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BIO 430 > Nervous System Lecture 6.1 > Flashcards

Nervous System Lecture 6.1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cluster?

A

neuronal cell bodies grouped together

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2
Q

What do neuroglia do in cases of injury or disease?

A

multiply to fill the spaces formerly occupied by neurons

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3
Q

What is a tract?

A

a bundle of axons located in the CNS. Interconnects neurons in the spinal cord and brain

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4
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the PNS. Associated with cranial and spinal nerves

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5
Q

what are the three types of functional classification

A

sensory/afferent
motor/efferent
interneurons/association neurons

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6
Q

Why do CNS axons display little regrowth after injury

A

absence of a neurolemma and an inhibitory influence exerted by the oligodendrocytes on axon regrowth

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7
Q

where are pyramidal cells found?

A

the cerebral cortex

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8
Q

What is grey matter?

A

contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia. Appears grayish because of the nissl bodies and lack of myelination. Located in the center of the spinal cord and the outside of the brain.

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9
Q

what is fast axonal transport?

A

moves materials in both directions, to and away from the cell body

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10
Q

where are multipolar neurons found?

A

the brain, spinal cord, and motor neurons

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11
Q

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?

A

neurons and neuroglia

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12
Q

What do both types of PNS neuroglia do?

A

completely surround the axons and cell bodies

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of ion channels?

A

leak, ligand-gated, mechanically-gated, voltage-gated

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14
Q

List the functions of Schwann cells

A

form the myelin sheath around axons in the PNS. Only myelinates a single axon. participate in axon regeneration

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15
Q

what is a nucleus in terms of collections of nervous tissue

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS

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16
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

receiving or input portions of a neuron

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17
Q

What are the 5 types of structural classification

A

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, Purkinje, and pyramidal

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18
Q

what 2 types of neuroglia are in the PNS?

A

Schwann and satellite

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19
Q

where are most unipolar neurons located?

A

the ganglia of the spinal and cranial nerves

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20
Q

define motor/efferent neurons

A

convey action potentials away from the CNS to the effectors (muscles/glands) in the PNS through cranial or spinal nerves. Most are multipolar

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21
Q

What are three things an axon contains?

A

mitochondria, microtubules, and neurofibrils

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22
Q

What are the two parts of the sensory division?

A

somatic senses and special senses

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23
Q

what is an electrochemical gradient?

A

a concentration difference plus an electrical difference

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24
Q

functions of satellite cells

A

surround the cell bodies of PNS ganglia like shingles on a roof. Provide structural support and regulate exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid

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25
Q

can neurons undergo mitosis?

A

no

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26
Q

define sensory/afferent neuron functions

A

stimulus activates a sensory receptor and the sensory neuron forms an action potential and coveys it to the CNS through cranial or spinal nerves. Most are unipolar

27
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

A multilayered lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulates them and increases the speed of the nerve impulse conduction.

28
Q

What are the three places an axon can take a nerve impulse?

A

another neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland

29
Q

What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde fast axonal transport?

A

anterograde (forward) direction moves organelles and synaptic vesicles from the cell body to the axon terminal
retrograde (backward) direction moves membrane vesicles and other cellular materials from the axon terminals to the cell body to be degraded or recycled

30
Q

What is the name for the fine processes that come off of the axon or collaterals?

A

axon terminals or telodendria

31
Q

What type of cells are ependymal cells?

A

single layer of cilliated/microvilla cuboidal or columnar cells

32
Q

where are purkinje cells found?

A

the cerebellum

33
Q

what are the functions of ependymal cells?

A

produce, possibly monitor, and assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Also form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

34
Q

Function of microglia?

A

fuction as phagocytes

35
Q

What are the two types of astrocytes?

A

protoplasmic: found in grey matter
fibrous: found in white matter

36
Q

What are the three parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

37
Q

What are the functions of neuroglia?

A

support, nourish, and protect neurons. Maintain interstitial fluid.

38
Q

What do axons not contain?

A

endoplasmic reticulum. No proteins are synthesized in the axon.

39
Q

can neuroglia undergo mitosis?

A

yes

40
Q

What is white matter?

A

primarily composed of myelinated axons. In the spinal cord, it surrounds the grey matter and in the brain, it is deep to the grey matter

41
Q

Where are ependymal cells found?

A

they line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

42
Q

what is a bundle?

A

axons of neurons grouped together

43
Q

What is the name for the cytoplasm of an axon and the plasma membrane of an axon?

A

axoplasm and axolemma

44
Q

What is slow axonal transport?

A

It moves axoplasm in one direction only, from the cell body to the axon terminals

45
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

A yellow/brown pigment that appears in aging neuron cells. A product of neuronal lysosomes and is not harmful (as far as we know).

46
Q

What is the name for side branches off the axon at a 90 degree angle?

A

axon collaterals

47
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

forming and maintaining the myelin sheath around CNS axons

48
Q

What do the processes of astrocytes make contact with?

A

blood capillaries, neurons, and pia mater

49
Q

What is a nerve?

A

a bundle of axons located in the PNS

50
Q

where are unipolar/pseudounipolar neurons found

A

they function as sensory receptors

51
Q

where are bipolar neurons found?

A

retina, inner ear, olfactory (special senses)

52
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron?

A

cell body/soma/perikaryon
dendrites
axon

53
Q

What percentage does neuroglia make up of the volume of the CNS?

A

50%

54
Q

What are the two types of potentials and how are they used?

A

grade potentials- short distances

action potentials- long distances

55
Q

How many types of neuroglia are there?

A

6

56
Q

In the embryo what do unipolar neurons begin as?

A

bipolar neurons

57
Q

What are the 5 functions of astrocytes?

A

Support neurons
create blood-brain barrier
in the embryo, they secrete chemicals that appear to regulate growth, migration, and interconnection among neurons in the brain
maintain the appropriate chemical environment for the generation of nerve impulses
may play a role in learning and memory

58
Q

Where is a neurolemma only found?

A

around axons in the PNS and aids in regeneration by forming a regeneration tube that guides and stimulates regrowth of the axon

Note, that the neurolemma is the plasma membrane of Schwann cells that surrounds the myelinated nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system

59
Q

Which 4 types of neuroglia are found in the CNS?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal

60
Q

what are nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath that increase action potential speed

61
Q

define interneurons/association neuron function

A

mainly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons. interneurons process incoming sensory information from the sensory neurons and then elicit a motor response by activating the appropriate motor neurons. Most are multipolar

62
Q

What is the function of Nissl bodies?

A

Synthesize proteins that are used to replace cellular components, as material for the growth of neurons and to regenerate damaged axons in the !PNS!.

63
Q

What are the functions of neurons?

A

sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscle activity, and regulating glandular secretions

BIO 430 (37 decks)

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