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BIO 430 > Skin, hairs, nails lab and lecture > Flashcards

Skin, hairs, nails lab and lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain keratinization

A

As new keratinocytes move from the stratum basale to the skin surface, they accumulate more and more keratin, die, and form dead surface layers. This process takes 7-10 weeks.

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2
Q
A

sebaceous glands

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3
Q

What is the other name for the skin?

A

cutaneous membrane

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4
Q
A

thin skin

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5
Q

What are the two main parts of the skin?

A

epidermis and dermis

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6
Q

What is the name of the muscle attached to the hair, where is it located, and what is its function?

A

arrector pili muscle of hair (smooth muscle)
extends from papillary dermis to the dermal rooth sheath around the base of the hair follicle
create goose bumps during cold or fright

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7
Q

What are the functions of the stratum basale?

A

This is the only layer of the skin that undergoes mitosis and creates keratinocytes to replace the regularly shed ones from the top layer. The mitosis happens in the epidermal stem cells.

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8
Q

What are the three layers of the root and shaft of the hair starting from the inside?

A

medulla, cortex, and cuticle

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9
Q

What is the order of the layers of the epidermis starting from the most deep?

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (in thick skin), stratum corneum

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10
Q
A

stratum basale or germinativum

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11
Q

What is the average thickness of skin?

A

1-2mm

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12
Q
A

Pacinian corpuscle

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13
Q

What are two disorders that related to melanin production?

A

Albinism- complete lack of melanin production and genetic based
Vitaligo- parital or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin. Autoimmune based.

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14
Q

What is contained in eccrine and apocrine sweat?

A

Ions, urea ,uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, and lactic acid

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15
Q
A

dermal root sheath

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16
Q

Define sebaceous glands?

A

Oil glands that are simple, branched acinar glands.

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17
Q
A

nail bed or hyponychium

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18
Q

define the cortex

A

forms the major part of the shaft and consists of elongated cells

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19
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

Dendrites that lack apparant structural specialization. Sense warmth, coolness, pain, tickling, and itching.

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20
Q
A

hair bulb

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21
Q

Structures?

A

dermal papillae

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22
Q

What are the two types of granules found in the stratum granulosum?

A

keratohyalin and lamellar granules

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23
Q

What do lamellar granules do?

A

release a water-repellent sealant that decreases water entry and loss and inhibits the entry of foreign materials

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24
Q
A

eccrine sudoriferous gland

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25
Q
A

epidermis

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26
Q

How many layers of cells are in the stratum spinosum?

A

8-10 layers of keratinocytes

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27
Q
A

matrix

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28
Q
A

Pacinian corpuscle

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29
Q

What is type of tissue is the stratum basale made of?

A

single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

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30
Q

What are the two additional cells present in the stratum spinosum?

A

Langerhans cells and the projections of melanocytes

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31
Q
A

hair shaft

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32
Q

What are the four principal cells in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans/dendritic cells, and tactile epithelial cells.

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33
Q

Which layer of skin is vascular?

A

dermis

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34
Q
A

apocrine sudoriferous gland

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35
Q

what are the two types of epidermis?

A

thin(hairy skin) and thick(hairless skin)

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36
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete and what is it’s function?

A

sebum which is a mixture of trigycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts. Coats the surface of hairs to keep them supple. Prevents excessive evaporation of water from skin, keeps skin soft, and inhibits the growth of some bacteria.

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37
Q
A

cortex

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38
Q

What is the inner/internal root sheath?

A

Produced by the matrix and forms a cellular tubular sheath of epithelium between the external root sheath and the hair. Provides a channel for the hair to grow in.

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39
Q

What is the integumentary system composed of?

A

skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors

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40
Q

What is in the subcutaneous tissue?

A

fat, large blood vessels that supply the skin, and pacinian corpuscles.

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41
Q

What is the other name for merkel cells?

A

tactile epithelial cells

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42
Q
A

cuticle

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43
Q
A

keratinocytes

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44
Q

How many layers does the stratum granulosum have?

A

3-5 layers of keratinocytes

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45
Q

texture of hair

A

straight

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46
Q

What is this in yellow?

A

medulla

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47
Q

Where is hair not located?

A

nipples, palms, palmar surfaces of digits, soles, plantar surfaces of feet, labia minora, and prepuce of the penis.

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48
Q
A

matrix cells

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49
Q

What are the three types of hair and what are their characteristics?

A

lanugo-fetal hair
terminal hair- coarse, heaily pigmented hair, often associated with secondary sexual characteristics at puberty
vellus hairs-peach fuzz

males have more terminal hair than females

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50
Q

What affects hair growth?

A

illness, radiation treatment, chemo, age, genetics, gender, and severe emotional stress. Extreme dieting, weightloss, and post partum.

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51
Q
A

nail body

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52
Q
A

hair follicle

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53
Q

Define apocrine sweat glands?

A

coiled tubular glands found mainly in the armpit, groin, areola, and beard areas. Release secretions via exocytosis NOT APOCRINE. Located in the reticular dermis and their ducts open into hair follicles.

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54
Q
A

Hair root

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55
Q

When do each type of sweat gland begin working?

A

Eccrine after birth

Apocrine during puberty

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56
Q

What is the other name of langerhans cells?

A

dendritic cells

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57
Q

What are the two types of melanin?

A

Eumelanin and pheomelanin

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58
Q

What is alopecia?

A

partial or complete lack of hair caused my genetic factors, aging, endocrine disorders, chemo, or skin diseases

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59
Q

Label starting with top left.

A

eponychium (cuticle), lunula, nail body, hyponychium, nail matrix

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60
Q
A

dermis

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61
Q
A

eccrine sudoiferous gland

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62
Q
A

dense irregular connective tissue

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63
Q

What two structures are associted with hair?

A

sebaceous glands and smooth muscle fibers

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64
Q

What causes fingerprints?

A

papillary ridges?? epidermal ridges?? sources differ

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65
Q
A

arrector pili

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66
Q

Label starting at top right

A
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67
Q
A

hypodermis and subcutaneous tissue

68
Q
A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

69
Q

Why is the stratum spinosum called that?

A

Spinelike projections made of keratin filaments insert into desmosomes

70
Q

What are meissner corpuscles?

A

Nerve endings sensitive to fine touch and vibrations.

71
Q

What things are in the reticular dermis?

A

Netlike structure of collagen fibers which resist skin stretching, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands.

72
Q

What are the three stages of hair growth? What are they characterized by?

A

Growth- cells of the hair matrix divide and cause hair to grow longer 2-6 years
regression stage- hair matrix stops dividing 2-3 weeks
resting phase- hair root falls out 3 months

73
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A

Protection and light touch sensation

74
Q

What do the keratinocytes produces?

A

lamellar granules

75
Q
A

stratum corneum

76
Q

Define ceruminous glands?

A

modified sweat glands in the external ear that produce wax (cerumen). Are located in the subcutaneous layer. Provide a barrier against foreign bodies and insects. Waterproofs meatus and protects from bacteria and fungi.

77
Q

define the hair cuticle

A

single layer of flat thin cells that are the most heavily kerotinized. Aranged like shingles on a house.

78
Q
A

stratum corneum

79
Q

texture of hair

A

wavy

80
Q

What do merkel cells make contact with in the dermis that is important to their function?

A

They make contact with a neuron type cell called non encapsulated sensory corpuscle.

81
Q

What is the description of the papillary dermis?

A

Superficial portion of the dermis (1/5) consisting of areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers, contains dermal ridges that house blood capillaries, tactile corpuscles, and free nerve endings.

82
Q

What is the distinctive feature of cells in the stratum granulosum?

A

the dark staining granules of protein called keratohylin

83
Q

Define the medulla

A

two to three rows of irregulary shaped cells that contain pigment granules

84
Q
A

hari follicle

85
Q

Label starting at the top right

A
86
Q

What influences thickness and pattern of hair distributions?

A

genetics and hormones

87
Q

what is the hair root plexus?

A

dendrites of neurons surrounding the hair follicle that are sensitive to touch

88
Q

What type of cell junction is present in the stratum basale?

A

desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

89
Q

What increases melanin production?

A

Esposure to UV

90
Q

What is the main function of eccrine sweat glands?

A

thermoregulation via evaporative cooling

also release sweat during emotional stress

91
Q

Where do langerhans cells come from?

A

red bone marrow

92
Q

What is the main function of melanocytes?

A

Produce melanin which gives skin pigment

93
Q

What organ is carotene important for?

A

the eyes

94
Q

What is the difference between the sweat released by eccrine glands and the one released by apocrine glands?

A

Apocrine contains lipids and protein and has a musky odor because of bacterial interaction.

95
Q

Region?

A

papillary region

96
Q

What is the external root sheath?

A

The outer root sheath (ORS) is an extension of the epidermal basal layer which envelopes the entire hair follicle (HF). In addition, the ORS contains a number of functional compartments: the bulge, which serves as a reservoir for hair stem cells, and the sebaceous gland, responsible for hair lubrication.

97
Q

What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?

A

hair, glands, and nails

98
Q

What action stimulates increased cell production and keratin that forms a callus?

A

friction

99
Q

Where are Merkel/tactile epithelial cells located?

A

deepest layer of the epidermis

100
Q

How many layers does thin skin have?

A

4

101
Q

What are the 6 functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. regulates body temp
  2. stores blood
  3. protects body from external environment
  4. detects cutaneous sensations
  5. excretes and absorbs substances
  6. synthesizes vitamin D
102
Q

How do nutrients and oxygen get to the nonvascular epidermis?

A

They diffuse from the blood vessels in the dermis. The stratum basale is closest to the dermis and receives most of this, allowing them to be more active and produce new cells.

103
Q

What are the functions of merkel/tactile epithelial cells?

A

detect light touch sensations

104
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

papillary dermis and reticular dermis

105
Q
A

papilla of the hair

106
Q

Besides keratinocytes, what two other cells are present in the stratum basale?

A

melanocytes and merkel/tactile epithelial cells with their sensory corpuscles.

107
Q
A

external epithelial root sheath

108
Q

Define eccrine glands

A

simple, coiled tubular glands located in the reticular dermis and end in a pore on the surface of the epidermis and produce sweat. They are merocrine-type secretion glands.

109
Q

Where is the hair root located?

A

the dermis and sometimes the subcutanous tissue

110
Q
A

internal epithelial root sheath

111
Q

What are the three main substances that affect skin color?

A

Melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene.

112
Q

What causes darker or lighter skin?

A

The amount of pigment the melanocytes produce. Everyone has roughly the same amount of melanocytes

113
Q

Where are eccrine sweat glands

A

throughout the body and especially on the forehead, palms, and soles.

114
Q

Where is the hair shaft located?

A

above the skin

115
Q
A

areolar connective tissue

116
Q

What process are keratinocytes undergoing in the stratum granulosum

A

apoptosis (cell death)

117
Q
A

stratum spinosum

118
Q

What are the functions of langerhans cells and what type of cell are they?

A

cell type: macrophage
participate in immune responses against microbes, they help other cells of the immune system recognize invading microbes
Easily damaged by UV light

119
Q

What are dermal papillae and how are they identified?

A

small nipple shaped structures that project into the bottom of the dermis. Contain capillary loops, meissner corpuscles, and free nerve endings. Create finger prints.

120
Q

How many layers are in the stratum corneum?

A

25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes

121
Q

What type of tissue is the epidermis made of?

What type of tissue is the dermis made of?

A

epithelial

connective tissue

122
Q

Where are sebaceous glands located in the tissue and on the body?

A

Usually connected to hair follicles in the dermis and the opens up into the neck of the hair follicle
Located in lips, glans penis, labia minora. Small in trunk and limbs, large in breasts, face, neck, and superorior chest. Absent in palms and soles.

123
Q

What is the dermis comprised of?

A

dense irregular connective and areolar tissue

124
Q

How many layers of stratum lucidum are there?

A

4-6 layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes

125
Q
A

stratum lucidum

126
Q

What is below the dermis?

A

subcutaneous tissue

127
Q
A

lunula

128
Q

In what form does melanin come in?

A

granules

129
Q
A

stratum granulosum

130
Q
A

reticular region

131
Q

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

132
Q

What is the subcutaneous tissue also know as?

A

hypodermis

133
Q

What are the three main types of glands in the skin and what are the ones that fall under them if applicable?

A 
Sebaceous
Sudoriferous
-eccrine
-apocrine
Ceruminous
134
Q

What is the definition of the reticular dermis?

A

Deeper portion of the dermis (4/5), consists of dense irregular tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse eleactice fibers. Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudorferous glands.

135
Q

What is the other name for stratum basale?

A

stratum germinativum

136
Q

What is this?

A

hair cuticle

137
Q

layer

A

external epithelial root sheath

138
Q

Where is the hair follicle and what are the two layers of it?

A

Surrounding the hair root

external root sheath and internal rooth sheath

139
Q
A

thick skin

140
Q

Which cell is most abundant in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

141
Q

How does melanin protect cells from UV light?

A

Melanin granules cluster to form a protective veil over the nucleus of keratinocytes to shield nuclear DNA from UV light.
Melanocytes are very susceptible to UV damage.

142
Q

What are capillary loops?

A

blood vessels

143
Q

Specific layer

A

internal epithelial root sheath

144
Q

What are sudoriferous glands?

A

sweat glands

145
Q

How many layers does thick skin have?

A

5

146
Q

texture of hair

A

curly

147
Q

What is carotene a precursor to?

A

Vitamin A

148
Q
A

eponychium or cuticle

149
Q

Which skin contains epidermal ridges?

A

thick skin

150
Q

What are nails made of?

A

keratinized epidermal cells

151
Q

In which type of skin are sweat glands more numerous?

A

thick skin

152
Q

In which type of skin are sebaceous glands absent?

A

thick skin

153
Q

Which type of skin has more sensory receptors?

A

thick skin

154
Q

How does the skin help with thermoregulation?

A

Sweat and blood flow to the dermis. dialation and constriction of blood vessels

155
Q

What percentage of the blood is held in the dermis?

A

8-10%

156
Q

How does the skin protect the body?

A

keratin, lipids released by lamella granules, sebum, acidic sweat, macrophages (langerhans cells)

157
Q

What is the precursor molecule in vitamin D production?

A

calcitrol

158
Q

Overview of epidermal wound healing

A

No blood lost/superficial
Stratum basale is activated by epithelial growth hormone to create more cells from the epidermal stem cells, these cells move up to replace the lost or damaged cells. Takes about 7 days to heal

159
Q

Overview of deep wound healing

A

Blood involved, injury down to dermis

  1. vasoconstriction to stop blood loss
  2. platelets create clot
  3. WBC go to injury, neutrophils then macrophages
  4. cell mitosis to create new cells to replace damaged/lost ones
  5. cell maturation
160
Q

Six age associated changes

A
  1. wrinkles
  2. dehydration and cracking of skin
  3. sweat production decreases
  4. numbers of functional melanocytes go down
  5. subcutaneous fat is lost and skin thickness decreases
  6. nails become more brittle
161
Q

Cause of skin cancer and the three major types

A

Excessive exposure to UV

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma

162
Q

What causes burns?

A

Excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature the proteins in the skin

163
Q

How are burns graded?

A 
By their severity
First degree(sunburn)- just epidermis
Second degree- down to dermis, blisters on the skin
Third-degree- down to hypodermis
164
Q

What is the rule of nines?

A

A method for splitting up the body into percentages to calculate the % of the body that is burned.
Exam: Perineum is 1%

165
Q

Define pressure ulcers (bed sores) and what type of patient has them often?

A

When shedding of epithelium caused by a deficiency of blood flow to tissues occurs, pressure ulcers can develop

Older patients and diabetic patients

166
Q

What system does vitamin D work with besides the integumentary and skeletal system?

A

immune system

BIO 430 (37 decks)

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