

nodes of ranvier

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18
Q

what produces the myelin sheath in the

  • PNS
  • CNS ?
A 
PNS = schwann cells 
CNS = oligodendrocytes
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19
Q

how is the myelin sheath formed by these cells?

A

the cells wrap their cytoplasm around the axon of the nerve

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20
Q

what is formed in a myelinated axon?

A

mesaxon

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21
Q

what is the main pathology of multiple sclerosis ?

A

Patchy loss/scarring of myelin sheath (demyelination)

= decreased nerve conduction

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22
Q

what shows on the MRI of a MS patient?

A

whitish plaques of demyelination

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23
Q

what country has the highest incidence of multiple sclerosis in the world ?

A

scotland

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24
Q

what are the three types of neurons ?

A

multipolar
bipolar
pseudo unipolar

25
Q

what type of neurons are motor neurons ?

A

multipolar

26
Q

what type of neurons are sensory neurons ?

A

pseudo unipolar

27
Q

what are collection of cell bodies in the PNS called ?

A

ganglia

28
Q

what are collection of cell bodies in the CNS called ?

A

nucleii

29
Q

what are collection of myelinated axons in the CNS called ?

A

tracts

30
Q

what are collection of myelinated axons in the PNS called?

A

nerves

31
Q

how many different types of glial cells are there?

A

6

32
Q

where are astrocytes from in the body?

A

surround capillaries

33
Q

what two glial cells are found in the PNS?

A

schwann cells

satellite cells

34
Q

what are the four main areas of the brain called?

A
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • brain stem
  • diencephalon
35
Q

what two things is the cerebellum involved with?

A

balance and coordination

36
Q

which layer of the trilaminar plate forms the neural tube?

A

ectoderm

37
Q

what forms the glial cells?

A

neural crest cells

38
Q

what are the four main areas of the neural tube ?

A
  1. prosencephalon (fore)
  2. mesencephalon (mid)
  3. rhombencephalon (hind)
  4. spinal cord
39
Q

the forebrain vesicle called prosencephalon forms what two vesicles ?

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

40
Q

how many primary vesicles are there in the brain development ?

A

3

41
Q

how many secondary vesicles are there in the brain development ?

A

5

42
Q

what structure forms from the diencephalon ?

A

the eyes

43
Q

state the four ventricles in the brain

A

Lateral ventricles sitting on each side of the mid line in the cerebral brain

3rd ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct (doesn’t grow very much so very small space)

4th ventricle (diamond shape)

44
Q

what fluid circulates the ventricles ?

A

CSF

45
Q

what does CSF stand for?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

46
Q

what are the three meninges of the CNS?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

47
Q

between which 2 layers does the CSF sit?

A

arachnoid and pia mater

48
Q

which meninges layer is most deep?

A

pia mater

49
Q

where is CSF formed?

A

choroid plexus in each ventricle

50
Q

where is CSF absorbed ?

A

By Arachnoid villi into saggital sinus (venous channel in brain)

51
Q

where two locations is CSF present?

A

inside ventricles

in subarachnoid space

52
Q

what is the dural fold which splits the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

falx cerebri

53
Q

what is the function of the dural folds in the brain?

A
  • ensure the brain remains in the correct position
54
Q

what is the dural fold called which covers the pituitary gland?

A

diaphragma sellae

55
Q

what is the function of the blood brain barrier ?

A

protective mechanism which maintains homeostasis in brain parenchyma

56
Q

how are the epithelium cells joined in the brain?

A

tight junctions

57
Q

is the BBB present in the whole brain?

A

no
few circumventricular’ organs don’t contain the BBB such as
- parts of hypothalamus
- posterior pituitary

58
Q

what is the clinical significance of BBB in the CNS?

A

Drugs which act on the brain have to be lipid soluble or use suitable vectors.

Y2 Neurology (52 decks)

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