Lecture 1.2 and 1.3 Chemistry Review Flashcards
Explain covalent bonds
Bonds between two nonmetals where they share electrons
Function of contractile proteins and examples.
Allow shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement. Examples: myosin; actin.
What are the three ways pH is maintained in the body and in what order are they used?
- buffers
- respiratory system
- urinary system
Explain the sodium-potassium pump.
Also known at ATPase, it pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. ATP powers this.
The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase enzyme is active (i.e. it uses energy from ATP). For every ATP molecule that the pump uses, three sodium ions are exported and two potassium ions are imported; there is hence a net export of a single positive charge per pump cycle.
Function of adrenocortical hormones
Help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt and water balance.
Explain hydrogen bonding
Bonds between H and F, O, N that make a sandwich of either OHO or HOH. Most common between water molecules. Relies on polar covalent bonds.
What are the functions of regulatory proteins and their functions?
Function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes
-control growth and development
-as neurotransmitters, mediate responses of the nervous system.
Examples: the hormone insulin (regulates blood glucose level
the neurotransmitter known as substance P (mediates sensation of pain in the nervous system).
What are the four types of lipids not included in the other groups?
Carotenes, vitamin E, vitamin K, and lipoproteins
How are proteins formed?
The combination of amino acids bonded via peptide bonds.
Functions of fatty acids
Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Catabolize: process (a substance) by the breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy
What are the 5 types of chemical reactions?
Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, reversible, and redox
examples of disaccharides and their composition
Formed by the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
sucrose= glucose+fructose
lactose= glucose+galactose
maltose= 2xglucose
What is the normal pH in the body?
7.35-7.45
How are peptide bonds formed and broken?
Via dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
Explain ionic bonds
A bond between a cation and an anion in which one gains electrons and one loses electrons.
What types of molecules can be easily dissolved in water? Which cannot?
Easily dissolved, polar covalent compounds: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and ATP
Cannot, nonpolar covalent bonds: lipids
What are the functions of structural proteins and examples?
Form structural framework of various parts of the body.
Examples: collagen in bone and other connective tissues; keratin in skin, hair, and fingernails.
What are the functions of enzymes?
Reduces activation energy needed and increases the rate of the reaction.
Explain how enzymes work
To catalyze a reaction, an enzyme will grab on (bind) to one or more reactant molecules. These molecules are the enzyme’s substrates.
In some reactions, one substrate is broken down into multiple products. In others, two substrates come together to create one larger molecule or to swap pieces.
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the active site (since that’s where the catalytic “action” happens).
Three important functions ATP is used for
active transport, movement, synthesis
What is the function of cholesterol?
Minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones.
What are the three markers of an organic compound?
Contains H, usually O, and has covalent bonds
What is the most important inorganic solution?
H2O
What are the functions of vitamin D?
Helps regulate the calcium levels in the body; needed for bone growth and repair.
What are the 4 elements that make up the majority of our bodies?
oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen
What are the functions of bile salts?
Needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids.
What are the two types of fatty acids and what is the difference between the two?
Saturated fatty acids lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms
Unsaturated fatty acids there is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain.
Examples of monosaccharides and how many carbon atoms are in them.
3-7 carbon atoms glucose- main blood sugar fructose-found in fruits galactose- milk sugar deoxyribose- in DNA ribose- in RNA
Function of triglycerides and what they are
Fats and oils
Protection, insulation, long term energy storage.
What is mass?
the amount of matter a substance contains, whereas weight is the force of gravity acting on a mass
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base
What are three traits of enzymes?
Highly specific, extremely efficient, and subject to cellular controls.
What is the function of proteins?
Proteins give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances, and serve as enzymes.
Functions of immunological proteins and examples
Aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens.
Examples: antibodies; interleukins.
Function of transport proteins and examples
Carry vital substances throughout body.
Example: hemoglobin (transports most oxygen and some carbon dioxide in blood).
Function of sex hormones
Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics.
testosterone or estrogen
What are the definitions of exergonic, endergonic, and activation energy?
Exergonic: free energy released, always spontaneous
Endergonic: nonspontaneous, absorbs free energy
Activation Energy: the minimum amount of energy needed for compounds to result in a chemical reaction.
How do buffers maintain pH in the body?
Buffers convert strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases
Three main carbohydrate groups
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Function of phospholipids
The major lipid component of cell membranes. Double-walled cell membrane.
example of polysaccharides and their composition
composed of tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
glycogen- stored form of carbs in animals
starch- stored form of carbs in plants and the main carb in food
cellulose- part of plant cell walls that cannot be digested by humans and aids movement of food through intestines
What are the three types of mixtures?
- Solution- Clear, transparent, and homogeneous
- Colloid- Cloudy but uniform and homogeneous
- Suspension- Cloudy, heterogeneous, at least two substances visible
What are the differences between DNA and RNA (6) and the types of DNA and RNA?
What are the definitions of potential, kinetic, and chemical energy?
Potential: stored energy
Kinetic: Movement energy
Chemical: Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds, like atoms and molecules. This energy is released when a chemical reaction takes place.
What are the five types of steroids?
Cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones.
Three types of bonds and which is considered the strongest in biology and why. Which is the most common in the body?
Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen. Covalent is considered the strongest because water does not pull it apart. Covalent is the most common in the body.
Functions of catalytic proteins and example
Act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions. Examples: salivary amylase; sucrase; ATPase.
What are the two types of water-related chemical reactions and how do they work?
- Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction in which the interaction of a compound with water results in the decomposition of that compound.
- In a dehydration synthesis reaction, water is removed to make bonds. The molecule and H2O are a product.
What is matter?
anything that has mass and takes up space
Function of eicosanoids (prostaglandins and leukotrienes)
Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction.
What are the three types of element amounts in the body?
Major, lesser, and trace
Three types of lipids
fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids
Three traits of carbon compounds
Combine in a variety of shapes, do not dissolve easily in water, good source of energy.
What are the six types of proteins?
Structural, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, and catalytic
