cell mitosis and protein synthesis

Question 1

Define transcription

Answer 1

Transcription occurs in the nucleus and is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA to direct protein synthesis

Question 2

What are the two phases or prophase?

Answer 2

early and late

Question 3

What phase is this?

Answer 3

telophase

Question 4

what happens during anaphase?

Answer 4

During anaphase centromeres of chromosomes split and sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell

The protein “glue” that holds the sister chromatids together is broken down, allowing them to separate. Each is now its own chromosome. The chromosomes of each pair are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell.

Microtubules not attached to chromosomes elongate and push apart, separating the poles and making the cell longer.

Question 5

What happens in S phase

Answer 5

DNA and centrosomes are replicated

Question 6

What are the 4 phases of mitosis and their order?

Answer 6

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 7

Define prophase

Answer 7

During prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane disappears and centrosomes move to opposite poles

Question 8

What phase is this?

Answer 8

Metaphase

Question 9

What phase is this?

Answer 9

Prophase

Question 10

What happens in metaphase?

Answer 10

During metaphase centromeres of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

All the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate (not a physical structure, just a term for the plane where the chromosomes line up).

At this stage, the two kinetochores of each chromosome should be attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles.

Question 11

What is the difference between a chromosome, a chromatid, and chromatin?

Answer 11

A chromosome is the entire X and a chromatid is half of that vertically sliced. The two chromatids are joined by the centromere. After separation each chromatid becomes a chromosomes as well. Chromatin is thin loose DNA in the nucleus, not in a well defined structure.

Question 12

What happens during G1 phase?

Answer 12

Cell metabolically active
duplicates organelles

Question 13

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 13

During cytokinesis a cleavage furrow forms and eventually the cytoplasm of the parent cell fully splits

the division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells, overlaps with the final stages of mitosis. It may start in either anaphase or telophase, depending on the cell, and finishes shortly after telophase.

Question 14

Define translation

Answer 14

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm and is the process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein

Question 15

What are the three phases of interphase and their order?

Answer 15

G1
S
G2

Question 16

What happens during telophase?

Answer 16

During telophase the mitotic spindle dissolves, chromosomes regain their chromatin appearance, and a new nuclear membrane forms

The mitotic spindle is broken down into its building blocks.
Two new nuclei form, one for each set of chromosomes. Nuclear membranes and nucleoli reappear.
The chromosomes begin to decondense and return to their “stringy” form.

Question 17

What happens in G2 phase?

Answer 17

cell growth continues
enzymes and other proteins are synthesized

Question 18

What phase is this?

Answer 18

anaphase

Question 19

What are the two steps of protein synthesis?

Answer 19

transcription and translation

Question 20

What method is used to separate the two new cells? Animal and plant versions.

Answer 20

In animal cells, cytokinesis is contractile, pinching the cell in two like a coin purse with a drawstring. The “drawstring” is a band of filaments made of a protein called actin, and the pinch crease is known as the cleavage furrow. Plant cells can’t be divided like this because they have a cell wall and are too stiff. Instead, a structure called the cell plate forms down the middle of the cell, splitting it into two daughter cells separated by a new wall.