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BIO 430 > eye lectures > Flashcards

eye lectures Flashcards

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1
Q

What is lysozyme in tears?

A

protective bactericidal enzyme

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2
Q

where is the retina located?

A

the posterior three-quarters of the inner layer of the eyeball

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3
Q

what is the tarsal plate?

A

a fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids

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4
Q

what is the function of tarsal glands?

A

elongated, modified sebaceous glands that secrete a fluid that helps keep the eyelids from adhering to each other

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5
Q

what does intraocular pressure do?

A

maintains shape of eye and prevents it from collapsing

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6
Q

an infection of the tarsal gland causes what?

A

a chalazion

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7
Q

what is the cause of hyperopia (farsightedness)?

A

the eyeball is shorter than normal and the image converges behind the retina

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8
Q

what is the shape of the eyeball in cases of myopia (nearsightedness)?

A

longer than normal and the image converges in front of the retina.

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9
Q

Do cone pigments or rhodopsin regenerate faster?

A

cones pigments

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10
Q

what is the shape of the lens when focusing on a distant object?

A

flat

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11
Q

when focusing on a distant object, what is the state of the zonular fibers?

A

taut

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12
Q

when focusing on a close object, what is the state of the ciliary muscles?

A

contracted

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13
Q

how is hypertropia treated?

A

with a convex lens

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14
Q

what are the two chambers of the eye and what divides them?

A

the anterior and posterior chamber are separated by the iris

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15
Q

how do distance and convergence connect? does this change overtime?

A

the nearer the object, the greater the degree of convergence needed
the ability to converge goes down over time

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16
Q

what is function of the neural layer of the retina?

A

send nerve impulses into axons that form the optic nerve

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17
Q

function of aqueous humor

A

nourishes the lens and cornea

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18
Q

what is light adaption and how fast does it take?

A

when you go from dark to light, seconds

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19
Q

what causes blood shot eyes?

A

dilation and congestion of the blood vessels of the bullbar conjunctiva

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20
Q

what is the shape of the lens when focusing on something close?

A

more spherical

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21
Q

function of the retina

A

receives light and converts it into receptor potentials and nerve impulses. output to the brain via axons of ganglion cells which form the optic nerve

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22
Q

what is the most common form of color blindness

A

red-green

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23
Q

what do the pretectal nuclei control?

A

pupillary and accomadation reflexes

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24
Q

what is an astigmatism caused by?

A

the cornea or the lens or both have an irregular curve. causes blurred or distorted vision

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25
Q

function of the cornea

A

admits and refracts light, also protection

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26
Q

function of the choroid

A

provides blood supply and absorbs light

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27
Q

in what way are images projected into the eye?

A

inverted and left to right reversed

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28
Q

function of the vitreous chamber

A

contains vitreous body that helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and keeps retina attached to the choroid

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29
Q

what are the two types of conjunctiva and where are they located?

A

palpebral conjunctiva-inside of the eyelids

bulbar conjunctiva- covers the sclera

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30
Q

what does the fibrous tunic contain?

A

the cornea and the sclera

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31
Q

what is the function of the cornea?

A

focus light on the retina

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32
Q

function of the anterior cavity

A

contains aqueous humor that helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and supplies oxygen and nutrients to the lens and cornea

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33
Q

what do rods contain?

A

rhodopsin

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34
Q

what is the function of glutamate?

A

inhibits bipolar cells from transmitting signals to ganglion cells

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35
Q

what two structure is the posterior chamber between?

A

behind the iris and in front of the lens

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36
Q

what is the function of the iris?

A

controls the size of the pupil based on autonomic reflexes

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37
Q

What are the 5 accessory structures of the eye?

A

eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles

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38
Q

where do the axons of the eye’s ganglion cells exit?

A

the axons exit as the optic nerve

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39
Q

What is the direction of the nerve impulse in the layers of the retina

A

photoreceptors->outer synaptic layer->bipolar cells->inner synaptic layer->ganglion cells->optic disc->optic nerve

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40
Q

what does the lacrimal caruncle contain?

A

sebaceous glands and sweat glands

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41
Q

what is the function of the extrinsic eye muscles

A

moving the eyeball in all directions

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42
Q

what are the six extrinsic eye muscles?

A

superior rectus. inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, and inferior oblique

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43
Q

what are the two parts of the ciliary body?

A

ciliary processes and ciliary muscle

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44
Q

what is convergence?

A

the medial movement of the two eyeballs so that both are directed toward the object being viewed

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45
Q

What are three common retinal diseases in the elderly?

A

macular degeneration, detached retina, and glaucoma.

cataracts is also common in the elderly

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46
Q

what is the function of tarsal/meibomian glands and where are they located?

A

keeps the eyelids from sticking together

the tarsal plate

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47
Q

Describe the cyclical process of photopigment response to light

A
  1. in darkness retinal has a bent shape called cis-retinal which fits in the opsin portion of the photopigment
  2. When cis-retinal absorbs a photon, it straightens out to trans-retinal
    This change in shape is called isomerization and is the first step in visual transduction
  3. After this isomerization, some chemicals form and then disappear which lead to the production of a receptor potential
  4. after about a minute, the trans-retinal completely separates from opsin. It becomes colorless (bleaching)
  5. an enzyme called retinal isomerase converts trans to cis
    6.the cis retina binds to optin again and reforms a function photopigment (regeneration)
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48
Q

Why does crying produce a runny nose?

A

tears flowing down through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose

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49
Q

what is the iris and what determines it’s color?

A

colored portion of the eyeball

the amount of melanin in it

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50
Q

function of the lens

A

refracts light

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51
Q

what is the other name for the vascular tunic?

A

uvea

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52
Q

functions of choroid

A

provides nutrients to posterior surface of retina and contains melanocytes that produce melanin that make the layer seem dark brown. The melanin absorbs stray light rays and prevents reflection and scattering of light within the eyeball.

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53
Q

what is the function of the vitreous humor

A

holds retina against choroid giving the retina an even surface

54
Q

what is the name for a normal eye?

A

emmetropic

55
Q

What happens when bright light stimulates the eye?

A

parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve stimulate the circular muscles of the iris to contact and decrease the size of the pupil

56
Q

how often is aqueous humor replaced?

A

every 90 minutes

57
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the lacrimal glands?

A

parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve (7)

58
Q

What is contained in the fibrous tunic?

A

anterior cornea

posterior sclera

59
Q

the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

patterns of sleep

60
Q

function of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

production of tears

61
Q

what is the pathway of visual impulses through the brain?

A

optic nerve->optic chiasm (cross over)->optic tract->lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus->optic radiation->primary visual area in occipital lobe

62
Q

functions of the sclera

A

covers the entire eyeball except the cornea
gives shape to the eyeball
protects its inner parts
serves as a site for attachment for eye muscles

63
Q

what is the pigmented layer

A

a sheet of melanin-containing epithelial cells which help the retina absorb stray light

64
Q

What two structures is the anterior chamber between?

A

the iris and the cornea

65
Q

function of horizontal and amacrine cells

A

modify the signals being transmitted along the pathway from photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells

66
Q

contents of vitreous humor

A

water, collagen fibers, and hyaluronic acid. also contains phagocytic cells that remove debris

67
Q

what is the center of the retina?

A

macula lutea

68
Q

when focusing on a distant object, what state are the ciliary muscles?

A

relaxed

69
Q

where is the image projected?

A

fovea centralis, vision is the sharpest there

70
Q

what is the function of the eyebrows and the eyelashes?

A

Protect the eyes from perspiration, foreign objects, and direct rays of the sun

71
Q

what is the anterior chamber filled with?

A

aqueous humor

72
Q

what is the tarsal plate?

A

a thick fold of connective tissue that forms and supports the eyelids

73
Q

where does information go after the photoreceptors?

A

flows through the outer synaptic layer to bipolar cells through the inner synaptic layer to ganglion cells

74
Q

function of the ciliary muscle

A

alters the shape of the lens for adaption to near or far vision by pulling on the zonular fibers

75
Q

what volume of tears does a lacrimal gland produce per day?

A

1 mL

76
Q

how does light pass through the retinal cell layers

A

ganglion cell layer->inner synaptic layer->bipolar cells-> outer synaptic layer-> photoreceptor layer

77
Q

what is the first step of visual transduction?

A

absorption of light by a photopigment which leads to the production of a receptor potential

78
Q

what is the posterior chamber filled with?

A

aqueous humor

79
Q

what is the science name for the eyelid?

A

palpebrae

80
Q

what do the superior colliculi control?

A

extrinsic eye muscles

81
Q

what are the functions of the palpebrae?

A

shade eyes during sleep, protect eyes from excessive light and foreign objects, and spread lubricating secretions over eyeballs

82
Q

what do cones contain?

A

red, blue, and green photopigments

83
Q

what are the two photoreceptors?

A

rods and cones

84
Q

what is dark adaption and how long does it take?

A

moving from light to dark area, takes minutes

85
Q

what does the blind spot not contain

A

rods or cones

86
Q

what are the three systems that process visual signals?

A

processing shape
processing color
processing movement, location, and spatial organization

87
Q

what do all photopigments contain?

A

a glycoprotein called opsin and a vitamin A derivative called retinal

88
Q

what three structures make up the vascular tunic?

A

choroid, ciliary body, and iris

89
Q

What types of tissue make up the three layers of the cornea?

A

Outer layer: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
middle layer (stroma): collagen fibers and fibroblasts
inner layer: simple squamous epithelium

90
Q

What do rods release in darkness?

A

glutamate

91
Q

what causes a stye?

A

infection in the ciliary glands

92
Q

what is the function of horizontal cells?

A

assist in the differentiation of various colors

93
Q

What is the size of an adult eyeball?

A

2.5cm

94
Q

how is myopia corrected?

A

with a concave lens

95
Q

What is the sclera made of?

A

dense connective tissue made of collagen fibers and fibroblasts

96
Q

what is dacryocystitis?

A

infection of the lacrimal sacs

97
Q

how does convergence happen?

A

coordinated action of the extrinsic eye muscles

98
Q

What wavelengths are visible to the eye?

A

400-700nm

99
Q

explain the path of light into the eye

A

cornea->anterior chamber->pupil->posterior chamber->lens->vitreous humor_> projected onto the retina

100
Q

what is the posterior CAVITY filled with?

A

vitreous humor

101
Q

does the ciliary body contain melanin?

A

yes

102
Q

what does the fovea centralis contain?

A

only cones

103
Q

functions of tears

A

cleans, protects, lubricates, and moistens the eyeball

104
Q

function of ciliary processes?

A

secretes aqueous humor

105
Q

function of canal of schlemm

A

aqueous humor drains into it

106
Q

how are images projected onto the retina?

A

images are inverted and right to left reversed due to refraction; the brain corrects the image

107
Q

where is the poster CAVITY/vitreous chamber located?

A

behind the lens

108
Q

when focusing on a close object, what is the state of the zonular fibers?

A

loose

109
Q

what is the name for the point which the optic nerve exits the eye

A

optic disc or blind spot

110
Q

what are the two (3?) tunics

A

fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
nervous tunic? (in the lab slides)

111
Q

what does the vascular tunic contain

A

the choroid, ciliary body, and iris

112
Q

why is cone vision sharper?

A

cones only synapse with one bipolar cell

113
Q

in the fetus, what does the hyaloid canal hold?

A

hyaloid artery

114
Q

What does the pigmented layer of the retina near the photoreceptors store?

A

vitamin A which contributes to regeneration in rods

115
Q

function of the sclera

A

provides shape and protects inner parts

116
Q

More than half of the sensory receptors in the human body are located in the eye? True or false

A

true

117
Q

what is in the center of the macula lutea

A

fovea centralis, the area of the highest visual acuity

118
Q

what is the function of amacrine cells?

A

synapse with ganglion cells and transmit excitatory signals to ganglion cells to initiate nerve impulses

119
Q

what is the function of rods?

A

see in dim light

120
Q

what is the conjuntiva?

A

A thin, protective mucous membrane made of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells that is supported my areolar connective tissue

121
Q

describe vitreous humor

A

a transparent, gelatinous substance

122
Q

what do horizontal cells do?

A

transmit inhibitory signals to bipolar cells in the areas lateral to excited rods and cones

123
Q

what are the two layers of the retina/nervous tunic?

A

pigmented layer and neural layer

124
Q

what is the function of cones?

A

see in color

125
Q

function of the ciliary body

A

secretes aqueous humor and alters the shape of the lens for near or far visions (accommodation)

126
Q

Function of ciliary glands?

A

Release lubricating fluid into the follicles (sebaceous)

127
Q

What should the pressure in the eye be?

A

16mmHg

128
Q

function of the iris

A

regulates the amount of light that enters the eyeball

129
Q

what is the funtcion of the palpebral muscles?

A

control eyelid movement

130
Q

describe aqueous humor

A

a clear, watry liquid

131
Q

How does visual information travel in terms of sides?

A

right half of each visual field goes to the left side of the brain and vice versa

BIO 430 (37 decks)

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