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BIO 430 > Bones Lectures > Flashcards

Bones Lectures Flashcards

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1
Q

define an amphiarthrosis joint and give an example

A

allows little movement, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

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2
Q

Three things that happen with joints as we age?

A
  1. decreased production of synovial fluid
  2. thinning of articular cartilage
  3. loss of ligament length and flexibility
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3
Q

What are the 4 situations bones form in?

A
  • during embryological and fetal development
  • when bones grow before adulthood
  • when bones remodel
  • when fracture heal
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4
Q

What are inversion and eversion?

A

inversion: medial movement of the sole of the foot
eversion: lateral movement of the sole of the foot

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5
Q

fossa

A

shallow depression

mandibular fossa

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6
Q

Where can you find a synchondrosis joint?

A

epiphyseal plate

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7
Q

Line

A

Long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than a crest)

linea aspera

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8
Q

What is the other name for floating ribs?

A

vertebral

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

What are the intervertebral discs composed of?

A

Composed of an outer ring of fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosus) and an inner, soft nucleus (nucleus pulposus) with a layer of hyaline cartilage on the top and bottom of each disc

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11
Q

define ball and socket joints and give an example

A

Ball-and-socket joints possess a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone. This organization allows the greatest range of motion, as all movement types are possible in all directions. Examples of ball-and-socket joints are the shoulder and hip joints.

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12
Q

Define a pivot joint

A

sounded or pointed surface that fits into a ring formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament

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13
Q

How do sex hormones affect bone growth?

A

stimulate osteoblasts and promote sudden growth spurt during puberty and shut down growth at growth plates at 18-21. slow bone resorption by osteoclasts and promote bone deposition by osteoblasts during adulthood

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14
Q

Put in order from least to most the amount of dense irregular connective tissue in the fibrous joint

A

sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes

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15
Q

How does fluoride affect bone growth?

A

helps strengthen bone extracellular matrix

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16
Q

How do calcium and phosphorus affect bone growth?

A

make bone extracellular matrix hard

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17
Q

sulcus

A

Narrow groove on a bone for passage of blood vessel, nerve or tendon

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18
Q

How many total ribs and how many pairs?

A

24 total, 12 pair

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19
Q

How many curves does the spine of a fetus have? And adults?

A

1 and 4

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20
Q

What are the three phases of bone healing and what are their descriptions?

A

REACT. REPAIR. REMODEL.
the reactive phase- early inflammatory phase
the reparative phase- includes formation of fibrocartilaginous callus first and then a bony callus
bone remodeling phase- bony callus is remove

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21
Q

What is the attachment point for the humerus?

A

glenoid fossa

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22
Q

How do thyroid hormones affect bone growth?

A

secreted by thyroid gland, promote normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts

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23
Q

What is the functional classification of interosseous membranes?

A

amphiarthrosis

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24
Q

How do bones grow in length?

A

Endochondral ossification

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25
Q

How does manganese affect bone growth?

A

activates enzymes involved in synthesis of bone extracellular matrix

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26
Q

what type of cells are osteoclasts

A

monocytes/macrophages

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27
Q

What is the border between the epiphysis and the metaphysis?

A

epiphyseal line

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28
Q

What are supination and pronation?

A

supination: movement of the forearm that turns palms anteriorly
pronation: movement of the forearm that turns palm posteriorly

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29
Q

Define a greenstick fracture

A

A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends. Usually occurs in children because their bones are not fully ossified.

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30
Q

What are abduction and adduction?

A

abduction: movement of bone away from the midline usually in the frontal plane
adduction: movement of bone towards midline, usually in the frontal plane

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31
Q

How does vitamin A affect bone growth?

A

needed for the activity of osteoblasts during remodeling of the bone; deficiency stunts bone growth; toxic in high doses

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32
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. provide support
  2. protects internal organs
  3. assists in body movements in conjunctions with muscles
  4. mineral homeostasis- stores and releases calcium and phosphorus
  5. participates in blood cell production (hemopoiesis)
  6. stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow
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33
Q

What type of joint and movement?

A

synovial, gliding and biaxial

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34
Q

What are the 5 types of bones by shape and an example of each?

A 
long- femur
short- carpals
flat- ribs and cranial bones
irregular- vertebrae
sesamoid- patella
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35
Q

Define a synarthrosis joint and give an example

A

allows no movement

suture or gomphosis

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36
Q

What happens while osteoblasts deposit bone on the outer surface of the bone during thickening?

A

Osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity from within

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37
Q

Function of the intervertebral discs?

A

absorb shock and separate vertebrae from one another

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38
Q

Where is the sternal notch?

A

top (superior) of the manubrium

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39
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

atlantoaxial joint (c1 and c2)

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40
Q

What is arthroplasty and what are two common sites?

A

joint replacement surgery

hip and knee

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41
Q

How does vitamin C affect bone growth?

A

Needed for synthesis of collagen, the main bone protein; deficiency leads to decreased collagen production, which slows down bone growth and delays repair of bone.

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42
Q

What are sharpey’s fibres?

A

connect the periosteum to the bone

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43
Q

In a syndesmosis joint, what are the bones usually connected by?

A

a ligament

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44
Q

function of osteoclasts

A

remodel/breakdown bones and cause them to release calcium

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45
Q

What are the 6 types of fractures we need to know?

A

open/closed, comminuted, greenstick, impacted, pott, and colles

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46
Q

What are sutural bones?

A

small, extra bone plates located within the suture of the cranial bones

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47
Q

define a pott fracture

A

fracture of the distal end of the fibula with serious injury of the distal tibia articulation

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48
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A

osteoprogenitor
osteoblast
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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49
Q

How does parathyroid hormone affect bone growth?

A

promotes bone resorption by osteoclasts, enhances recovery of calcium from urine, promotes formation of the active form of vitamin D

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50
Q

What are the important pieces that make up the elbow joint?

A

trochlear notch of the ulna and trochlea of the humerus

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51
Q

What is the name for the unossified mesenchyme develops into dense connective tissue in a baby’s skull? Where are they located?

A

fontanels, which are along the suture lines

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52
Q

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton and what is their main function?

A

126 and movement

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53
Q

What kind of bone is the scapula?

A

flat bone

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54
Q

Where is an interosseous membrane found?

A

between the radius and ulna

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55
Q

What is a joint?

A

a point of contact between

  • two or more bones
  • cartilage and bone
  • teeth and bone
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56
Q

What are the 7 parts of a long bone?

A
  • diaphysis (shaft)
  • 2 epiphyses (ends of the bones at the joints)
  • 2 metaphyses (region between diaphysis and epiphysis)
  • articular cartilage covering both epiphysis
  • periosteum (connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis)
  • medullary cavity (hollow space in diaphysis)
  • endosteum (thin membrane lining the medullary cavity
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57
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

(SS)

synchondrosis and symphysis

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58
Q

How do insulin-like growth factors affect bone growth?

A

secreted by the liver, bones, and other tissues on stimulation by growth hormone; promotes normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts and by increasing the synthesis of proteins needed to build new bone.

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59
Q

How many bones in the skull?

A

22 not including the 6 middle ear bones

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60
Q

Explain intramembranous ossification

A

Occurs in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone.

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61
Q

What are the two major types of bone surface markings?

A
  • depressions and openings

- processes

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62
Q

Define a synovial joint

A

articular cartilage on ends of long bones and a synovial cavity between articulating bones surrounded by accessory ligaments. Freely moveable

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63
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of bone made of?

A

water, collagen, and crystalized mineral salts

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64
Q

What is the bones’ role in calcium homeostasis?

A

Bones store 99% of the body’s calcium and it can be released into the bloodstream as needed.

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65
Q

functional classification of a pivot joint?

A

uniaxial diarthrosis: rotation

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66
Q

Define a plane synovial joint

A

articulated surfaces that are flat or slightly curved

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67
Q

Tuberosity

A

Variably sized projection with rough, bumpy surface

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68
Q

What are protraction and retraction?

A

anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

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69
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

a congenital defect of the vertebral column where the laminae do not develop normally.

(lamina is part of the vertebrae!)

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70
Q

How many named bones are there in the body?

A

206
axial 80
appendicular 126

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71
Q

In structural classification, what are the three broad types?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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72
Q

define a diarthrosis joint and give an example

A

freely moveable

knee or hip

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73
Q

What type of bone is at the epiphyseal end of the bone?

A

spongy bone

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74
Q

what feeds through the intervertebral foramen?

A

spinal nerves

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75
Q

condyle

A

Rounded projection with a smooth articular surface

occipital condyles

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76
Q

What is the second thing parathyroid hormone stimulates?

A

Production of calcitriol in the kidneys which increases the calcium absorption in the intestines

77
Q

define a colles fracture

A

fracture of the distal end of the radius in which the distal fragment is place posteriorly

78
Q

How does human growth hormone affect bone growth?

A

secreted by the pituitary gland; promotes growth of all body tissues, including bone, mainly by stimulation insulin-like growth factors

79
Q

Define an impacted fracture

A

one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other

80
Q

In relation to aging, what are the levels of production vs. reduction of bone.

A 
Birth-adolescence: more bone produced than lost
Adults: rate is the same
Older individuals (esp postmenopausal women): more bone lost than produced
81
Q

What are the symptoms of low calcium and high calcium?

A

Low: abnormal heart rhythm and fatigue
High: gallbladder stones, abnormal bone growth

82
Q

What does flexion do? What does extension do? What is hyperextension?

A

Flexion decreases the angle of the joint (bending)
extension increases the angle of the joint (straightening)
hyperextension goes beyond the normal range of motion or beyond anatomical position

83
Q

What are the 4 types of lamella and what do they look like?

A
  • external circumferential lamellae: go around the outer edge of the bone under the periosteum
  • internal circumferential lamellae: go around the medullary cavity
  • concentric lamellae- go around central canal like tree rings
  • interstitial lamellae- not perfect circles between concentric lamellae, filler lamellae
84
Q

define tendon sheaths

A

a tube-like bursae that wraps around tendons that are subject to a great deal of friction

85
Q

What are the three traits of fibrous joints?

A

lack synovial cavity
articulating bones held together with irregular dense connective tissue
permit little or no movement

86
Q

What are the two steps in the inflammatory stage of bone repair?

A
  1. formation of a fracture hematoma

2. fibrocartilaginous callus formed

87
Q

functional classification of a hinge synovial joint

A

uniaxial diarthrosis, flexion-extension

88
Q

How does vitamin D affect bone growth?

A

Active form (calcitriol) is produced by the kidneys; helps build bone by increasing absorption of calcium from GI tract; deficiency causes faulty calcification and slows down bone growth; may reduce risk of osteoporosis but is toxic if taken in high doses. People who have minimal exposure to UV light or do not take vitamin D supplement may not have sufficient vitamin D to absorb calcium.

89
Q

What comprises the pectoral/shoulder girdle?

A

clavicle and scapula

90
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow slit between bones for passage of blood vessels or nerves
superior orbital fissure

91
Q

Which color is the true and which is the false pelvis?

A

pink false, blue true

92
Q

example of plane synovial joints

A

intercarpal and intertarsal movement

93
Q

What is rotation and what forms does it come in?

A

movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis, in limbs may be medial (towards midline) or later (away from midline)

94
Q

What are two examples of a synovial joint

A

knee and hip

95
Q

Function of osteoprogenitor cells

A

bone stem cells able to differentiate into the other types of cells

96
Q

What is the effect of exercise on the bones?

A

Heavy stress on the bone causes bone thickening and streghtening

97
Q

Trochanter

A

Very large projection found only on the femur

98
Q

foramen

A

Hole for passage of blood vessels, nerves or ligaments.

foramen magnum

99
Q

Explain the feedback for calcium relase?

A

The parathyroid senses calcium levels drop and releases parathyroid hormone. This stimulates osteoclasts to increase bone reabsorption which release calcium.

100
Q

Where do fractures of the vertebral column most often take place?

A

C1, C2, C4-T, and T12-L2

Can cause permanent damage to the spinal cord or nerves -> paralysis

101
Q

How many phases of fracture repair are there and how many steps are their?

A

3 phases and 4 steps

102
Q

What are the 7 traits of synovial joints?

A 
synovial cavity
articulating bones covered in articular cartilage
held together by ligaments
contains synovial fluid
have nerve and blood supply
surrounded by an articular capsule
permit a large range of motion
103
Q

what is circumduction?

A

circle movement from the joint

flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation

104
Q

Define bursae

A

sac like structure filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another. Reduce friction

105
Q

what type of cartilage is in a symphysis joint?

A

fibrocartilage

106
Q

Explain the difference between an open fracture and a simple/closed fracture?

A

An open fracture the broken ends of the bones come through the skin, in a closed they do not. Open fractures are very dangerous because of the risk of infection to the bone.

107
Q

How do vitamin K and B12 affect bone growth?

A

needed for synthesis of bone proteins; deficiency leads to abnormal protein production in bone extracellular matrix and decreased bone density.

108
Q

How many vertebrae make up the sacrum?

A

5 fused

109
Q

What type of cartilage is in a synchondrosis joint?

A

hyaline cartilage

110
Q

What are the 8 carpal bones?

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

111
Q

meatus

A

tubelike opening

external auditory meatus

112
Q

How does calcitonin affect bone growth?

A

secreted by thyroid gland, inhibits bone resorption

113
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

114
Q

Define condyloid joints and give an example

A

oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone. This type of joint allows angular movement along two axes, as seen in the joints of the wrist and fingers, which can move both side to side and up and down.

115
Q

What are elevation and depression?

A

elevation: superior movement of the body part
depression: inferior movement of the body part

116
Q

how many vertebrae make up the coccyx?

A

3-4 fused

117
Q

What is opposition?

A

movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on the same hand

118
Q

How does aging affect bone growth?

A

bone resorption outpaces bone deposition which leads to a decrease in bone mass and an increased risk of osteoporosis.

119
Q

What are the four stages of bone thickening?

A
  1. ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel
  2. periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum lined tunnel
  3. osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inwards towards center of tunnel forming a new ostean
  4. bones grows outward as osteoblasts in the periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels
120
Q
A
121
Q

How does magnesium affect bone growth?

A

helps form bone extracellular matrix

122
Q
A
123
Q

Crest

A

Prominent ridge or elongated process

sacral crests

124
Q

What 4 things make up the skull feature of the nasal septum?

A 
The nasal septum is composed of four structures:
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Vomer bone
Septal nasal cartilage
Maxillary bone (the crest)
125
Q

What cartilage created the pubic symphasis?

A

fibrocartilage

126
Q

function of osteoblasts

A

bone-building cells that secrete matrix

127
Q

Tubercle

A

Variably sized rounded projection

128
Q

What are six factors affecting contact and range of motion at synovial joints?

A
  1. structure and shape of the articulating bones
  2. strength and tautness of the joint ligaments
  3. arrangement and tension of the muscles
  4. contact with soft parts
  5. hormones
  6. disuse
129
Q

What type of tissue makes up fibrous joints?

A

dense irregular tissue

130
Q

Where are fibrous sutural joints found?

A

skull sutures

131
Q

what is the functional classification of a symphysis?

A

amphiarthrosis

132
Q

What are the 4 zones of epiphyseal growth plates when growing starting at the epiphyseal plate?

A
  • zone of resting cartilage: holds plates to diaphysis
  • zone of proliferation cartilage: increases the number of cartilage cells
  • zone of hypertrophic cartilage: increases the size of the cells
  • zone of calcified cartilage: cartilage cells calcify and are added to the diaphysis to increase it’s length
133
Q

What is the other name for the true ribs (1-7)?

A

vertebrosternal

134
Q

What is the the name for the false ribs (7-12)?

A

vertebrochondral

135
Q

What are the two types of bone and what are their functions?

A

compact- protection and support

spongy-lightweight and provides tissue support

136
Q

Where is a syndesmosis joint found?

A

gomphosis- the joint between the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla and the tooth

137
Q

What are the three joint classifications by function?

A

SAD
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses

138
Q

What happens with age at the sutures in the skull?

A

some fibrous sutures replaced by synostosis, which is when separated cranial bones fuse into one

139
Q

what causes rickets and osteomalacia?

A

lack of vitamin D

140
Q

define a hinge synovial joint

A

convex surface that fits into a concave surface

141
Q

spinous process

A

sharp, slender projection

142
Q

Define saddle joint and give an example

A

Named because the ends of each bone resemble a saddle, with concave and convex portions that fit together. Saddle joints allow angular movements similar to condyloid joints but with a greater range of motion. An example of a saddle joint is the thumb joint, which can move back and forth and up and down, but more freely than the wrist or fingers

143
Q

What is the process of bone formation called?

A

ossification or osteogenesis

144
Q

What are three ways to sex a pelvis?

A

pubic arch: male less than 90 degree angle and female more than 90 degree angle
greater sciatic notch: female wide almost 90 degree angle, male narrow about 70 degree angle
acetabulum: female faces anterior and is small male faces lateral and is large

145
Q

What are the two forms of ossification?

A

intramembranous and endochondral

146
Q

How many tarsal bones are there and what are their names?

A

7, talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, and the cuboid

147
Q

Functional classification of plane synovial joints?

A

biaxial diarthrosis and triaxial diarthrosis

148
Q

Functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

mucus membrane-lined cavities in the front, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. Used as resonating chambers to enhance voice and increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa and help to moisten it as well.

149
Q

Example of a hinge joint

A

knee and elbow

150
Q

What are the three traits of cartilaginous joints?

A

lack synovial cavity
articulating bones are held together with cartilage connective tissue
permit little or no movement

151
Q

Epicondyle

A

Usually roughened projection on a condyle

152
Q

How does exercise affect bone growth?

A

weight-bearing activities stimulate osteoblasts and build thicker and stronger bones and slow loss of bone mass as a person ages

153
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

SSI
sutures
syndesmoses
interosseous membranes

154
Q

Where can you find a symphysis joint?

A

pubic symphysis

155
Q

How does insulin affect bone growth?

A

secreted by the pancreas; promotes normal bone growth by increasing the synthesis of bone protein

156
Q

head

A

Usually rounded articular process supported on a neck

rib or femur

157
Q

What are the two important tissues to bones?

A

periosteum and endosteum

158
Q

What supplies the diaphysis of long bones with blood?

A

periosteal arteries and veins

nutrient arteries and veins

159
Q
A
160
Q

Function of hyoid bone?

A

supports tongue and provides attachment site for muscles of the neck and pharynx

161
Q

Define comminuted fractures

A

Bone is splintered, crushed, or broke into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments.

162
Q

What is the functional classification of syndesmosis?

A

amphiarthrosis

163
Q
A
164
Q

What are the three bones of the hip?

A

ilium, ischium, and pubis

165
Q

What is epiphyseal cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage growth center, not an actual joint. is classified as synarthrosis

166
Q

What are the two ways to classify a joint?

A

structure and function

167
Q

Where do periosteal arteries and nerves enter from?

A

volkmann’s canals

168
Q

What is the functional classification of a synchodrosis joint?

A

amphiarthrosis

169
Q

What is the functional classification of suture joints?

A

synarthrosis and amphiarthrosis

170
Q

facet

A

Smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface

superior articular facet

171
Q

Function of the vertebral column?

A

protects the spinal cord

172
Q

what are dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?

A

dorsiflexion: bending the foot in the diction of the dorsum (flex)
plantar flexion: bending foot in the direction of the plantar surface (point)

173
Q

Define a herniated disc

A

The nucleus of the disc pushes through the annulus and compresses a spinal nerve

174
Q

What does the femur articulate with?

A

acetabulum

175
Q

Explain endochondral ossification

A

Replaces bone with cartilage in the developing embryo and fetus or at epiphyseal plates (growth plates)

176
Q
A
177
Q

Name the four ligaments surrounding the knee

A

medial collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament

178
Q
A
179
Q
A
180
Q

What are the two layers in periosteum?

A

outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue

inner osteogenic layer that consists of osteoprogenitor cells.

181
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells derived from?

A

mesenchyme

182
Q

where are osteoclasts concentrated?

A

endosteum

183
Q

how do osteocytes communicate?

A

through gap junctions

184
Q

In which bones is spongy bone the main bone on the inside?

A

short, flat, sesamoid, and irregular bones

185
Q

what are the four steps of intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. development of the ossification center
  2. calcification
  3. formation of bone trabeculae
  4. development of the periosteum
186
Q

What are the steps to endochondral ossification?

A
  1. development of the cartilage model
  2. growth of the cartilage model
  3. development of the primary ossification center
  4. development of the medullary cavity
  5. development of the secondary ossification centers
  6. formation of the articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate
187
Q

What is the word for the growth that thickens bones in youth?

A

appositional growth

188
Q

What is the level calcium in the blood needs to stay at?

A

9-11mg/100ml

189
Q

Function of calcitonin

A

inhibits activity of osteoclasts, speeds up Ca2+ uptake into bone, and accelerates Ca2+ deposition into bones.

BIO 430 (37 decks)

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