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BIO 430 > Nervous System lecture 6.2 > Flashcards

Nervous System lecture 6.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of summation?

A

spatial and temporal

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2
Q

define continuous conduction

A

a step-by-step depolarization and repolarization of each adjacent segment of the plasma membrane.
Only travels a short distance and occurs in unmyelinated axons and muscle fibers

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3
Q

Does it take a single or multiple ESPS to create a nerve impulse?

A

multiple

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4
Q

what are the two types of propagation

A

continuous and saltatory

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5
Q

define the refractory period, absolute refractory period, and relative refractory period.

A

refractory period: a period after an action potential begins during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential in response to a normal threshold stimulus
absolute refractory period: even a very strong stimulus cannot initiate a second action potential
relative refractory period: a period during which a second action potential can be initiated but only by a larger than normal stimulus

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6
Q

define saltatory conduction

A

action potential propagation that occurs along myelinated axons jumping from node of Ranvier to node due to the high numbers of voltage-gated channels at that location.

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7
Q

A neurotransmitter that causes hyperpolarization is considered what

A

inhibitory, specifically an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

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8
Q

describe angiotension II

A

may regulate blood pressure and stimulates thirst

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9
Q

what are the two main advantages of electrical synapses?

A

faster communication and synchronization ( can synchronize the activity of a group of neurons of muscle fibers)

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10
Q

Na+/K+–ATPase is considered to be an electrogenic pump because

a) it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential.
b) the sodium ions are negatively charged.
c) it exhibits low permeability.
d) it hydrolyzes ADP into ATP.
e) destroys the resting membrane potential.

A

A

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11
Q

how are neurotransmitters removed

A

diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and reuptake by cells

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12
Q

function of the junction of axon hillock and initial segment of the axon

A

trigger zone for many neurons integrates EPSP’s and IPSPs

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13
Q

what is the function of a neural cell body

A

receives stimuli and produces EPSPs and IPSPs through activation of ligand-gated ion channels

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14
Q

describe endorphins

A

inhibit pain, may have role in memory and learning, sexual activity, control of body temperature, and mental illness

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15
Q

How can sensory systems detect stimuli of differing intensities?

A

the frequency of action potentials, how often they are generated at the trigger zone.
the number of sensory neurons recruited by the stimulus

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16
Q

define regenerate

A

the capability to replicate or repair

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17
Q

function of axon terminals and synaptic end bulbs

A

inflow of Ca2+ caused by depolarization phase of impulse causes exocytosis of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles

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18
Q

What are the four types of neural circuits

A

divergence, convergence, reverberating circuit, and parallel after-discharge circuit

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19
Q

define metabotropic receptors

A

a type of neurotransmitter receptor that contains a neurotransmitter binding site but does not have an ion channel. Needs g proteins or secondary messangers to open the ion channel.

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20
Q

define a chemical synapse

A

in response to an impulse, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses through the fluid in the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. This process turns an electrical signal into a chemical signal and the postsynaptic neuron turns it back into an electrical signal in the form of a postsynaptic potential which is a graded potential

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21
Q

define temporal summation

A

Temporal summation occurs when one presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters many times over a period of time. The total amount of neurotransmitters released may exceed the threshold value of the postsynaptic neuron. The higher the frequency of the action potential the more quickly the threshold may be exceeded.

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22
Q

Why is there little to no repair in the CNS?

A

inhibitory influences from oligodendrocytes, absence of growth-stimulating cues present in fetal development, and the rapid formation of scar tissue

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23
Q

what is generator potential

A

a graded potential developed in a receptor zone (dendrites) of a neuron as a response to a stimulus

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24
Q

Graded potentials occur in response to the opening of what type of channel?

A

mechanically-gated or ligand-gated

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25
Q

define a postsynaptic cell/neuron

A

the cell that receives the signal

the neuron that carries the impulse away from a synapse or an effector cell that responds to the impulse at the synapse

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26
Q

how are axons classified?

A

amount of myelination
diameters
propagation speeds

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27
Q

What is summation?

A

the process by which graded potentials add together. if two depolarizing graded potentials summate, the net result is a larger depolarizing graded potential

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28
Q

Define spatial summation

A

Spatial summation occurs when multiple presynaptic neurons together release enough neurotransmitters to exceed the threshold of the postsynaptic neuron. For example, neuron A and neuron B may individually release insufficient neurotransmitters but when these quantities are combined, the threshold may be exceeded and an action potential is generated.

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29
Q

what are the two types of neurotransmitter receptors

A

iono-tropic receptors

metabo-tropic receptor

30
Q

describe cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

may regulate eating through a “stop eating” signal. Regulates pancreatic enzymes secretion and contraction of smooth muscle in GI tract

31
Q

Define B fibers

A

myelinated, intermediate diameter, longer absolute refractory period. Conduct sensory nerve impulses from the viscera to the brain and spinal cord. Also, constitute all of the axons of the autonomic motor neurons that extend from the brain to the spinal cord to the ANS relay stations called the autonomic ganglia

32
Q

function of axon

A

propogates nerves impulses to axon terminals

33
Q

describe enkephalins

A

inhibits pain impulses, may have a role in memory and learning, control in body temperature, sexual activity, and mental illness

34
Q

name the 6 inihibatory neurotransmitterss

A

acetylcholine, GABA, epinephrine, NE, dopamine, and serotonin

35
Q

What are the steps in PNS repair

A

chromatolysis, wallerian degeneration, and formation of a regeneration tube

36
Q

What are the functions of dendrites?

A

receive stimuli through the activation of ligand-gated or mechanically-gated ion channels and produce generator or receptor protentials

37
Q

what is an action potential?

A

a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and reverse the membrane potential and then eventually restore it to the resting state.

38
Q

Where do graded potentials mainly occur?

A

the dendrites and cell body of a neuron

39
Q

What is the ratio for the Na/K ATPase pump?

A

For every 2 K brought into the cell, three Na are expelled

40
Q

What are the two different types of synapses?

A

electrical and chemical

41
Q

define ionotropic receptors and the type of channel it is

A

a neurotransmitter receptor that contains a neurotransmitter binding site and ion channel all contained in the same membrane protein. It is a type of ligand-gated channel

42
Q

define plasticity

A

the capability to change based on experience

43
Q

what are the two types of graded potentials neurotransmitters can create?

A

inhibitory or excitatory

44
Q

Where do action potentials in the neuron start and end

A

the trigger zone of the axon to the axon terminals

45
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

A small deviation from the membrane potential that makes the membrane either more polarized (hyperpolarized) or less polarized (depolarized).

46
Q

hypothalmic releasing and inhibiting hormones

A

regulate release of hormones by the anterior pituitary

47
Q

What is the typical resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV. The inside of the cell is negative

48
Q

Name the 10 excitatory small molecule neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, epinephrine, NE, dopamine, serotonin, ATP, nitric oxide, and CO

49
Q

A neurotransmitter that causes depolarization is considered what?

A

excitatory, specifically called excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

50
Q

What are the three steps of the generation of an action potential?

A
  1. voltage-gated Na channels open which allows Na to rush into the cell and cause depolarization
  2. voltage-gated K channels open allowing K to flow out which causes repolarization
  3. K channels remain open, which causes hyperpolarization
51
Q

Define A fibers

A

myelinated, largest diameter, long absolute refractory period
associated with touch, pressure, the position of joints, and some thermal, pain sensations, and the axons of motor neurons that conduct impulses to skeletal muscles

52
Q

define electrical synapses

A

action potentials conduct directly between the plasma membranes of adjacent neurons through gap junctions. This is common in visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, developing embryo, and brain

53
Q

What causes resting membrane potential?

A

A small buildup of negative ions in the cytosol along the inside of the membrane and an equal build up of positive ions in the extracellular fluid along the outer surface of the membrane.

54
Q

describe neuropeptide Y

A

stimulates food intake, may play a role in stress response

55
Q

What are to defining features of chemical synapses?

A

relay signals more slowly than electrical synapses and are only able to transfer information one way.

56
Q

What are the three major factors that cause the resting membrane potential?

A
  1. unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol
  2. inability of most anions to leave the cell
  3. electrogenic nature of Na/K ATPase.
57
Q

What are the three places synapses can occur?

A

axodendritic- axon to dendrite
axosomatic- axon to cell body
axoaxonic- axon to axon

58
Q

what is receptor potential?

A

a graded potential developed by a receptor cell as a response to a stimuli

59
Q

describe hyperpolarization, depolarization, and repolarization

A

hyperpolarization: the membrane potential becomes more negative
depolarization: the membrane potential becomes more positive
repolarization: the membrane potential returns back to it’s resting state of -70mV

60
Q

describe dynophins

A

may be related to controlling pain and registering emotions

61
Q

What are a suprathreshold stimulus and a subthreshold stimulus?

A

suprathreshold: a stimulus that is strong enough to depolarize the membrane above the threshold
subthreshold: a stimulus that causes a weak polarization that does not bring the membrane potential over the threshold

62
Q

What is a synapse?

A

a region where communication occurs between two neurons or a neuron and a muscle/gland

63
Q

what is the general threshold for an action potential to take place?

A

-55 mV

64
Q

what are the two main phases of an action potential?

A

depolarizing and repolarizing

65
Q

describe substance P

A

enhances perception of pain

66
Q

Why are they called graded potentials?

A

they vary in amplitude (size) depending on the strength of the stimulus.

67
Q

define C fibers

A

unmyelinated, smallest diameter, longest absolute refractory period. Autonomic muscle fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to stimulate the heart, smooth muscle, and glands.

pain, touch, pressure, heat, and cold from the skin and pain impulses from the viscera

68
Q

what determines the size of a graded potential?

A

how many ligand gated or mechanically gated channels have opened/closed and for how long each remains open

69
Q

What is the all or nothing principle?

A

action potentials either happen or they dont

70
Q

define presynaptic neuron

A

the nerve cell that carries a nerve impulse toward a synapse

71
Q

Three factors that affect the speed of propagation of an action potential

A
  1. the amount of myelination
  2. axon diameter, larger = faster
  3. temperature, heat=faster
72
Q

what are the two classes of neurotransmitters

A

small molecule neurotransmitters

neuropeptides

BIO 430 (37 decks)

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