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BIO 430 > nervous system lecture 6.3 > Flashcards

nervous system lecture 6.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the path of CSF starting with the lateral ventricles’ choroid plexus?

A

lateral ventricles -> interventricular foramen -> third ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> fourth ventricle -> lateral and median apertures -> subarachnoid space -> arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses -> venous blood -> heart/lungs -> arterial blood -> start over

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2
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier consist mainly of?

A

tight junctions, a thick basement membrane, and astrocytes

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3
Q

What is the reticular activating system (RAS)?

A

consists of sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex both directly and through the thalamus

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4
Q

what arises from the walls of metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

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5
Q

what arises from the cavity of the mesencephalon

A

aqueduct of the midbrain

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6
Q

Which sense has no input in the RAS?

A

no receptors for smell

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7
Q

What are the three primary brain cavities of a 3-4 week old embryo?

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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8
Q

reticular activating system functions

A

active during arousal or waking from sleep
inactivation of RAS produces sleep
damage to RAS causes coma

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9
Q

Where are choroid plexus found?

A

lateral ventricle, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle

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10
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain?

A

oculomotor/3 and trochlear/4

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11
Q

what arises from the cavity of the telencephalon

A

lateral ventricles

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12
Q

what do the ventricles of the brain contain?

A

CSF

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13
Q

Which structure makes CSF?

A

choroid plexus

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14
Q

what arises from the mesencephalon walls

A

midbrain

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15
Q

Circumventricular organs location and function

A

includes a portion of the hypothalamus, the pineal gland, and the pituitary gland
monitor chemical changes in the blood, coordinate homeostatic activities such as blood pressure, thirst, hunger, and fluid balance

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16
Q

functions of the descending reticular activating system

A

connections to cerebellum and spinal cord

regulates muscle tone, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate

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17
Q

functional regions of the midbrain

A

conveys motor impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord, sends sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, and regulates auditory and visual reflexes

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18
Q

function and location of the pineal gland

A

located inside the epithalamus
secretes melatonin
habenular nuclei are involved in smelling

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19
Q

what are the functional regions of the medulla oblongata?

A

heart rate, respiratory rate, vasoconstriction, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccupping.

also contains nuclei associated with sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, conscious proprioception, and are located in the posterior part of the medulla

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20
Q

what are the 5 structural regions of the midbrain?

A

cerebral peduncles, corpora quadrigemina, substantia nigra, red nuclei, and medial lemniscus

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21
Q

functions of the hypothalamus

A

control of the ANS
regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness
regulation of emotion and behavioral patterns
control of body temp
regulation of eating and drinking
production of hormones

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22
Q

what arises from the cavity of the diencephalon

A

third ventricle

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23
Q

functions of the cerebellum

A

coordination of skeletal muscle contractions and in the maintenance of normal muscle tone, posture, and balance

24
Q

what is the function of the red nuclei

A

axons from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses in the red nuclei which help control muscular movements

25
Q

what arises from the walls of the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

26
Q

what are the functional regions of the pons?

A

relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal muscle movements and control of respiration

27
Q

what are the four major parts of the brain?

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum

28
Q

what are the functions of the inferior colliculi?

A

they are part of the auditory pathway and reflex centers for the startle reflex and sudden movements

29
Q

Which cranial nerves are in the pons?

A

5-8, trigeminal, abducens, facial, and vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear

30
Q

How does blood get to the brain?

A

via the vertebral and carotid arteries and flows back to the heart via the jugular vein

31
Q

where are the cerebral peduncles and what do they consist of?

A

the anterior midbrain
contain the axons of the corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts which conduct nerve impulses from motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, medulla, and pons

32
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

protects brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries. carries oxygen, glucose, and other important substances from the blood to the nervous tissue cells

33
Q

what is the function of the reticular formation

A

regulates muscle tone and responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep.

34
Q

Where does CSF continuously circulate through?

A

the cavities of the brain, the spinal cord, and in the subarachnoid space

35
Q

What does the rhombencephalon become at 5 weeks?

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

36
Q

How many cranial nerves does the medulla oblongata contain?

A

4, glossopharyngeal (9), vagus (10), accessory (11), and hypoglossal (12)

37
Q

What are the three functions of CSF?

A

mechanical protection-shock absorption
homeostatic function- maintaining pH of the CSF and transporting hormones
circulation- for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products

38
Q

what is the function of the superior colliculi

A

reflex centers for certain visual activities. responsible for reflexes that govern head, eyes, and trunk movements in response to visual stimuli

39
Q

function of the thalamus

A

contains nuclei that serve as relay stations for all sensory impulses (except smell) to the cerebral cortex

40
Q

what arises from the myelencephalon cavity

A

lower part of the fourth ventricle

41
Q

What is the brain protected by?

A

cranial bones
cranial meninges- pia, arachnoid, and dura mater (2 layers, periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)
cerebrospinal fluid

42
Q

What causes hydrocephalus?

A

excess CSF accumulation in the ventricles caused by a obstruction to the CSF flow or an abnormal CSF production/reabsorption

43
Q

Where is the tectum located and what does it contain?

A

posterior part of the midbrain

the superior and inferior colliculi

44
Q

What does glucose deficiency in the brain cause

A

confusion, dizziness, convulsions, and loss of consciousness

45
Q

what arises from the cavity of the metencephalon

A

upper part of fourth ventricle

46
Q

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

A

to protect brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens by serving as a selective barrier to prevent passage of many substances from the blood into the brain. The BBB can prevent the entry of therapeutic drugs.

47
Q

what are the two parts of the neural tube?

A

cavities and walls

48
Q

Where is dopamine released from in the midbrain and what is the function?

A

released from the substantia nigra to the basal nuclei, and these neurons help control subconscious muscle activities. loss of these neurons is associated with Parkinson’s disease

49
Q

what arises from the walls of the myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

50
Q

What percentage of the body’s oxygen does the brain use?

A

20%

51
Q

what arises from the walls of the telencephalon

A

cerebrum

52
Q

what is the diencephalon composed of?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

53
Q

What is the brain stem composed of?

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

54
Q

What does the prosencephalon become at 5 weeks?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

55
Q

How much CSF does an adult have?

A

80-150 mL

56
Q

what are the two structural regions of the medulla oblongata?

A

pyramids- control voluntary movement of the limb and trunk

inferior olivary nuclei- make adjustment to muscle activity as you learn new motor skills

BIO 430 (37 decks)

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