Bones Lectures Flashcards
define an amphiarthrosis joint and give an example
allows little movement, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
Three things that happen with joints as we age?
- decreased production of synovial fluid
- thinning of articular cartilage
- loss of ligament length and flexibility
What are the 4 situations bones form in?
- during embryological and fetal development
- when bones grow before adulthood
- when bones remodel
- when fracture heal
What are inversion and eversion?
inversion: medial movement of the sole of the foot
eversion: lateral movement of the sole of the foot
fossa
shallow depression
mandibular fossa
Where can you find a synchondrosis joint?
epiphyseal plate
Line
Long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than a crest)
linea aspera
What is the other name for floating ribs?
vertebral
What are the intervertebral discs composed of?
Composed of an outer ring of fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosus) and an inner, soft nucleus (nucleus pulposus) with a layer of hyaline cartilage on the top and bottom of each disc
define ball and socket joints and give an example
Ball-and-socket joints possess a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone. This organization allows the greatest range of motion, as all movement types are possible in all directions. Examples of ball-and-socket joints are the shoulder and hip joints.
Define a pivot joint
sounded or pointed surface that fits into a ring formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament
How do sex hormones affect bone growth?
stimulate osteoblasts and promote sudden growth spurt during puberty and shut down growth at growth plates at 18-21. slow bone resorption by osteoclasts and promote bone deposition by osteoblasts during adulthood
Put in order from least to most the amount of dense irregular connective tissue in the fibrous joint
sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes
How does fluoride affect bone growth?
helps strengthen bone extracellular matrix
How do calcium and phosphorus affect bone growth?
make bone extracellular matrix hard
sulcus
Narrow groove on a bone for passage of blood vessel, nerve or tendon
How many total ribs and how many pairs?
24 total, 12 pair
How many curves does the spine of a fetus have? And adults?
1 and 4
What are the three phases of bone healing and what are their descriptions?
REACT. REPAIR. REMODEL.
the reactive phase- early inflammatory phase
the reparative phase- includes formation of fibrocartilaginous callus first and then a bony callus
bone remodeling phase- bony callus is remove
What is the attachment point for the humerus?
glenoid fossa
How do thyroid hormones affect bone growth?
secreted by thyroid gland, promote normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts
What is the functional classification of interosseous membranes?
amphiarthrosis
How do bones grow in length?
Endochondral ossification
How does manganese affect bone growth?
activates enzymes involved in synthesis of bone extracellular matrix
what type of cells are osteoclasts
monocytes/macrophages
What is the border between the epiphysis and the metaphysis?
epiphyseal line
What are supination and pronation?
supination: movement of the forearm that turns palms anteriorly
pronation: movement of the forearm that turns palm posteriorly
Define a greenstick fracture
A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends. Usually occurs in children because their bones are not fully ossified.
What are abduction and adduction?
abduction: movement of bone away from the midline usually in the frontal plane
adduction: movement of bone towards midline, usually in the frontal plane
How does vitamin A affect bone growth?
needed for the activity of osteoblasts during remodeling of the bone; deficiency stunts bone growth; toxic in high doses
What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?
- provide support
- protects internal organs
- assists in body movements in conjunctions with muscles
- mineral homeostasis- stores and releases calcium and phosphorus
- participates in blood cell production (hemopoiesis)
- stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow
What type of joint and movement?
synovial, gliding and biaxial
What are the 5 types of bones by shape and an example of each?
long- femur short- carpals flat- ribs and cranial bones irregular- vertebrae sesamoid- patella
Define a synarthrosis joint and give an example
allows no movement
suture or gomphosis
What happens while osteoblasts deposit bone on the outer surface of the bone during thickening?
Osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity from within
Function of the intervertebral discs?
absorb shock and separate vertebrae from one another
Where is the sternal notch?
top (superior) of the manubrium
What is an example of a pivot joint?
atlantoaxial joint (c1 and c2)
What is arthroplasty and what are two common sites?
joint replacement surgery
hip and knee
How does vitamin C affect bone growth?
Needed for synthesis of collagen, the main bone protein; deficiency leads to decreased collagen production, which slows down bone growth and delays repair of bone.
What are sharpey’s fibres?
connect the periosteum to the bone
In a syndesmosis joint, what are the bones usually connected by?
a ligament
function of osteoclasts
remodel/breakdown bones and cause them to release calcium
What are the 6 types of fractures we need to know?
open/closed, comminuted, greenstick, impacted, pott, and colles
What are sutural bones?
small, extra bone plates located within the suture of the cranial bones
define a pott fracture
fracture of the distal end of the fibula with serious injury of the distal tibia articulation
What are the 4 types of bone cells?
osteoprogenitor
osteoblast
osteocytes
osteoclasts
How does parathyroid hormone affect bone growth?
promotes bone resorption by osteoclasts, enhances recovery of calcium from urine, promotes formation of the active form of vitamin D
What are the important pieces that make up the elbow joint?
trochlear notch of the ulna and trochlea of the humerus
What is the name for the unossified mesenchyme develops into dense connective tissue in a baby’s skull? Where are they located?
fontanels, which are along the suture lines
How many bones in the appendicular skeleton and what is their main function?
126 and movement
What kind of bone is the scapula?
flat bone
Where is an interosseous membrane found?
between the radius and ulna
What is a joint?
a point of contact between
- two or more bones
- cartilage and bone
- teeth and bone
What are the 7 parts of a long bone?
- diaphysis (shaft)
- 2 epiphyses (ends of the bones at the joints)
- 2 metaphyses (region between diaphysis and epiphysis)
- articular cartilage covering both epiphysis
- periosteum (connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis)
- medullary cavity (hollow space in diaphysis)
- endosteum (thin membrane lining the medullary cavity
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
(SS)
synchondrosis and symphysis
How do insulin-like growth factors affect bone growth?
secreted by the liver, bones, and other tissues on stimulation by growth hormone; promotes normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts and by increasing the synthesis of proteins needed to build new bone.
How many bones in the skull?
22 not including the 6 middle ear bones
Explain intramembranous ossification
Occurs in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone.
What are the two major types of bone surface markings?
- depressions and openings
- processes
Define a synovial joint
articular cartilage on ends of long bones and a synovial cavity between articulating bones surrounded by accessory ligaments. Freely moveable
What is the extracellular matrix of bone made of?
water, collagen, and crystalized mineral salts
What is the bones’ role in calcium homeostasis?
Bones store 99% of the body’s calcium and it can be released into the bloodstream as needed.
functional classification of a pivot joint?
uniaxial diarthrosis: rotation
Define a plane synovial joint
articulated surfaces that are flat or slightly curved
Tuberosity
Variably sized projection with rough, bumpy surface
What are protraction and retraction?
anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
What is spina bifida?
a congenital defect of the vertebral column where the laminae do not develop normally.
(lamina is part of the vertebrae!)
How many named bones are there in the body?
206
axial 80
appendicular 126
In structural classification, what are the three broad types?
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
define a diarthrosis joint and give an example
freely moveable
knee or hip
What type of bone is at the epiphyseal end of the bone?
spongy bone
what feeds through the intervertebral foramen?
spinal nerves
condyle
Rounded projection with a smooth articular surface
occipital condyles
What is the second thing parathyroid hormone stimulates?
Production of calcitriol in the kidneys which increases the calcium absorption in the intestines
define a colles fracture
fracture of the distal end of the radius in which the distal fragment is place posteriorly
How does human growth hormone affect bone growth?
secreted by the pituitary gland; promotes growth of all body tissues, including bone, mainly by stimulation insulin-like growth factors
Define an impacted fracture
one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other
In relation to aging, what are the levels of production vs. reduction of bone.
Birth-adolescence: more bone produced than lost Adults: rate is the same Older individuals (esp postmenopausal women): more bone lost than produced
What are the symptoms of low calcium and high calcium?
Low: abnormal heart rhythm and fatigue
High: gallbladder stones, abnormal bone growth
What does flexion do? What does extension do? What is hyperextension?
Flexion decreases the angle of the joint (bending)
extension increases the angle of the joint (straightening)
hyperextension goes beyond the normal range of motion or beyond anatomical position
What are the 4 types of lamella and what do they look like?
- external circumferential lamellae: go around the outer edge of the bone under the periosteum
- internal circumferential lamellae: go around the medullary cavity
- concentric lamellae- go around central canal like tree rings
- interstitial lamellae- not perfect circles between concentric lamellae, filler lamellae
define tendon sheaths
a tube-like bursae that wraps around tendons that are subject to a great deal of friction
What are the three traits of fibrous joints?
lack synovial cavity
articulating bones held together with irregular dense connective tissue
permit little or no movement
What are the two steps in the inflammatory stage of bone repair?
- formation of a fracture hematoma
2. fibrocartilaginous callus formed
functional classification of a hinge synovial joint
uniaxial diarthrosis, flexion-extension
How does vitamin D affect bone growth?
Active form (calcitriol) is produced by the kidneys; helps build bone by increasing absorption of calcium from GI tract; deficiency causes faulty calcification and slows down bone growth; may reduce risk of osteoporosis but is toxic if taken in high doses. People who have minimal exposure to UV light or do not take vitamin D supplement may not have sufficient vitamin D to absorb calcium.
What comprises the pectoral/shoulder girdle?
clavicle and scapula
Fissure
Narrow slit between bones for passage of blood vessels or nerves
superior orbital fissure
Which color is the true and which is the false pelvis?
pink false, blue true
example of plane synovial joints
intercarpal and intertarsal movement
What is rotation and what forms does it come in?
movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis, in limbs may be medial (towards midline) or later (away from midline)
What are two examples of a synovial joint
knee and hip
Function of osteoprogenitor cells
bone stem cells able to differentiate into the other types of cells
What is the effect of exercise on the bones?
Heavy stress on the bone causes bone thickening and streghtening
Trochanter
Very large projection found only on the femur
foramen
Hole for passage of blood vessels, nerves or ligaments.
foramen magnum
Explain the feedback for calcium relase?
The parathyroid senses calcium levels drop and releases parathyroid hormone. This stimulates osteoclasts to increase bone reabsorption which release calcium.
Where do fractures of the vertebral column most often take place?
C1, C2, C4-T, and T12-L2
Can cause permanent damage to the spinal cord or nerves -> paralysis
How many phases of fracture repair are there and how many steps are their?
3 phases and 4 steps
What are the 7 traits of synovial joints?
synovial cavity articulating bones covered in articular cartilage held together by ligaments contains synovial fluid have nerve and blood supply surrounded by an articular capsule permit a large range of motion
what is circumduction?
circle movement from the joint
flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation
Define bursae
sac like structure filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another. Reduce friction
what type of cartilage is in a symphysis joint?
fibrocartilage
Explain the difference between an open fracture and a simple/closed fracture?
An open fracture the broken ends of the bones come through the skin, in a closed they do not. Open fractures are very dangerous because of the risk of infection to the bone.
How do vitamin K and B12 affect bone growth?
needed for synthesis of bone proteins; deficiency leads to abnormal protein production in bone extracellular matrix and decreased bone density.
How many vertebrae make up the sacrum?
5 fused
What type of cartilage is in a synchondrosis joint?
hyaline cartilage
What are the 8 carpal bones?
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
meatus
tubelike opening
external auditory meatus
How does calcitonin affect bone growth?
secreted by thyroid gland, inhibits bone resorption
what are osteocytes
mature bone cells
Define condyloid joints and give an example
oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone. This type of joint allows angular movement along two axes, as seen in the joints of the wrist and fingers, which can move both side to side and up and down.
What are elevation and depression?
elevation: superior movement of the body part
depression: inferior movement of the body part
how many vertebrae make up the coccyx?
3-4 fused
What is opposition?
movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on the same hand
How does aging affect bone growth?
bone resorption outpaces bone deposition which leads to a decrease in bone mass and an increased risk of osteoporosis.
What are the four stages of bone thickening?
- ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel
- periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum lined tunnel
- osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inwards towards center of tunnel forming a new ostean
- bones grows outward as osteoblasts in the periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels
How does magnesium affect bone growth?
helps form bone extracellular matrix
Crest
Prominent ridge or elongated process
sacral crests
What 4 things make up the skull feature of the nasal septum?
The nasal septum is composed of four structures: Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Vomer bone Septal nasal cartilage Maxillary bone (the crest)
What cartilage created the pubic symphasis?
fibrocartilage
function of osteoblasts
bone-building cells that secrete matrix
Tubercle
Variably sized rounded projection
What are six factors affecting contact and range of motion at synovial joints?
- structure and shape of the articulating bones
- strength and tautness of the joint ligaments
- arrangement and tension of the muscles
- contact with soft parts
- hormones
- disuse
What type of tissue makes up fibrous joints?
dense irregular tissue
Where are fibrous sutural joints found?
skull sutures
what is the functional classification of a symphysis?
amphiarthrosis
What are the 4 zones of epiphyseal growth plates when growing starting at the epiphyseal plate?
- zone of resting cartilage: holds plates to diaphysis
- zone of proliferation cartilage: increases the number of cartilage cells
- zone of hypertrophic cartilage: increases the size of the cells
- zone of calcified cartilage: cartilage cells calcify and are added to the diaphysis to increase it’s length
What is the other name for the true ribs (1-7)?
vertebrosternal
What is the the name for the false ribs (7-12)?
vertebrochondral
What are the two types of bone and what are their functions?
compact- protection and support
spongy-lightweight and provides tissue support
Where is a syndesmosis joint found?
gomphosis- the joint between the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla and the tooth
What are the three joint classifications by function?
SAD
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses
What happens with age at the sutures in the skull?
some fibrous sutures replaced by synostosis, which is when separated cranial bones fuse into one
what causes rickets and osteomalacia?
lack of vitamin D
define a hinge synovial joint
convex surface that fits into a concave surface
spinous process
sharp, slender projection
Define saddle joint and give an example
Named because the ends of each bone resemble a saddle, with concave and convex portions that fit together. Saddle joints allow angular movements similar to condyloid joints but with a greater range of motion. An example of a saddle joint is the thumb joint, which can move back and forth and up and down, but more freely than the wrist or fingers
What is the process of bone formation called?
ossification or osteogenesis
What are three ways to sex a pelvis?
pubic arch: male less than 90 degree angle and female more than 90 degree angle
greater sciatic notch: female wide almost 90 degree angle, male narrow about 70 degree angle
acetabulum: female faces anterior and is small male faces lateral and is large
What are the two forms of ossification?
intramembranous and endochondral
How many tarsal bones are there and what are their names?
7, talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, and the cuboid
Functional classification of plane synovial joints?
biaxial diarthrosis and triaxial diarthrosis
Functions of the paranasal sinuses
mucus membrane-lined cavities in the front, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. Used as resonating chambers to enhance voice and increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa and help to moisten it as well.
Example of a hinge joint
knee and elbow
What are the three traits of cartilaginous joints?
lack synovial cavity
articulating bones are held together with cartilage connective tissue
permit little or no movement
Epicondyle
Usually roughened projection on a condyle
How does exercise affect bone growth?
weight-bearing activities stimulate osteoblasts and build thicker and stronger bones and slow loss of bone mass as a person ages
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
SSI
sutures
syndesmoses
interosseous membranes
Where can you find a symphysis joint?
pubic symphysis
How does insulin affect bone growth?
secreted by the pancreas; promotes normal bone growth by increasing the synthesis of bone protein
head
Usually rounded articular process supported on a neck
rib or femur
What are the two important tissues to bones?
periosteum and endosteum
What supplies the diaphysis of long bones with blood?
periosteal arteries and veins
nutrient arteries and veins
Function of hyoid bone?
supports tongue and provides attachment site for muscles of the neck and pharynx
Define comminuted fractures
Bone is splintered, crushed, or broke into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments.
What is the functional classification of syndesmosis?
amphiarthrosis
What are the three bones of the hip?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
What is epiphyseal cartilage?
hyaline cartilage growth center, not an actual joint. is classified as synarthrosis
What are the two ways to classify a joint?
structure and function
Where do periosteal arteries and nerves enter from?
volkmann’s canals
What is the functional classification of a synchodrosis joint?
amphiarthrosis
What is the functional classification of suture joints?
synarthrosis and amphiarthrosis
facet
Smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface
superior articular facet
Function of the vertebral column?
protects the spinal cord
what are dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?
dorsiflexion: bending the foot in the diction of the dorsum (flex)
plantar flexion: bending foot in the direction of the plantar surface (point)
Define a herniated disc
The nucleus of the disc pushes through the annulus and compresses a spinal nerve
What does the femur articulate with?
acetabulum
Explain endochondral ossification
Replaces bone with cartilage in the developing embryo and fetus or at epiphyseal plates (growth plates)
Name the four ligaments surrounding the knee
medial collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
What are the two layers in periosteum?
outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue
inner osteogenic layer that consists of osteoprogenitor cells.
what are osteoprogenitor cells derived from?
mesenchyme
where are osteoclasts concentrated?
endosteum
how do osteocytes communicate?
through gap junctions
In which bones is spongy bone the main bone on the inside?
short, flat, sesamoid, and irregular bones
what are the four steps of intramembranous ossification?
- development of the ossification center
- calcification
- formation of bone trabeculae
- development of the periosteum
What are the steps to endochondral ossification?
- development of the cartilage model
- growth of the cartilage model
- development of the primary ossification center
- development of the medullary cavity
- development of the secondary ossification centers
- formation of the articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate
What is the word for the growth that thickens bones in youth?
appositional growth
What is the level calcium in the blood needs to stay at?
9-11mg/100ml
Function of calcitonin
inhibits activity of osteoclasts, speeds up Ca2+ uptake into bone, and accelerates Ca2+ deposition into bones.
