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Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System: Function

A
  1. Supports the body
  2. Protects soft body parts
  3. Produces blood cells
  4. Stores minerals and fat
  5. Permits flexible body movement
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2
Q

Skeletal System: Tissue

A

Connective:

  1. Bone
  2. Cartilage
  3. Ligaments (connect bone –> bone
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3
Q

Bone Anatomy: Diaphysis

A
  • Shaft of bone
  • medullary cavity
    • contains yellow marrow
    • walls = compact bone
    • lined with endosteum- a thin, vascular
      membrane
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4
Q

Bone Anatomy: Periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue that covers a long bone

- Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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5
Q

Bone Anatomy: epiphysis

A
  • Composed mainly of spongy bone
    • red marrow
  • Coated in hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)
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6
Q

Compact bone: Osteons

A

Tubular units in bone

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7
Q

Compact bone: lacunae

A
  • Tiny chambers arranged in concentric circles around a central canal
  • Matrix fills space in between lacunae
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8
Q

Bone cells: Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that lie in lacunae

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9
Q

Compact bone: canaliculus

A

Tiny canals that run through the matrix in bone

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10
Q

Spongy bone: trabeculae

A

thin plates that are unorganized throughout spongy bone

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11
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • Unorganized appearance
  • Designed for strength
  • Lighter than compact bone
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12
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Weaker than bone
  • More flexible than bone
  • Gel-like matrix
  • Contains collagenous and elastic fibers
  • No nerves
  • No blood vessels
  • Slow to heal
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13
Q

Cartilage: chondrocytes

A

Cells that lie within lacunae that are irregularly grouped

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14
Q

Cartilage: Type #1

A
  1. Hyaline –> firm, glassy appearance, many collagen fibers

* Found at end of long bones, in the nose, ends of the ribs, larynx, and trachea

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15
Q

Cartilage: Type #2

A
  1. Fibrocartilate –> stronger than hyaline
    • matrix has wide rows of thick, collagenous fibers
    • able to withstand tension and pressure
    • found where support = #1
    • Found in the disks between vertebrae & cartilage of the knee
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16
Q

Cartilage: Type #3

A
  1. Elastic –> more flexible
    • matrix contains more elastin fibers
    • found in ear flaps and epiglottis
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17
Q

Fibrous Connective Tissue

A
  • Makes up ligaments and tendons

- Contains rows of fibroblast cells separated by bundles of collagenous fibers

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18
Q

of Bones in the Body

A

206

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19
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • Midline of the body:
    • Skull
    • Hyoid bone
    • Vertebral column
    • Rib cage
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20
Q

Major Cranial Bones (& Location)

A
  1. Frontal bone (forehead)
  2. Parietal bone (top/base of the head)
  3. Temporal bone (sides/temples)
  4. Occipital bone (lower back of the head)
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21
Q

Skull: Foramen Magnum

A

Large opening through which the spinal cord passes

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22
Q

Skull: Sphenoid bone

A
  • Bat shaped
  • extends across the floor of the cranium
  • all other bones articulate with it
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23
Q

SkSkull: Sinuses

A

Air spaces lined by mucus membrane

  • reduce the weight of the skull
  • give a resonant sound to the voice
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24
Q

Facial Bones

A
  1. Mandible (lower jaw)
  2. Maxillae (upper jaw)
  3. Zygomatic bones (cheekbones)
  4. Nasal bone (bridge of nose)
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25
Q

Hyoid Bone:

A
  • Only bone not articulated with another bone
  • Anchors the tongue
  • Site for attachment of muscles used for swallowing
  • Fractured hyoid bone –> suspicious death
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26
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • 33 vertebrae
  • 4 curvatures
  • Intervertebral foramina: spinal nerves branch from spinal column and travel through these holes
  • Processes: MA that move the vertebral column
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27
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A
  • Located in the neck
  • # 1 = Atlas (yes)
  • # 2 = Axis (no)
28
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • Long, thin spinous processes

- Articular facets for rib attachment

29
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A
  • Large bodies

- Thick processes

30
Q

Sacrum

A

5 sacral vertebrae that are fused together

31
Q

Coccyx

A

Tailbone:

- usually 4 fused vertebrae

32
Q

Intervertebral Disks

A
  • Composed of fibrocartilage
    • act as padding: prevent ginding & absorb
      shock
  • Allow vertebrae to move as we bend, flex, etc.
  • May become weak, herniate, rupture and/or slip
33
Q

Rib cage/ribs

A
  • AKA thoracic cage
  • Rib = flattened bone
  • 12 pairs
    • 1-7 = true
    • 8-12= false (do not directly connect to sternum)
    • 11-12 = floating (no connection to sternum)
34
Q

Sternum

A
  • Flat bone
    1. Manubrium (handle)
    • articulates with clavicles
    • costal cartilages form ribs #1
      1. Body (blade)
      2. Xiphoid process (point)
    • attachment site for the diaphram (separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity)
35
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  1. Pectoral girdles and their attached limbs

2. Pelvic girdle and their attached limbs

36
Q

Clavicle

A
  • Extends across thorax
  • Articulates with
    • sternum
    • acromion process of scapula
37
Q

Scapula

A
  • Muscle attachment

- corocoid process

38
Q

Glenoid caity

A
  • Articulates with head of humerus

- small

39
Q

Rotator cuff

A
  • Tendons that connect 4 small muscles to the scapula

- Vigorous circular movement here can damage rotator cuff

40
Q

Olcranon Process

A
  • Bump at the back of the elbow

- Ulna

41
Q

Humerus

A
  • Head (top)
  • Torchlea (AW ulna)
  • Capitulum (AW radius)
42
Q

Hand

A
  • 8 Carpal bones (wrist - small pebbles)
  • 5 Metacarpals (hand bones)
  • Phalanges
43
Q

Pelvic

A 
Pelvis: 
1. Pelvic girdle
     - Coxal bones (2)
     - 3 parts: ilium (largest), ischium (sitting portion), 
       pubis (anterior)
     * Meet at hip socket: acetabulum
2. Sacrum
3. Coccyx
44
Q

Femur

A
  • Longest and Strongest bone in our body
  • Short neck betters the position for walking
  • 2 large processes: MA
    • greater trochanter (anterior)
    • lesser trochanter (posterior)
  • Distal end: 2 condyles: AW tibia
    • medial condyle
    • lateral condyle
45
Q

Patella

A
  • Kneecap
  • Held together by quadriceps tendon (butcher’s
    tendon –> AW tibia tuberosity)
46
Q

Tibia

A
  • Larger of the two lower leg bones

- Medial malleolus –> inner bulge of the ankle

47
Q

Fibula

A
  • Smaller/Slender bone of lower leg

- Distal lateral malleolus –> outer bulge of ankle

48
Q

Foot bones

A
  • 7 tarsal bones (ankle)
    • talus can move freely - AW tibia & fibula
    • calcaneus (heel)
    • talus + calcaneus = support weight of body
  • 5 metatarsal bones (instep)
    • distal end = ball of the foot
    • flat feet –> weakened ligaments here
  • phalanges (toes)
    • short and sturdy
49
Q

Joints

A
  1. synovial
    • Freely moveable
  2. fibrous
    • sutures between cranial bones
  3. cartilaginous
    • hyaline cartilage
    • intervertebral disks
50
Q

Bursa (e)

A

Fluid-filled sacs that ease friction between bare areas of bone and overlapping muscle (or between skin and tendons)

51
Q

Flexion

A

Joint angle decreases

52
Q

Extension

A

Joint angle increases

53
Q

Adduction

A

Body part moves towards midline

54
Q

Abduction

A

Body part moves away from midline

55
Q

Supination

A

Hand faces anterior/downward

56
Q

Pronation

A

Hand faces posterior/downward

57
Q

Circumduction

A

Body part moves so that a cone shape is outlined

58
Q

Inversion

A

Sole of foot turns inward

59
Q

Eversion

A

Sole of foot turns outward

60
Q

Skeleton starts forming in ___ embryonic development

61
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells
- When surrounded by calcified matrix, they
become osteocytes within lacunae

62
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone absorbing cells

63
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts

64
Q

Formation of bone is called

A

Ossification

65
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue

Anatomy (22 decks)

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