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Anatomy > Cardiovascular System/Blood > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System/Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System: Function (4)

A
  1. Transporation & Exchange of:
    a. Oxygen
    b. Nutrients (glucose)
    c. Hormones
    d. Ions (Ca, K, Na, etc.)
  2. Generates blood pressure
  3. Blood vessels transport blood
  4. Heart and blood vessels regulate blood flow
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2
Q

Heart location

A

Thoracic cavity

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3
Q

Apex (2)

A

Apex: creates the cardiac notch in the left lung

- rests superior to the diaphram

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4
Q

Base (2)

A
  • Superior portion of the heart

- Blood vessels emerge

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5
Q

Layers surrounding the heart (3)

A
  1. Epicardium (Pericardium)
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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6
Q

Epicardium (2)

A

Double wall sac that surrounds the heart

AKA Pericardium

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7
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle layer; pumps the blood

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8
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer that lines the heart chambers

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9
Q

Physiology of cardiac muscle: contraction (3)

A
  • Do not require nerve impulses to contract
  • Intrinsic conduction system/nodal system
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
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10
Q

Intrinsic (Def)

A

“In the house”

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11
Q

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart (3)

A
  • Similar to cross between nerve and skeletal muscle
  • Creates action potential (AP) –> muscle
    contraction
    • 1 direction: atria –> ventricle
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12
Q

Problems with nodal system: Cardiac Arrhythmia

A

Uncoordinated electrical impulses

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13
Q

Problems with nodal system: Tachycardia

A

Heart rate over 100 beats per minute

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14
Q

Problems with nodal system: Bradycardia

A

Heart rate is below 60 bpm

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15
Q

Complete heart beat (3)

A
  • both atria and ventricles contract and relax
  • Average = 75 bpm
  • Systole & Diastole
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16
Q

Systole

A

Heart contraction

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17
Q

Diastole

A

Heart relaxation

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18
Q

Cardiac cycle Step 1: Mid / Late diastole (5)

A
  1. Complete relaxation
    1. Low heart pressure
    2. AV valves open/SL valves closed
    3. Passive blood flow from A –> V
    4. Contraction of atria –> 20% remaining blood is pushed into ventricles (atrial systole)
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19
Q

Cardiac cycle Step 2: Ventricular systole (4)

A
  1. Atria diastole (continuous filling of blood)
  2. Ventricles contract
  3. Pressure builds in the ventricles
    • SL valves are pushed open
    • AV valves are closed
  4. Blood pushed into pulmonary trunk and aorta
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20
Q

Cardiac cycle Step 3: Early diastole (5)

A
  1. Ventricles relax
  2. SL valves snap shut
  3. Blood gathers in atria creates high pressure
  4. AV valves open
  5. Blood starts to flow into ventricles
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21
Q

Heart sounds: Lub-dup; Lub (2)

A
  • Closing of the AV valves

- Longer and louder

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22
Q

Heart sounds: Lub-dup; dup (2)

A
  • Closing of the SL valves

- Short and sharp

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23
Q

Cardiac Output

A
  • Amount of blood pumped per minute
24
Q

Stroke Volume

A
  • Amount of blood pumped per beat
25
Q

Cardiac Output is determined by…

A

Heart rate x Stroke volume

26
Q

Neural Control: Sympathetic Division (2)

A
  • Physical or Emotional stress (Fight or Flight)

- Stimulates SA –> AV nodes

27
Q

Neural Control: Parasympathetic Division (2)

A
  • Normal Activities

- Slows down hyperactive activity to return to normal range

28
Q

Muscular pumps in veins: modification (3)

A
  1. larger lumen
  2. presence of valves, which prevents backflow
  3. skeletal muscle (muscular pump)
29
Q

Hypertension: Causes (3)

A
  1. High water or salt intake
  2. Damaged kidneys
  3. Hormonal imbalance
30
Q

Hypertension: Treatment (3)

A
  1. Water pills/diuretics
  2. Medication to open blood vessels
  3. Calcium channel blockers
31
Q

Blood consists of (3):

A
  1. 55% Plasma
  2. 1% WBCs/Platelets
  3. 45% Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
32
Q

Blood: Hematocrit (3)

A

% of red blood cells in whole blood

  • 47% in males
  • 42% in females
33
Q

Blood Plasma (2)

A
  • 90% water

- Solutes

34
Q

Blood Solutes (6):

A
  1. Gases (O2, CO2)
  2. Hormones
  3. Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-)
  4. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
  5. Nutrients: glucose, AA, proteins, Fatty acids, glycerol
  6. Plasma Proteins
35
Q

Blood: Plasma Proteins (3)

A 
1. Albumin (60% of all plasma proteins
     Liver--> osmotic pressure
2. Globulin (36% of plasma proteins)
     Liver --> transporter of vitamins, metal ions, lipids
3. Fibrinogen: 4% plasma proteins
     Liver --> Blood clotting factor
36
Q

Blood: Function (3)

A
  1. Distribution & Transportation of O2, nutrients, toxins, etc.
  2. Regulation
    • temperature
    • pH
    • Fluid Balance
  3. Protection
    • Prevent blood loss (clotting)
    • Prevent infection (WBC)
37
Q

Blood is _________ tissue

A

Specialized connective

38
Q

Hemoglobin protein (4)

A
  1. Heme: red pigment
  2. Iron @ center of heme –> bind to individual oxygen molecule
  3. Globin: 4 polypeptide chain (2 a, 2 b)
  4. About 250 million hemoblobin/RBC (=1 bil O2)
39
Q

Transport of gasses: Oxyhemoglobin (3)

A
  • loads O2 in the lungs
  • O2 binding with Fe
  • Ruby red
40
Q

Transport of gases: Deoxyhemoglobin (3)

A
  • Release of O2 to tissue
  • Separation of O2 from Fe
  • Dark red
41
Q

Transport of gases: Carbaminohemoglobin (2)

A
  • CO2 binding with globin

- Tissue –> lungs

42
Q

Pacemaker replaces

A

AV node

43
Q

Hematopoiesis definition

A

Red Blood Cell Production

44
Q

Hematopoiesis (2)

A
  1. Formation and maturation
    • Red bone marrow –> enter through sinusoids
    • 100 billion new cells/day
    • Production should be = to destruction
  2. Original cells
    • Hematopoietic stem cells (undifferentiated)
45
Q

Hormonal regulation for erythropoiesis

A

Too little RBC in circulation

46
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) (2)

A
  • Hormone

- Made in the kidney (primary) and liver

47
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO): Homeostasis (3)

A
  • Low level of oxygen (hypoxia)
  • Cells of kidney recognize decrease in O2 –> Signal EPO production
  • Change in maturation rate of RBC
48
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low levels of O2

49
Q

Too many RBCs (3)

A
  • high O2 levels
  • EPO [ ] decreases
  • Decreases the rate of erythropoiesis
50
Q

Blood: Iron

A
  • 60% of body iron –> hemoglobin

- Storage of iron –> spleen and liver

51
Q

Disease: Anemia

(Def & Symptoms)

A
  • Shortage of RBC –> Low levels of O2
  • Symptoms:
    • Pale
    • Fatigued
    • Short of breath
52
Q

Disease: Anemia (Causes)

A
  1. Low RBC production
  2. Blood loss
  3. Lack of B12 vitamins (needed for division)
  4. High level of RBC destruction
53
Q

Disease: Sickle cell anemia

A
  • Abnormal Hb (beta chain change)

- Blood transfusion

54
Q

Buffy Layer- WBC - Leukocytes %

A
  • Less than 1% of blood
55
Q

Buffy Layer- WBC - Leukocytes Function

A
  1. Destruction of foreign/infecting/pathogenic cells
  2. Destruction of tumors/infected cells
  3. Removal of toxins
56
Q

Buffy Coat Components (5)

(Know 1st and last)

A
  1. Neutrophils (50% - 70%)
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes –> Macrophages
  4. Eosinophil
  5. Basophils (0.5% - 1%)
57
Q

Buffy Coat Components

(Acronym)

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Anatomy (22 decks)

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