Lecture 1.1 Intro to Anatomy Flashcards
Frontal plane
slices to produce the front half and back half of the body. Divides anterior and posterior.
Endocrine System organs (8)
- Thyroid gland
- adrenal gland
- pancreas
- testes and ovaries
- hypothalamus
- pineal glands
- pituitary glands
- parathyroid glands
Arm regions anterior
Skeletal System
bone and cartilage
distal
farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the origination of a structure. Used for limbs.
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body from another structure
eye region
orbital or ocular
abdomen
abdominal
positive feedback loop
A positive feedback loop occurs in nature when the product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction. If we look at a system in homeostasis, a positive feedback loop moves a system further away from the target of equilibrium. It does this by amplifying the effects of a product or event and occurs when something needs to happen quickly.
Digestive System (11)
- mouth
- pharynx
- salivary glands
- esophagus
- stomach
- pancreas
- liver
- gallbladder
- small intestine
- large intestines
- rectum
- anus.
What is contained in the pelvic cavity?
Bladder, some large intestine, reproductive organs.
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as another structure
Trunk and hand anterior
transverse
divides top and bottom of body or superior and inferior.
thigh region
femoral
deep
away from the surface of the body
cheek area
buccal
nose region
nasal
What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?
Right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
ankle region
tarsal
forehead region
frontal
front of elbow area
antecubital
top of foot
dorsum
superficial
toward or on the surface of the body
Homeostatic imbalances
disruptions from the external or internal environments
base of skull
occipital
chin region
mental
Histology
Microscopic structure of tissues.
What are the two largest body cavities?
ventral and dorsal
anterior
nearer to or at the front of the body
Muscular System
muscle
fingers
digits or phalangeal
Lower half of posterior view
What are the two lines used to create the 4 quadrants?
transumbical line and the median line
What is contained in the abdominal cavity? (6)
stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of the large intestine, and the serous membrane of the cavity which is the peritoneum
Reproductive Systems
F: Mammary glands, uterine tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina
M: Penis, testes, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate
Upper half of posterior view
foot
pedal
back of elbow
cubital
Imaging anatomy
Internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT scans, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention.
Pathophysiology
Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
lateral
farther from the midline
Regional anatomy
Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.
Pathological anatomy
Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
Gross anatomy
Structures that can be examined without a microscope.
hand
manual, you drive a manual with your hand.
left inguinal region organs
- small intestines
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
taint
perineal
Exercise physiology
Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.
big toe
hallux
What is the name of the membrane around the heart?
viseral or parietal pericardium
what is the belly side?
anterior or ventral
What are the 9 regions of the abdominal cavity starting from the top left of the viewer and reading down.
shoulder blade
scapular
Neurophysiology
Functional properties of nerve cells.
breast region
mammary
parasagittal
divides into right and left sides of the body but not necessarily evenly.
intermediate
between two structures
between hips on back
sacral
Leg regions anterior
Renal physiology
Functions of the kidneys.
ear region
otic
Endocrinology
Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
Negative feedback loop
tend to dampen or buffer changes; this tends to hold a system to some equilibrium state making it more stable. A negative feedback loop occurs in biology when the product of a reaction leads to a decrease in that reaction. In this way, a negative feedback loop brings a system closer to a target of stability or homeostasis. Negative feedback loops are responsible for the stabilization of a system, and ensure the maintenance of a steady, stable state. The response of the regulating mechanism is opposite to the output of the event.
What is physiology?
Study of the functions of structures
bottom of foot
plantar
spinal column
vertebral
buttock
gluteal
chest region
thoracic
Head region
cephalic
posterior
near to or at the back of the body
upper arm region
brachial
wrist region
carpal
calf
sural
proximal
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the origination of a structure. Used for limbs.
Homeostatis
condition of equilibrium
Embryology
The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.
back of knee
popliteal
oblique
diagonal slice anywhere in the body
anterior lower leg
crural
Integumentary System
Hair, skin and associated glands, fingernails, and toenails.
back
dorsal
navel
umbilical
palm region
volar or palmar
what is the back side
posterior or dorsal
superior
toward the head or upper part of a structure. not used on limbs
Basic Life Processes (6)
- metabolism
- responsiveness
- movement
- growth
- differentiation
- reproduction
What are the two types of serous membranes? What is the difference?
visceral: cover an organ
parietal: line a cavity
What are the two sub cavities in the dorsal cavity?
cranial and vertebral
Eleven systems of the body
- integumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- nervous
- endocrine
- cardiovascular
- lymphatic/immune
- respiratory
- digestive
- urinary
- reproductive
midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal parts left and right
breastbone region
sternal
How many regions of the abdominal cavity are there?
9
What is included in the mediastinum?
the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm, contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.
What is the term for organs behind the peritoneum?
Retroperitoneal
left hypochondriac region organs
- stomach
- liver tip
- spleen
- left kidney
How many quadrants are there of the abdominal cavity?
4
What is anatomy?
Study of structures
How is homeostasis maintained
through the body’s regulatory processes
Above neck regions anterior
What are the three sub cavities in the thoracic cavity?
pleural, pericardial, and mediastinum
Respiratory System components (6)
- Larynx
- trachea
- bronchus
- lung
- pharynx
- oral and nasal cavities
What are the two sub cavities in the ventral cavity?
thoracic and abdominopelvic
Urinary System
- kidney
- ureters
- bladder
- urethra
mouth region
oral
right hypochondriac region organs
- liver
- gallbladder
- right kidney
heel
calcaneal
Respiratory physiology
Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
inferior
away from the head or the lower part of a structure. not used on limbs
Molecular physiology
Functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA.
hypogastric region organs
- small intestines
- sigmoid colon
- bladder
Cell biology
Cellular structure and functions.
Cardiovascular physiology
Functions of the heart and blood vessels.
face region
facial
Developmental biology
The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.
Surface anatomy
Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch).
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, and a nerves
hip
coxal
armpit region
axillary
What are the two sub cavities of the abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal and pelvic
Lymphatic System and Immunity organs and systems (6)
- thymus
- spleen
- lymph node
- lymphatic vessel
- Red bone marrow
- tonsils
Levels of structural organization
atom -> molecule -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> system -> organism
neck region
cervical
forearm area
antebrachial
right inguinal region organs
- small intestines
- appendix
- cecum
- ascending colon
skull region
cranial
pelvis
pelvic
What are the 4 lines that create the 9 regions
left and right midclavicular lines
subcostal line
transtubercular line
What are the purpose of serous membranes?
reduce friction
right lumbar region organs
- liver tip
- small intestines
- ascending colon
- right kidney
What is standard anatomical position?
Person stands erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are places at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor
temple region
temporal
left lumbar region organs
- small intestine
- descending colon
- left kidney
What is the name for the membrane in the abdominal cavity?
peritoneum
epigastric region organs
- stomach
- liver
- pancreas
- right and left kidneys
Immunology
The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.
medial
nearer to the midline of the body
umbilical region organs
- stomach
- pancreas
- small intestine
- transverse colon
Systemic anatomy
Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.
back of hand
dorsum
toes
digital or phalangeal
anterior knee
patellar
What is the name of the membranes surrounding the lungs?
Visceral or parietal pleura
