Cardiovascular System/Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Cardiovascular System: Function (4)
A
- Transporation & Exchange of:
a. Oxygen
b. Nutrients (glucose)
c. Hormones
d. Ions (Ca, K, Na, etc.) - Generates blood pressure
- Blood vessels transport blood
- Heart and blood vessels regulate blood flow
2
Q
Heart location
A
Thoracic cavity
3
Q
Apex (2)
A
Apex: creates the cardiac notch in the left lung
- rests superior to the diaphram
4
Q
Base (2)
A
- Superior portion of the heart
- Blood vessels emerge
5
Q
Layers surrounding the heart (3)
A
- Epicardium (Pericardium)
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
6
Q
Epicardium (2)
A
Double wall sac that surrounds the heart
AKA Pericardium
7
Q
Myocardium
A
Cardiac muscle layer; pumps the blood
8
Q
Endocardium
A
Inner layer that lines the heart chambers
9
Q
Physiology of cardiac muscle: contraction (3)
A
- Do not require nerve impulses to contract
- Intrinsic conduction system/nodal system
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
10
Q
Intrinsic (Def)
A
“In the house”
11
Q
Intrinsic conduction system of the heart (3)
A
- Similar to cross between nerve and skeletal muscle
- Creates action potential (AP) –> muscle
contraction- 1 direction: atria –> ventricle
12
Q
Problems with nodal system: Cardiac Arrhythmia
A
Uncoordinated electrical impulses
13
Q
Problems with nodal system: Tachycardia
A
Heart rate over 100 beats per minute
14
Q
Problems with nodal system: Bradycardia
A
Heart rate is below 60 bpm
15
Q
Complete heart beat (3)
A
- both atria and ventricles contract and relax
- Average = 75 bpm
- Systole & Diastole
16
Q
Systole
A
Heart contraction
17
Q
Diastole
A
Heart relaxation
18
Q
Cardiac cycle Step 1: Mid / Late diastole (5)
A
- Complete relaxation
- Low heart pressure
- AV valves open/SL valves closed
- Passive blood flow from A –> V
- Contraction of atria –> 20% remaining blood is pushed into ventricles (atrial systole)
19
Q
Cardiac cycle Step 2: Ventricular systole (4)
A
- Atria diastole (continuous filling of blood)
- Ventricles contract
- Pressure builds in the ventricles
- SL valves are pushed open
- AV valves are closed
- Blood pushed into pulmonary trunk and aorta
20
Q
Cardiac cycle Step 3: Early diastole (5)
A
- Ventricles relax
- SL valves snap shut
- Blood gathers in atria creates high pressure
- AV valves open
- Blood starts to flow into ventricles
21
Q
Heart sounds: Lub-dup; Lub (2)
A
- Closing of the AV valves
- Longer and louder
22
Q
Heart sounds: Lub-dup; dup (2)
A
- Closing of the SL valves
- Short and sharp
23
Q
Cardiac Output
A
- Amount of blood pumped per minute
24
Q
Stroke Volume
A
- Amount of blood pumped per beat
25
Cardiac Output is determined by...
Heart rate x Stroke volume
26
Neural Control: Sympathetic Division (2)
- Physical or Emotional stress (Fight or Flight)
| - Stimulates SA --> AV nodes
27
Neural Control: Parasympathetic Division (2)
- Normal Activities
| - Slows down hyperactive activity to return to normal range
28
Muscular pumps in veins: modification (3)
1. larger lumen
2. presence of valves, which prevents backflow
3. skeletal muscle (muscular pump)
29
Hypertension: Causes (3)
1. High water or salt intake
2. Damaged kidneys
3. Hormonal imbalance
30
Hypertension: Treatment (3)
1. Water pills/diuretics
2. Medication to open blood vessels
3. Calcium channel blockers
31
Blood consists of (3):
1. 55% Plasma
2. 1% WBCs/Platelets
3. 45% Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
32
Blood: Hematocrit (3)
% of red blood cells in whole blood
- 47% in males
- 42% in females
33
Blood Plasma (2)
- 90% water
| - Solutes
34
Blood Solutes (6):
1. Gases (O2, CO2)
2. Hormones
3. Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-)
4. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
5. Nutrients: glucose, AA, proteins, Fatty acids, glycerol
6. Plasma Proteins
35
Blood: Plasma Proteins (3)
```
1. Albumin (60% of all plasma proteins
Liver--> osmotic pressure
2. Globulin (36% of plasma proteins)
Liver --> transporter of vitamins, metal ions, lipids
3. Fibrinogen: 4% plasma proteins
Liver --> Blood clotting factor
```
36
Blood: Function (3)
1. Distribution & Transportation of O2, nutrients, toxins, etc.
2. Regulation
- temperature
- pH
- Fluid Balance
3. Protection
- Prevent blood loss (clotting)
- Prevent infection (WBC)
37
Blood is _________ tissue
Specialized connective
38
Hemoglobin protein (4)
1. Heme: red pigment
2. Iron @ center of heme --> bind to individual oxygen molecule
3. Globin: 4 polypeptide chain (2 a, 2 b)
4. About 250 million hemoblobin/RBC (=1 bil O2)
39
Transport of gasses: Oxyhemoglobin (3)
- loads O2 in the lungs
- O2 binding with Fe
- Ruby red
40
Transport of gases: Deoxyhemoglobin (3)
- Release of O2 to tissue
- Separation of O2 from Fe
- Dark red
41
Transport of gases: Carbaminohemoglobin (2)
- CO2 binding with globin
| - Tissue --> lungs
42
Pacemaker replaces
AV node
43
Hematopoiesis definition
Red Blood Cell Production
44
Hematopoiesis (2)
1. Formation and maturation
- Red bone marrow --> enter through sinusoids
- 100 billion new cells/day
* Production should be = to destruction
2. Original cells
- Hematopoietic stem cells (undifferentiated)
45
Hormonal regulation for erythropoiesis
Too little RBC in circulation
46
Erythropoietin (EPO) (2)
- Hormone
| - Made in the kidney (primary) and liver
47
Erythropoietin (EPO): Homeostasis (3)
- Low level of oxygen (hypoxia)
- Cells of kidney recognize decrease in O2 --> Signal EPO production
- Change in maturation rate of RBC
48
Hypoxia
Low levels of O2
49
Too many RBCs (3)
- high O2 levels
- EPO [ ] decreases
- Decreases the rate of erythropoiesis
50
Blood: Iron
- 60% of body iron --> hemoglobin
| - Storage of iron --> spleen and liver
51
Disease: Anemia
| (Def & Symptoms)
- Shortage of RBC --> Low levels of O2
- Symptoms:
- Pale
- Fatigued
- Short of breath
52
Disease: Anemia (Causes)
1. Low RBC production
2. Blood loss
3. Lack of B12 vitamins (needed for division)
4. High level of RBC destruction
53
Disease: Sickle cell anemia
- Abnormal Hb (beta chain change)
| - Blood transfusion
54
Buffy Layer- WBC - Leukocytes %
- Less than 1% of blood
55
Buffy Layer- WBC - Leukocytes Function
1. Destruction of foreign/infecting/pathogenic cells
2. Destruction of tumors/infected cells
3. Removal of toxins
56
Buffy Coat Components (5)
| (Know 1st and last)
1. Neutrophils (50% - 70%)
2. Lymphocytes
3. Monocytes --> Macrophages
4. Eosinophil
5. Basophils (0.5% - 1%)
57
Buffy Coat Components
| (Acronym)
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
