Neurology 3 Flashcards
What are the dips and hills of the cerebrum called?
dips - sulcus
hills - gyrus
what is a large dip in the cerebrum called?
fissure
what kind of matter is found on the outside of the cerebrum?
grey matter
what kind of matter is found on the inside of the cerebrum?
white matter
what is a collection of cell bodies inside the CNS called?
nucleus
what are the four ventricles called?
lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
what are the four parts of the lateral ventricles?
anterior horn
body
posterior horn
inferior horn
what structure connects the lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle?
inter ventricular foramen
what sits anterior to the cerebral aqueduct ?
mid brain
what sits anterior to the 4th ventricle ?
pons and medulla
what shape are the lateral ventricles?
C shaped
what is basal ganglia?
collection of neuronal cell bodies in the white matter
what is the fissure called which divides the two cerebral hemispheres ?
median longitudinal fissure
what is the structure which holds the two semi spheres together ?
corpus callosum
can the pattern of sulcus and gyrus be variable?
yes
what meninges layer covers the sulci and gyri ?
pia mater
what flows through the corpus callosum?
axons from one cerebral hemisphere to the other
can the pattern of sulci and gyri in a person change through out their live?
yes
what is the insula of the brain?
area of brain within the sulcus which cant be seen form the outside
what is the sulcus between the occipital and the parietal lobe?
parieto-occipital sulcus
what sulci lead to the insula?
transverse temporal gyri
is there a dominant and non dominant hemisphere?
yes
what function occurs mostly in the frontal lobe?
motor function
where is area 4 located?
pre central gyrus
what is area 4 called ?
primary motor cortex
where is area 44 and 45 found?
inferior frontal gyrus
what is area 44 and 45 called ?
brocas area of motor speech
are area 44 and 45 bi lateral?
yes
what is the function of the prefrontal cortex?
cognitive functions of higher order- intellect,judgement, prediction,planning.
what is the location of areas 3, 1 and 2?
post central gyrus
what are areas 3, 1 and 2 called?
primary sensory area
what is the function of the superior parietal lobule?
on contralateral side
- general sensory
- conscious awareness
what is the function of the inferior parietal lobule ?
Interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas
what would happen if there was a lesion on the superior parietal lobule ?
person wouldn’t be aware the other half of their body existed
- shave one side of face and not the other
where are areas 41 and 42 located ?
superior temporal gyrus
what are areas 41 and 42 called?
primary auditory cortex
what is the function of the Wernicke’s area
deals with speech. Crucial for understanding of spoken word
what is the function of the inferior surface of the temporal lobe ?
recieves fibres from olfactory tract – concious appreciation of smell.
what is the function of area 17?
primary visual cortex
what is the location of area 17?
medial surface of the occipital lobe, on either side of the calcarine sulcus
what is the function of area 18, 19 ?
visual association cortex
what is the function of the limbic lobe?
involved in memory and emotional aspects of behaviour
where is the limbic lobe located?
medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres
what structures are included in the limbic lobe?
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
amygdala
what is aphasia ?
problem with speech due to damage to one or more speech areas in brain.
is wernickes area bilateral?
no
- unilateral
is the brocas area motor or sensory ?
motor
is wernickes area motor or sensory ?
sensory
what occurs during brocas aphasia ?
the patient understands speech but misses out words
- the patient understands speech so can hear themselves making mistakes so can be frustrating
what occurs during wernickes aphasia ?
the patient has fluent speech with measles words
- as they can’t understand speech well, they can’t tell they are making mistakes
where is brocas area found?
frontal lobe
where is wernickes area found?
temporal lobe
with which one does the patient experience paralysis with ?
- brocas aphasia
- wernickes aphasia
brocas aphasia
what are the three types of myelinated axon fibres bundled in tracts?
- commissural fibres
- association fibres
- projection fibres
what is the function of commissural fibres ?
connect areas in the two hemispheres
what is the function of association fibres ?
connect one part of the cortex to another
what is the function of projection fibres ?
run between cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres
through which two structures do the projection fibres pass through?
- corona radiata
- internal capsule
what fibres pass through the internal capsule ?
projection fibres
what three structures does the internal capsule sit in-between?
lentiform nucleus (laterally) thalamus and caudate nucleus (medially)
what artery supplies the internal capsule?
middle cerebral artery
what is the general shape of the internal capsule?
V shaped
is the caudate nucleus more anterior or posterior compared to the thalamus ?
caudate nucleus is more anterior
what are the two parts of the lentiform nucleus called?
putamen
globus pallidus
where is substantia nigra found ?
mid brain
is the globus medial or lateral compared to putamen?
medial
in the basal ganglia which two structures are known as
- input regions
- output regions
input regions
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
output regions
- globus pallidus
- substantia nigra
what is the main function of the basal ganglia ?
help regulate initiation and termination of movements
controls starting and stopping of movements
