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Anatomy > Muscular System (Wray) > Flashcards

Muscular System (Wray) Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis: definition

A

relies on stimulus/response system

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2
Q

Homeostasis Levels

A
  1. pH: 7.35 - 7.45
  2. Temp: 37 C +- 0.5 C
  3. Blood glucose: 90 - 100 mg/dL
  4. Ca: 8.5 - 11 mg/dL
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3
Q

Homeostasis: Set Point

A

stimulates response system if goes beyond the “ok” range

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4
Q

Homeostasis: Control center

A

Receives messages from the receptor –> Interprets & analyzes –> Sends message to effector

  • CNS
  • endocrine system
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5
Q

Homeostasis: input

A

message sent from the receptor to the control center

  1. Chemical (hormone)
  2. Electrical (nerve impulses)
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6
Q

Homeostasis: effectors

A
  • cells/tissue/organs that receive messages from control center to reestablish homeostasis
  • Also creates messages
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7
Q

Homeostasis: effects

A

Changes observed in effector as a result of output

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8
Q

Muscular System Function

A
  1. Production of movement
  2. Maintaing posture
  3. Stabilization of joints
  4. Heat generation
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9
Q

Type of Muscles Cells

A
  1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac
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10
Q

Skeletal Muscle (Organ) Contains (5):

A
  1. Blood supply
  2. Nerves
  3. Connective Tissue
  4. Attachment (direct or indirect)
  5. Skeletal muscle fiber
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11
Q

Skeletal muscle: fibers

A

Striated: light/dark pattern

- many fibers present

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12
Q

Skeletal muscle: movement

A

Voluntary

- could be involuntarily activated by reflex

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle: Connection

A

Connected to bones via tendons

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle: Nucleus

A

multi-nucleated

- Many muscle fibers are very long (up to 24 inches for some)

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15
Q

Smooth muscle

A

No striation

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16
Q

Smooth muscle: movement

A

Involuntary movement

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17
Q

Smooth muscle: Found in

A
  1. Stomach, Intestines
  2. Bladder
  3. Respiratory passage
    * Movement is slow and sustained (food moves through your digestive system)
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18
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • Found only in the heart

- Striated muscle

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19
Q

Cardiac muscle: movement

A

Involuntary movement

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20
Q

Cardiac muscle: Intercalated discs

A
  • Desmosomes: proteins that connect two muscle cells together
  • Provide strength for repetitive motion
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21
Q

Homeostasis: Sensor Controller

A
  • Sensor and control center are the same thing

- Lack input

22
Q

Skeletal muscle: Microscopic Anatomy

A

Sarcomere:

  1. Myosin- thick filament
  2. Actin- thin filaments
23
Q

Homeostasis: Sensor

24
Q

Homeostasis: Output

A

messages sent from the control center to the effector cells/tissue/organ

25
Q

Skeletal Muscle: Striation 1

A
  1. Dark (A band)
    • Thick & thin filaments
    • dark appearance: combination of 2 proteins
26
Q

Skeletal Muscle: Striation 2

A
  1. Light (I band)
    • Only thin filament
    • Light appearance: only 1 protein
27
Q

Homeostasis: Ca in the blood (7 steps)

A
  1. Set points: 8.5 mg/dL
  2. Stimulus: Ca levels drop below 8.5 mg/dL
  3. Sensor/receptor: Parathyroid glands
  4. Control Center: Endocrine System
    PTH hormone
  5. Effectors: a. kidney b. osteoclasts
  6. Effects:
    a. kidney (absorbs calcium from urine)
    b. osteoclasts (breaks down bone to release Ca into the blood)
  7. Final Response: Calcium levels rise back to 8.5 mg/dL
28
Q

Homeostasis: Negative Feedback Loop

A
  • Prevents the levels from going too extreme in the other direction
  • Makes homeostasis a self-regulating system
29
Q

Sarcomere

A

structure present inside the muscle cell

  • made of thick filament (myosin)
  • & thin filament (actin)
30
Q

Striation

A
  • Light/dark pattern
    • A-band (dark)
    • I bank (light)
31
Q

A-band

A
  • dark (because of 2 proteins)

- thick & thin filaments

32
Q

I-band

A
  • light (only 1 protein)
  • only actin is present
  • amount of actin that is NOT overlapped with
    myosin
33
Q

Contraction of skeletal muscle

A
  • requires nerve impulse

- axon terminal connected to sarcolemma of muscle

34
Q

ACh (acetylcholine)

A
  • originates from axonterminal of neuron
    • released into neurotransmitter junction of muscle fiber
  • Causes opening of Na+/K+ channels
35
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A
  • Space between nerve axon terminal and muscle fiber
36
Q

Na+/K+ channels

A
  • Located on surface of muscle fiber
    –> creates action potential
    –> release of Ca2+ from ER
    –> contraction of individual sarcomere (muscle
    contraction
37
Q
  • Action potential
A
  • Changes voltage of cells
38
Q

Calcium

A

Ion that causes muscle contraction

39
Q

Process of muscle contraction

A
  1. Nerve impulse
  2. ACh released from neuron
  3. Causes opening of Na/K channels
  4. Presence of Na/K causes ER to release Ca
  5. Ca causes power stroke of actin –> muscle contraction
  6. I band (light area) gets smaller
40
Q

Whole muscle contraction

A
  1. Frequency of muscle stimulation (complete
    tetanus)
  2. Changing the number of muscle cells activated
41
Q
  • Complete tetanus
A
  • Increased nerve activity
    • Numerous stimulus without sign of relaxation
      - Ex: holding a bag for a long time
    • Twitch
      • Single stimulus
      • Ex: muscle twitch
        -
42
Q

Changing the number of muscle cells activated

A
  • Increase muscle activity

Lighter objects contract fewer muscle cells

43
Q

Aerobic respiration

A
  • Produces 32 ATP per glucose

- Presence of oxygen

44
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A
  • Produces only 2 ATP per glucose
  • Absence of oxygen
  • Lactic acid is produced
45
Q

Mitochondria count/muscle performance

A
  • Low ATP production –> lack of activity –> low mitochondria
  • High ATP production –> high activity –> high mitochondria
46
Q

Lactic acid

A
  • Builds due to inability of respiratory system to keep up with O2 demand
  • glucose –> lactic acid + Low # ATP
47
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

when enough O2 is present to muscles, lactic acid will be recycled to be used for aerobic respiration –> muscle fatigue goes away

48
Q

Exercise/muscles

A
  • Use it or lose it
  • Types:
    • Aerobic/endurance
    • Resistance
49
Q

Aerobic/Endurance Exercise:

Muscle Created

A
  • Strong, flexible muscle

- No increase in muscle size

50
Q

Aerobic Exercise: Reason

A
  • Higher blood supplies
  • More mitochondria
    Benefits:
    *Heart
    *Neuron/muscle coordination
    *Faster metabolism (breakdown of glucose)
51
Q

Anaerobic Exercise: Muscle Created

A

Strong, bulky

52
Q

Anaerobic Exercise: Reason

A

Muscle cells are enlarged

Anatomy (22 decks)

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