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ANAPHY > INTEGUMENTARY > Flashcards

INTEGUMENTARY Flashcards

1
Q

Covering from external environment; protects against UV radiation, dehydration and microorganisms

A

Protection

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2
Q

Numerous sensory receptors in the skin

A

Sensation

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3
Q

Modulating blood flow through skin and the sweat glands

A

Temperature regulation

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4
Q

When irradiated by UV light, Vitamin D is transformed to its hormonal form (for Ca+ regulation)

A

Vitamin D production

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5
Q

Small amounts of waste excreted through glands and the skin

A

Excretion

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6
Q

Sex pheromones produced by the apocrine sweat glands and are involved in the attraction between sexes

A

Sexual signaling

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7
Q

The skin is made up of two major tissue layers, the

A

Epidermis and the Dermis

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8
Q

superficial layer of the skin, consisting of stratified squamous epithelial tissue. Contains Multiple cell layers

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

layer of connective tissue; responsible for most of the strength of the skin

A

Dermis

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10
Q
  • a layer of loose connective tissue
  • Not part of the skin or the integumentary system, but it does connect the skin to
    underlying muscle or bone
A

Subcutaneous tissue, or hypodermis

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11
Q
  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium
  • No blood vessels; receives nutrients and excretes waste products by diffusion to the capillaries of the dermis
A

EPIDERMIS

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12
Q

Cells of the epidermis:

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel Cells
Langerhans Cells

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13
Q

Epithelial cells containing keratin; provides resistance to abrasion
and water loss

A

Keratinocytes

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14
Q

Produce the pigment melanin; which contributes to skin color.

A

Melanocytes

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15
Q

Cells associated with nerve endings; detects light touch and superficial pressure

A

Merkel Cells

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16
Q

Associated with immune response; Antigen presentation

A

Langerhans Cells

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17
Q

Newer cells push older cells towards the surface

A

(“sloughing off’)

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18
Q

From the deepest to the most superficial, the five strata:

A

EPIDERMIS

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19
Q
  • Single Layer of Cuboidal or Columnar Cells
  • Anchored to a basement membrane by hemidesmosomes
  • Keratinocyte stem cells undergo mitosis every 19 days
  • Melanocytes (melanin producing cells) are seen here
A

Stratum Basale

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20
Q
  • 8–10 layers of many-sided cell
  • Appear “spiny” upon preparation for microscopic observation
  • “Spines” are actually desmosomes that come out of cell due to cell shrinkage
  • Lipid filled, membrane bound organelles called lamellar bodies form inside
    keratinocytes
  • Langerhans Cells are also present
A

Stratum Spinosum

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21
Q
  • 2-5 layers of flattened, diamond-shaped cells.
  • Presence of kerato-hyaline granules accumulating in the cytoplasm of
    keratinocytes
  • Nucleus and organelles of keratinocytes degenerate; cells die.
A

Stratum Granulosum

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22
Q
  • Several layers of dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries.
  • Kerato-hyaline granules have dispersed out of cell; cell appears transparent
  • Stratum lucidum is present in only a few areas of the body called Thick Skin
A

Stratum Lucidum

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23
Q

palms of the hand, soles of the feet and fingertips

A

Thick skin

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24
Q

rest of the body

A

Thin skin

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25
Q

25 or more layers of dead squamous cells
- Outer layers sheds off due to breaking of desmosomes
- Cornified Cells – dead keratinocytes with protein envelope made of keratin

A

Stratum Corneum

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26
Q

produce and package melanin into vesicles called melanosomes, which will be engulfed by Keratinocytes by phagocytosis

A

Melanocytes

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27
Q

Melanin production is facilitated by the enzyme

A

tyrosinase

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28
Q

Skin color is determined by:

A
  1. Types of melanin produced
  2. Amount of melanin produced
  3. Size of melanosomes
  4. Number of melanosomes
  5. Distribution of melanosomes
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29
Q

• Involved in Immune Response; Antigen presenting cells
• Only a migrant to the skin (macrophage)
• Also called dendritic cells
• Display a dense nucleus, pale cytoplasm, and long slender processes that radiate out from the cell body into the intercellular spaces between keratinocytes

A

Langerhans Cell

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30
Q

• Scattered among cells of stratum basale
• Abundant in the fingertips and oral mucosa and at the base of hair follicles
• Tonic receptors for sustained light touch and for sensing an object’s texture.

A

Merkel Cells

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31
Q
  • Connective Tissue
  • Provides Mechanical Support
A

DERMIS

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32
Q

Cells of the Dermis:

A
  1. Fibroblast
  2. Adipocytes (few)
  3. Macrophages
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33
Q

Protein Fibers of the Dermis

A
  1. Collagen (predominant)
  2. Elastic
  3. Reticular
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34
Q

Other Structures in the Dermis:

A
  1. Blood Vessels
  2. Hair Follicles
  3. Smooth Muscle
  4. Glands
  5. Lymphatic Vessels
  6. Nerve Endings
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35
Q

Types of Nerve Endings in the Dermis:

A
  1. Free Nerve Endings
  2. Hair Follicle Receptors
  3. Pacinian Corpuscle
  4. Meissner Corpuscle
  5. Ruffini Corpuscle
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36
Q
  • Superficial layer; immediately next to epidermis
  • Forms projections called Dermal Papillae
  • Connects with epidermal ridges
  • Loose Connective Tissue
  • Contains blood vessels that supply nutrients, remove waste products and regulate temperature of the epidermis
A

Papillary Layer

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37
Q
  • Deep Layer
  • Main Layer of the Dermis
  • Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
A

Reticular Layer

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38
Q

with larger blood and lymphatic vessels lies near the interface of the dermis and the subcutaneous layer.

A

A deep plexus

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39
Q

Thermoregulatory Function of the dermis is done and located between both plexuses

A

arteriovenous anastomoses

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40
Q

-Beneath the Dermis
-Also called Hypodermis or Superficial Fascia
- Loose Connective Tissue

A

SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE

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41
Q

Cells in the Subcutaneous Tissue

A
  1. Adipocytes (Half of the body’s stored lipids are here)
  2. Fibroblasts
  3. Macrophages
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42
Q

Simple nerve endings with no Schwann cell or collagenous coverings (Uncapsulated)
-More complex structures with sensory fibers enclosed by glia and delicate connective tissue capsules (Capsulated)

A

SENSORY RECEPTORS

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43
Q

Uncapsulated Receptors
-tonic receptors for sustained light touch and for sensing an object’s texture.

A

Merkel cells

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44
Q

Uncapsulated Receptors
-in the papillary dermis; respond primarily to high and low temperatures, pain, and itching.

A

Free Nerve Endings

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45
Q

Uncapsulated Receptors
-surrounding the bases of hair follicles in the reticular dermis that detects movements of the hairs.

A

Root Hair Plexuses

46
Q

Capsulated Receptors
- initiate impulses when light-touch or low-frequency stimuli against skin; numerous in the fingertips, palms, and soles

A

Meissner Corpuscles

47
Q

Capsulated Receptors
- for detection of pressure or firm touch.

A

-Lamellated (Pacinian) Corpuscles

48
Q

Capsulated Receptors
- collagenous, fusiform capsules anchored firmly to the surrounding connective tissue.

A

Ruffini Corpuscles

49
Q

ACCESSORY SKIN STRUCTURES

A
  1. HAIR
  2. NAILS
  3. GLANDS
    a. Sweat Glands
    b. Sebaceous Glands
50
Q
  • is found everywhere on the skin except the palms, the soles, the lips, the nipples, parts of the external genitalia, and the distal segments of the fingers and toes.
A

HAIR

51
Q

• 5th to 6th week of fetal development – lanugo (unpigmented)
• At Birth – terminal hairs replace lanugo of scalp, eyelids and eyebrows
• Vellus Hairs – shorter, finer hairs that replace lanugo of the rest of the body
• Puberty – Terminal Hairs replaces vellus hair in the body, esp. pubic and axillary regions

A

Hair Development

52
Q
  • Keratinized Structures forming within epidermal evaginations called hair follicles
  • Rapidly undergoing keratinization to form the medulla, cortex, and cuticle of a hair root
A

HAIR

53
Q
  • Protrudes above the surface of the skin
A

Hair Shaft

54
Q
  • Below the surface of the skin
  • The base of the ? is called the Hair Bulb
A

Hair Root

55
Q

Layers of the Hair Root and Hair Shaft

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Cortex
  3. Cuticle
56
Q
  • Center, has 2 layers of soft keratin
A

Medulla

57
Q
  • Covers Medulla; layers of hard keratin
A

Cortex

58
Q
  • Covers Cortex; 1 layer of hard keratin
A

Cuticle

59
Q
  • Tube like invagination of the epidermis that extends into the dermis.
  • Hair develops and grows within each
A

Hair Follicle

60
Q

Layers of the Hair Follicle

A
  1. Dermal Root Sheath
  2. Epithelial Root Sheath
    - Internal Root Sheath
    - External Root Sheath
61
Q
  • Smooth muscle inserts on hair follicle and base of epidermis
  • When contracting, it pulls the follicle into a more perpendicular position, causing the hair to “stand on end”
  • Common response to cold temperatures
A

Arrector pili muscle

62
Q
  • Thin plate consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contain a very hard type of keratin
  • Located on the distal ends of the digits (fingers and toes).
A

NAILS

63
Q

Proximal portion of nail; covered by skin

A

Nail Root

64
Q

Distal portion of nail; visible portion

A

Nail Body

65
Q

Skin that covers lateral and proximal edges of a nail

A

Nail Fold

66
Q

Holds the edges of the nail in place

A

Nail Groove

67
Q

– Part of the nail fold that grows onto the nail body

A

Cuticle

68
Q

– Area of cell division of nails; newly formed cells move distally and become
keratinized

A

Nail Matrix

69
Q
  • visible portion of nail matrix
A

Lunula

70
Q

GLANDS

A

Sebaceous Glands
Sweat Glands

71
Q
  • Located at Dermis; releases secretions into upper portion of Hair Follicles
  • Compound Acinar (alveolar)
  • Produces Sebum (rich in lipids)
  • Holocrine Secretion
A

Sebaceous Glands

72
Q
  • A.K.A. Sudoriferous Glands
  • Two types, eccrine and apocrine
  • Despite their name, both use merocrine secretion
A

Sweat Glands

73
Q
  • Most common sweat gland
  • Not found in lips, labia minora, tips of clitoris and penis
  • Simple, coiled, tubular
A

Eccrine Sweat Glands

74
Q

Secretory segment produces fluid containing mostly water but also contains the ff:

A
  1. Salts (Sodium Chloride)
  2. Ammonia
  3. Uric Acid
  4. Urea
  5. Lactic Acid
75
Q
  • Simple, coiled, tubular
  • Opens into hair follicles, superficial to sebaceous glands
  • Found in axillae, genitalia and around the anus
  • Does not help in temperature regulation; active in puberty and suggested to signal sexual activity
A

Apocrine Sweat Glands

76
Q

Other Skin Glands:

A

Ceruminous Glands
Mammary Glands

77
Q

– secretes cerumen (earwax); located in external auditory canal

A

Ceruminous Glands

78
Q

– modified apocrine sweat glands; produces milk

A

Mammary Glands

79
Q

Protection
-prevents abrasion

A

Epidermis

80
Q

Protection
-prevents structural strength; prevents tearing

A

Dermis

81
Q

Protection
- secretions produce environment not suitable for some microorganisms

A

Glands

82
Q

Protection
– absorbs UV Light

A

Melanin

83
Q

Protection
– insulation, protection from foreign substances (eyelashes , nostrils) protects from
abrasion (axillary and pubic hair)

A

Hair

84
Q

Protection
– protects distal portions of fingers and toes; may be used for defense

A

Nails

85
Q

Protection
reduces water loss, physical barrier against microorganisms

A

Intact Skin

86
Q

• Receptors for pain, heat, cold and pressure

A

Sensation

87
Q

• To increase heat loss
• To decrease heat loss

A

Temperature Regulation

88
Q

– Dilation of blood vessels in the dermis
- Sweat production

A

To increase heat loss

89
Q
  • Constriction of blood vessels in the dermis
  • Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes hair to stand on end
A

To decrease heat loss -

90
Q

• Skin exposed to ultraviolet light produces cholecalciferol, which is modified in
the liver and then in the kidneys to form active vitamin D.
• Vitamin D increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium uptake from the
small intestine.

A

Vitamin D Synthesis

91
Q

• Skin glands remove small amounts of waste products (e.g., urea, uric acid, and
ammonia) but are not important in excretion

A

Excretion

92
Q

• Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Sexual Signaling

93
Q

– injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
- Classified according to the extent of surface area involved and the depth of the burn

A

Burn

94
Q

• First Degree
• Second Degree

A

Partial Thickness Burns

95
Q

• Third Degree Burns

A

Full Thickness Burns

96
Q
  • Involves only damage to Epidermis
  • Redness, pain, and slight edema (swelling)
  • Sunburn, brief exposure
  • Heals without scarring (Approx 1 week)
A

First Degree Burns

97
Q
  • Damages Epidermis and Dermis
  • Redness, pain, and slight edema for minimal dermal damage
  • Wound appears red for deep dermal damage
  • Heals with scarring (Months)
  • Epidermis fully regenerates
A

Second Degree Burns

98
Q
  • Complete destruction of Epidermis and Dermis
  • Painless because sensory receptors are destroyed
  • Skin can only regenerate from the edges
  • Skin grafting is necessary
A

Third Degree Burns

99
Q

– abnormal cell mass

A

Cancer

100
Q
  • Does not spread
A

•Benign

101
Q
  • Metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body
A

•Malignant

102
Q
  • most common type of cancer
A

•Skin cancer

103
Q

•Skin cancer
What Cells are Involved?

A
  1. Basal cell carcinoma
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma
  3. Melanoma
104
Q

• Most common skin cancer; Usually arises in sun exposed skin
• Affects cells in the stratum basale. Basal cell carcinomas have a varied appearance
• Slow growing but locally destructive

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

105
Q

• Less common
• Affects cells in the stratum spinosum and can appear as a wart like
• Faster-growing, occasionally metastasizes

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

106
Q

• Least common, but most deadly
• Arise from Melanocytes
• Appears black or brown, but also red or pink
• 40% of melanomas develop in preexisting moles.

A

Melanoma

107
Q

• Early detection is crucial
• Routine examination of the skin and application of the ABCDE rule, which
states the signs of melanoma:

A

Detection of Melanoma

108
Q

(One side of the lesion does not match the other side)

A

Asymmetry

109
Q

(Edges are ragged, notched, or burred)

A

Border Irregularity

110
Q

(Pigmentation is not uniform)

A

Color

111
Q

(Greater than 6 mm)

A

Diameter

112
Q

(Changing in size, shape, may bleed, crust, itch or become tender)

A

Evolving

ANAPHY (21 decks)

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