nervous system 6.4 Flashcards
what is the number, function, and origin of the optic nerve?
2
function: vision
origin: retina/diencephalon
functions of the right hemisphere
Musical/artistic awareness, spatial/pattern perception, face recognition, emotional content of language, discrimination of smells, and generating mental images of sensations.
Where are the nuclei for CN 5, 6, 7, and 8 (vesitbular branch)?
pons
when do alpha waves happen
when awake but eyes are closed
what happens if the abducen nerve is damaged?
affected eyeball cannot move laterally beyond the midpoint
what are the four types of brain waves
alpha, beta, theta, and delta
what is the number, function, and origin of the glossopharyngeal nerves?
9
function:
sensory: tongue pain and monitor blood pressure and blood gases, taste
motor: swallowing and salivation
origin: posterior 1/3 of tongue and salivary gland or medulla?
Which nerves are affected by bell’s palsy?
facial nerves
where are the CN 3 & 4 nuclei?
midbrain
What are the names of cranial nerves 1-4?
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
function of the somatosensory association area
determine exact shape and texture of an object by feeling it. storage of memories of past somatic sensory experiences which allows a person to compare then to current sensations
what is the foramen and destination of the vagus nerves?
foramen: jugular foramen
destination: medulla oblongata, respiratory/cardio and digestive organs
function of the orbitofrontal cortex
identify odors and to discriminate between odors
What do sensory associations areas do?
integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness
function of common integrative area
receives nerve impulses from sensory areas, the thalamus, and the brain stem and allows formation of thoughts based on a variety of sensory inputs
what are the number, function, and origin of the trochlear nerves?
4
function: controls the superior oblique eye muscle
origin: mesencephalon, mid brain
What are the three basal nuclei?
globus pallidus
putamen
caudate nucleus
glob+put=lentiform nucleus
lentiform+caud=corpus straitum
when do delta waves take place
in awake infants and deepest sleep
What is the number, function, and origin of the accessory nerves?
11
function: controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
origin: medulla oblongata
function of the primary auditory association area
recognize a particular sound as speech, music, or noise
definition of hemispheric lateralization
there are physiological differences and functional differences between the two brain hemispheres
what are the names of cranial nerves 9-12?
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
what are the foramen and destination of the oculomotor nerve
formen: superior orbital fissure
destination: extra-ocular eye muscles
The mandibular division’s function, origin, foramen, and destination?
function: controls mastication and middle ear muscle dampening loud noises
origin: lower gums, teeth, anterior 2/3 of tongue, lips, palate, and motor nuclei of pons
foramen: foramen ovale
destination: muscles of mastication and tensor tympani muscle in the middle ear
what are the foramen and destination of the vestibulocochlear nerves?
foramen: internal auditory meatus
destinationtion: pons and medulla oblongata
What is the number, function, and origin of the oculomotor nerve?
3
function: controls all extra-ocular eye muscles, except the superior oblique and lateral rectus
autonomic: cilliary muscles of the eyeball which adjusts for near vision. construction of pupil
origin: midbrain
what is anopia?
blindness due to a defect or a loss of one or both eyes
where are the CN 2 nuclei?
diencephalon
Which cranial nerves are motor function?
3, 4, 6, 11, 12
define projection tracts
contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or the other way around Ex. internal capsule
what is trigeminal neuralgia?
sharp cutting pain that lasts a few seconds to a minute
function of the wernicke’s area
interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
what is ansomia?
loss of sense of smell
what are the foramen and destination of the trochlear nerve?
foramen: superior orbital fissure
destination: superior oblique muscle
what is the number, function, and origin of the facial nerves?
7
function:
sensory: sensations from face/taste
motor: controls muscles of the face and middle ear
autonomic motor: secreation of tears and saliva (S for secretion, S for 7)
origin: tastebuds (sensory) and pons (motor)
Location of CN 1 nuclei?
telencephalon
Where are the primary sensory areas for vision, hearing, taste, and smell?
vision-occipital lobe
auditory- temporal
taste (gustatory)- insula
smell- temporal
What is the number, function, and origin of the olfactory nerve
1
function: smell sensory
origin: olfactory epithelium or cerebrum?
define association tracts
contains axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the the same hemisphere
when do beta waves take place
when the nervous system is active
what is the number, function, and origin of the vagus nerves?
10
function: information from organs, taste from epiglottis and phaynx
motors (autonomic): constriction of respiratory passageways and decreases heart rate
origin: sensory: organs and motor: medulla oblongata
What are the three parts of the trigeminal nerve
ophthalmic division, maxillary division, and mandibular division
function of the premotor area
deals with the learned motor activities of a complex and sequential nature. it generates nerve impulses that cause specific groups of muscles to contract in a specific sequence.
What is the possible function of the claustrum?
involved in visual attention
what is the number, function, and origin of the abducens nerve?
6
function: controls eye movements
origin: pons
Which cranial nerves are mixed function?
5, 7, 9, 10 (10975)
what is strabismus?
both eyes do not fix on the same object, may turn inward or outward
define commissural tracts
contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from one gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to the corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere
What are the three types of brain injuries?
trauma, hypoxia, ischemia
Patients with damage to the right hemisphere regions that correspond to the broca’s and wernicke’s areas in the left hemisphere do what
speak in monotone as they have lost their ability to import emotional inflection to what they say
what brain wave type takes place during deep sleep?
sleep spindles
function of the frontal eye area
voluntary scanning movements of the eyes
what are the three important groups of commissural tracts?
corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure
Function of the facial recognition area and which side is more dominant
stores information about faces and allows you to recognize people by their faces
more dominant in the right hemisphere
What are the maxillary division’s function, origin, foramen, and destination?
function: sensations from lower eyelid, upper lip, and cheek
origin: inferior eyelid, upper lip, gums, teeth, palate, and part of pharynx
foramen: foramen rotundum
destination: pons
what connects the right and left hemisphere of the brain?
corpus callosum
what type of brain wave takes place during deepest sleep?
delta
where are the nuclei for CN 9, 10, 11, and 12?
medulla oblongata
In what percentage of people is the broca’s area located on the left hemisphere?
97%
people with damage to the left hemisphere often exhibit what
aphasia-no speech
Electroencephalograms or EEGs are useful for studying
normal brain functions
brain disorders
brain death
when do theta waves take place
in children and adults experiencing emotional stress and light sleep
what happens when a person suffers a stroke in the wernicke’s area
person can still speak but cannot arrange words in a coherent way, aka word salad/fluent aphasia
what is the foramen and destination of the optic nerve?
foramen: optic canal
destination: diencephalon then occipital lobe
Which cranial nerves are sensory?
1, 2, 8
where does the visual association area receive impulses from?
the primary visual area and the thalamus
what are the foramen and destination of the accessory nerves?
foramen: jugular foramen
destination: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
what are the names of the cranial nerves 5-8?
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
What are the functions of the basal nuclei?
regulate the initiation and termination of movements
initiate and terminate some cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and planning
may act with limbic system to regulate emotional behaviors
subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles
globus pallidus helps regulate muscle tone
what is the foramen and destination of the abducens nerve?
foramen: superior orbital fissure
destination: lateral rectus eye muscle
what brain wave type happens during light sleep
theta
What is the foramen and destination of facial nerves?
foramen: internal auditory meatus and stylomastoid foramen
destination: sensory: pons motors: muscles of the face
damage to which nerves cause vertigo, ataxia (muscular incoordination), and tinnitus (ear ringing)
vestibulocochlear nerves
what type of brain wave takes place during REM sleep?
Beta
what structures are functionally linked to the basal nucei?
substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei, and claustrum
How many lobes of the cerebrum are there?
5
What is the number, function, and origin of the vestibulocochlear nerves?
8
function: balance and hearing
origin: receptors of the vestibule and cochlea/pons
What is the ophthalmic division’s function, origin, foramen, and destination?
function: sensations from forehead, upper eyelids, and nose
origin: forehead, lacrimal glands, superior eyelid, orbital structures, nasal cavity
formamen: superior orbital fissure
destination: pons
functions of the left hemisphere
reasoning, numerical/scientific skills, spoken/written language, and ability to use and understand sign language
The premotor area communicates with…
the primary motor cortex, sensory association areas in the parietal lobe, the basal nuclei, and the thalamus
What number is the trigeminal nerve?
5
What are the foramen and destination for the glossopharyngeal nerves?
foramen: jugular foramen
destination: medulla oblongata
what is the foramen and destination of the olfactory nerve
foramen: olfactory formina in the cribiform plate
destination: olfactory bulbs, olfactory tract, and ends in the primary olfactory area in the temporal lobe
function of the prefrontal cortex
the makeup of a person’s personality, intellect, complex learning abilities, recall of information, judgement, foresight, reasoning, conscience, mood, abstract thoughts. Basically anything that makes us human.
