Skeletal Flashcards
responsible for its resilience
collagenous fibers
responsible for its hardness
Mainly made up of calcium phosphate
Small amounts of calcium carbonate are present also
calcified ground substance
active in bone formation
Osteoblasts
active in bone resorption
Osteoclasts
principal cells of mature bone
Osteocytes
secrete the organic components of the matrix
Osteoblasts
develop from cells (osteoblasts)
Bones
present in all cavities of bone and they
function to cause resorption
Large cells osteoclasts
are osteoblasts that are now surrounded by the bone matrix as the bone is formed
Osteocytes
allow for growth of long bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
Epiphyseal plates
Hormonal Regulation
A. Hormonal Regulation
B. Calcitonin
Released when blood calcium level is low
*Increased: results to bone resorption
Parathyroid hormone
Released when blood calcium level is high
Inhibits bone resorption
Calcitonin
Types of Bone Tissue
A. Compact
B. Cancellous (spongy)
dense and strong
e.g. outer surface of bones
Compact
with many spaces, red bone marrow where
hematopoiesis takes place
e.g. inside flat bones like in skull, sternum and ribs
Cancellous (spongy)
Classification of Bones
A. According to Shape
B. According to Development
consist of a shaft, or diaphysis and two extremities,
each called epiphysis
* e.g. humerus, radius, tibia and fibula
Long bones
typified by the carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal
bones of the ankle
Short bones
consist of two plates of compact tissues enclosing a
layer of spongy bone
* e.g. ribs, scapula, parts of hip bone and bones of the skull
Flat bones
comprises bones of peculiar and differing shapes,
such as the vertebrae and the ossicles of the ear
Irregular bones
enclosed in tendon and fascial tissue and are found
adjacent to joints
e.g. patella
Sesamoid bones
Involves the direct mineralization of dense connective tissue membrane forming
bones
e.g. flat bones of the cranium
Bones formed by Intramembranous ossification
Most bones are formed by the process of endochondral ossification, the
replacement of cartilage by bone
Bones formed by endochondral ossification
Consists of skull (28bones: 8 cranial, 14 facial, 6 ear ossicles), the hyoid bone,
the vertebrae (26bones), the ribs (24bones) and the sternum
Axial Skeleton
Bones of upper extremities (64 including the shoulder girdle)
Bones of lower extremities (62 including the pelvic girdle)
Appendicular Skeleton
Area of union between 2 or more bones
JOINTS (ARTHROSES)
fibrous connective tissue holds the bones together
Immovable and called as Synarthroses
Fibrous joints
cartilage holds the bones together
Slightly moveable called as Amphiarthroses
e.g. symphysis pubis, intervertebral disk
Cartilagenous joints
a cavity with fluid found between bones
Freely moveable and called as Diarthroses
e.g. most joints in the body like in the extremities
Synovial joints
allows movement in many directions
e.g. shoulder joint
Ball and socket
allows movement in one direction
e.g. elbow and knee joints
Hinge
allows rotation around length of bone
e.g. atlantoaxial joint
Pivot
allows movement in 2 directions
e.g. wrist joint
Condyloid
like condyloid only with deeper articulating surface
e.g. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Saddle
bones slide over one another
e.g. carpal and tarsal joints
Gliding
Break in a bone or cartilage
Can be simple or compound depending on whether or not the skin is broken
FRACTURE
VERTEBRAL COLUM INJURIES
A. Exaggerations of the spinal curvature
B. Herniated intervertebral disk
when posterior curvature is accentuated in thoracic area
Kyphosis
when anterior curvature is accentuated in lumbar region
Lordosis
when there is a lateral curvature and rotation of vertebrae
Scoliosis
when the outer covering ruptures owing trauma
and the inner core protrudes usually postero-laterally towards the vertebral canal
Herniated intervertebral disk
inflammation of the synovial bursa
Bursitis
inflammation of joints
Arthritis
disease comes from prolonged wear and tear of
joints
Degenerative joint
in the lower back region is an inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue of joints
Primary fibrositis (Rheumatism or Lumbago)
tendon sheaths become inflamed and may deter
movement of the involved joints
Tenosynovitis
- Most common chronic arthritis
Osteoarthritis
- An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
- Often leads to deformities
Rheumatoid arthritis
- inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from
the blood
Gouty Arthritis
