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ANS lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells are adrenergic and what do they release?

A

release NE

most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

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2
Q

what does the aorticorenal ganglion innervate?

A

kidney and ureter

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3
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric ganglion innervate?

A

descending colon, kidneys, sex organs

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4
Q

Define the preganglionic neuron

A 
cell body in the CNS
extends from CNS to autonomic ganglion
myelinated axon
type B fiber
small diameter
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5
Q

where are chromaffin cells located and what do they release?

A

the adrenal medulla and epinephrine and NE

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6
Q

what do the superior cervical ganglia innervate?

A

pineal gland, eye, lacrimal mucous membrane of the nose and palate, parotid gland, heart, and sublingal and submandibular glands

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7
Q

what are the sensory receptors of the ANS?

A

mostly interceptors (visceral sensory neurons), some somatic senses and special senses

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8
Q

what does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

heart, lungs, liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines

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9
Q

What are the ganglia in the neck?

A

superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia

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10
Q

major locations of A1 receptors

A

smooth muscle fibers in blood vessels, salivary gland cells, and sweat gland cells in thick skin

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11
Q

what organs control the motor output for the ANS?

A

involuntary control from hypothalamus, limbic system, brainstem, and spinal cord. Limited control from cerebral cortex

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12
Q

What effectors does the autonomic nervous system work on?

A

smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle

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13
Q

what is the distribution of the parasympathetic division?

A

limited mainly to head and viscera of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, some blood vessels

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14
Q

what is dual innervation?

A

organs receive impulses from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

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15
Q

What are the four ways axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons can connect with postganglionic neurons?

A
  1. axon can synapse with a postganglionic neuron in the ganglion it first reaches
  2. an axon may ascend or descend to a higher or lower ganglion
  3. an axon can continue directly through the trunk to end at a prevertebral ganglion
  4. an axon can extend to chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
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16
Q

What does SLUDD stand for in relation to parasympathetic responses?

A 
salivation
lacrimation (tears)
urination
digestion
defacation
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17
Q

what does the celiac ganglion innervate?

A

liver, gall bladder, bile ducts, stomach, spleen, and pancreas

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18
Q

How many post neurons does a parasympathetic pre neuron usually synapse with and how does that affect function?

A

only 4-5 all of which supply a single visceral effector, which allows parasympathetic responses to be localized to a single effector

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19
Q

What pattern of projection defines the sympathetic nervous system, and how does it affect function?

A

divergence which is why many sympathetic responses affect almost the entire body simultaneously.

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20
Q

what are autonomic plexuses?

A

tangled networks of symp and parasymp axons that lie along major arteries

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21
Q

How many motor neurons do (most) autonomic motor pathways have?

A

2, in a series one after another

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22
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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23
Q

what is an agonist in terms of receptors?

A

a substance that binds to and activates a receptor and mimics the effect of a natural neurotransmitter or hormone
ex. phenylephrine

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24
Q

major locations of A2 receptors

A

smooth muscle in blood vessels, pancreatic cells, and platelets.

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25
In terms of excitation and inhibition, what is the difference between the somatic and the autonomic?
somatic always excites, ANS can do both
26
Define B3 receptors
only found in brown adipose tissue and their activation causes thermogenesis
27
what is autonomic tone and what regulates it
the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity | regulated by hypothalamus
28
What do Alpha 1 and Beta 1 produce?
excitation
29
What are the two types of neurotransmitters in the ANS?
ACh and NE
30
What are the 5 major prevertebral ganglion?
celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, aorticorenal, and renal
31
Where are terminal ganglia located?
close to or within the wall of a visceral organ
32
How do alpha and beta receptors react to NE and epinephrine?
NE stimulates alpha receptors more strongly than beta | epinephrine is a potent stimulator of both
33
What are the two types of autonomic neurons based on neurotransmitters?
cholinergic and adrenergic
34
Major locations of B1 receptors
cardiac muscle cells, kidney cells, pituitary, and adipose cells
35
what does the ciliary ganglion innervate?
the eye
36
what is the other name for the parasympathetic division?
rest and digest
37
where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?
Nuclei of cranial nerves 3 (oculomotor), 7 (facial), 9 (glossopharyngeal), and 10 (vagus), and the lateral grey matter of S2-S4. AKA craniosacral division
38
What are the 5 types of adrenergic subtypes?
Alpha 1 and 2 | Beta 1, 2, 3
39
major locations of B2 receptors
smooth muscle in airways, blood vessels, and walls of visceral organs
40
How many preganglionic axons does the postganglionic neuron synapse with?
one or more
41
Where are the sympathetic ganglia found?
sympathetic trunk ganglia parallel to the spinal cord and the prevertebral ganglia
42
What do the cardiac plexus and pulmonary plexus supply?
heart and bronchial tree
43
How many neurons can a single sympathetic preganglionic fiber synapse with?
20 or more
44
what does the submandibular ganglion innervate?
sublingual and submandibular glands
45
Where are nicotinic receptors located?
plasma membrane of dendrites and cell bodies of both symp and parasymp postganglionic neurons chromaffin cells neuromuscular junction
46
Which 6 structures are only innervated by the sympathetic division?
sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, kidneys, spleen, blood vessels, and adrenal medulla.
47
How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal ganglia are there?
``` 3 cervical 11/12 thoracic 4/5 lumbar 4/5 sacral 1 coccygeal that is fused and on the midline rather than lateral ```
48
what does the inferior cervical ganglion innervate?
heart
49
where are muscarinic receptors located?
plasma membranes of all effectors | most sweat glands
50
what does the middle cervical ganglion innervate?
heart
51
Are sympathetic preganglionic axons long or short?
short because the trunk ganglia are near the spinal cord
52
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors that bind with ACh?
nicotinic and muscarinic
53
what do the pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate?
Descending colon, sigmoid colon, ureter, bladder, external genitalia, and uterus.
54
define the postganglionic cell
``` cell body in the autonomic ganglion extends from the autonomic ganglion to the effector unmyelinated type C fiber small diameter ```
55
what does ACh in muscarinic receptors cause?
can cause either depolarization/excitation or hyperpolarization/inhibition
56
Define autonomic reflexes
responses that occur when a nerve impulse passes through an autonomic reflex arc. reflexes play key role in regulating controlled conditions in the body such as blood pressure
57
What are the components of an autonomic reflex arc?
receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center (hypothalamus, brain stem, or spinal cord), motor neurons, and effector.
58
Why are sympathetic stimulation effects longer lasting?
1) sympathetic postganglionic axons diverge more extensively 2) NE remains in the synaptic cleft longer 3) NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood from the adrenal medulla. Eventually destroyed in liver by enzymes
59
Where are the sympathetic trunk ganglia located?
lie in a vertical row on either side of the vertebral column and extend from the base of the skull to the coccyx.
60
What is the distribution of the sympathetic division?
wide regions of the body: skin, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, adipose tissue, and smooth muscle of blood vessels
61
What does NE cause at the effector cell?
excitation or inhibition
62
How is the activity of NE at a synapse terminated?
NE is taken up by the axon that released it NE is enzymatically inactivated NE remains in the synaptic cleft longer than ACH
63
Which neurons are cholinergic, and what do they release?
Release ACh 1. all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons 2. sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate most sweat glands 3. all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
64
What are the four Es of sympathetic activation?
exercise, emergency, excitement, and embaressment
65
what are the two ways NE can be released?
a neurotransmitter by sympathetic postganglionic neurons a hormone into the blood by chromaffin cells epinephrine is always released as a hormone
66
Where are the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division?
lateral horns of the grey matter of T1-L2/L3 AKA thoracolumbar division
67
what are the two main types of adrenergic receptors?
alpha and beta and are found on visceral effectors innervated by most sympathetic postganglionic axons
68
what do adrenergic receptors bind to?
epinephrine or NE
69
what is an antagonist in terms of receptors?
a substance that binds to and blocks a receptor thereby preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormone from exerting its effect. ex. atropine
70
Are parasympathetic preganglionic axons long or short?
long
71
when nicotinic receptors are activated in chromaffin cells what happens?
epinephrine and NE are released
72
what does the celiac (solar) plexus contain?
it is the largest autonomic plexus and surrounds the celiac trunk Contains: 2 large celiac ganglia 2 aorticorenal ganglia stomach, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands
73
what does the superior mesenteric ganglion innervate?
kidney and ureter
74
What is the sympathetic division also called?
fight or flight (S for stress and sympathetic)
75
what d alpha 2 and beta 2 produce?
inhibition
76
What does ACh in nicotinic receptors cause?
depolarization and excitation
77
what does the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate?
lacrimal gland and nasal mucosa and palate
78
What are the three "decreases" of the parasympathetic?
heart rate, bronchoconstriction, and constriction of pupils
79
what does the otic ganglion innervate?
parotid gland
80
what are the 4 terminal ganglia in the head?
ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglion

BIO 430 (37 decks)

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