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ANAPHY > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

derived from the Latin word meaning “mouse” (“mus”).

A

Muscles

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2
Q

Study of muscles

A

Myology

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3
Q

Muscle cells

A

Mycocytes

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4
Q

Development of Muscles in the body

A

Myogenesis

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5
Q

Muscle originates from the embryological tissue layer called the

A

mesoderm

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6
Q

Cell membrane and external lamina

A

sarcolemma

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7
Q

Cytoplasm of muscle cells

A

sarcoplasm

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8
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum of Muscle is called

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

The 3 types of muscles all perform the following
Major Functions:

A
  1. Movement of the Body
  2. Posture Maintenance
  3. Respiration
  4. Producing Body Heat
  5. Communication
  6. Constriction of organs
    and vessels
  7. Heartbeat
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10
Q

responsible for major body movements

A

Movement of the Body

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11
Q

constantly maintaining tone (sitting, standing)

A

Posture Maintenance

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12
Q

contraction of muscles in the diaphragm when breathing

A

Respiration

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13
Q

heat released as by-product of muscle contraction (thermoregulation)

A

Producing Body Heat

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14
Q
  • speaking, writing, body language
A

Communication

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15
Q

helps propel food to digestive tract, excrete waste material

A

Constriction of organs and vessels

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16
Q

contraction of the cardiac muscle propels blood to other organs

A

Heartbeat

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17
Q

shortening forcefully

A

Contractility

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18
Q

responding to electrical stimuli called Action Potentials

A

Excitability

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19
Q

Action potentials in muscles are referred to as

A

muscle action potentials

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20
Q

arising in the muscular tissue itself

A

Autorhythmic electrical signals

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21
Q

such as neurotransmitters released by neurons, hormones, or changes in pH

A

Chemical stimuli

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22
Q
  • stretching beyond normal resting length but still being able to
    contract
A

Extensibility

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23
Q

springing back to its original resting length

A

Elasticity

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24
Q

Attached to the skeleton; covers bone and cartilage
framework

A

SKELETAL MUSCLES

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25
Q

are found peripherally just under the sarcolemma

A

Elongated nuclei

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26
Q

Reserve Progenitor cells remains adjacent to most fibers of differentiated skeletal muscle.

A

satellite cells

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27
Q

dense irregular tissue surrounding
the external lamina of individual muscle fibers.

A

Endomysium

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28
Q

present in all types of muscle; seen well in skeletal muscle:

A

Layers of Connective Tissue

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29
Q
  • thin connective tissue layer that
    immediately surrounds each bundle of muscle
    fibers termed a fascicle
A

Perimysium

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30
Q

external sheath of dense irregular
connective tissue, surrounds the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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31
Q

elongated, multinuclear cells composed
of several myofibrils

A

Muscle fiber

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32
Q

long, cylindrical filament bundles in the
sarcoplasm of myocytes.

A

Myofibril

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33
Q

stimulates skeletal muscle to contract.

A

Somatic Motor Neuron

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34
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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35
Q

supply Oxygen to muscle fibers

A

Capillaries

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36
Q
  • membranous smooth ER in skeletal muscle fibers
A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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37
Q

long fingerlike invaginations of the cell membrane
encircling each myofibril near the aligned
A- and I-band boundaries of sarcomeres

A

Transverse or T-tubules

38
Q

expanded structures adjacent to each T-Tubule

A

Terminal cisternae

39
Q

small protein structures within the myofibrils

A

Myofilaments or filaments

40
Q

16 nm in diameter and 1–2 m long and composed mostly of the
protein myosin.

A

Thick filaments

41
Q
  • 8 nm in diameter and 1–2 m long and composed mostly of the
    protein actin
A

Thin filaments

42
Q

Filaments inside a myofibril are arranged in compartments called

A

sarcomeres

43
Q

are the basic functional units of a myofibril

A

Sarcomeres

44
Q

narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense
protein material separate one sarcomere from
the next

45
Q

the darker middle part of the
sarcomere which extends the entire length of the
thick filaments.

46
Q

Is a lighter, less dense area that
contains the rest of the thin filaments but no
thick filaments and a Z disc passes through the
center of each

47
Q

located in the center of each A band
contains thick but not thin filaments.

48
Q

so named because it is at the middle of
the sarcomere; at the center of the H zone

49
Q

main component of thick
filaments and functions as a motor protein
in all three types of muscle tissue

50
Q

points toward the M line in the center
of the sarcomere. forming the shaft of the thick
filament.

A

Myosin Tail

51
Q

project outward from the shaft in a
spiraling fashion, each extending toward the six thin
filaments.

A

Myosin Heads

52
Q

Individual actin molecules join to
form an actin filament that is twisted into a
helix.

53
Q

where a myosin head
can attach.

A

Myosin binding Site

54
Q

Proteins that make up the Actin Myofilament:

A

G-actin
F- actin

55
Q

globular subunit of actin

56
Q

fibrillary; chain of 200 G-actin
subunits

57
Q

covers active sites of G actin

A

Tropomyosin

58
Q

has 3 Subunits

59
Q

Troponin 3 Subunits

A

Trop I (TnI) > regulates actin-myosin interaction
Trop C (TnC) > binds to Calcium
Trop T (TnT) > anchors troponin to actin

60
Q

Structural protein connecting Z Disc to M Line; stabilizes thick filament position

61
Q

Structural protein of Z Disc; attaches actin to titin

A

α-actinin

62
Q

Structural protein of M line of Sarcomere; connects adjacent thick filaments

63
Q

wraps around the entire length of thin filament; anchors Z Disc to thin filaments

64
Q

links thin filaments of sarcomere to integral membrane proteins in sarcolemma

A

Dystrophin

65
Q
  • The point of contact of motor neuron axon branches with the muscle fiber.
  • Also called Synapse
A

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

66
Q

electrical signals carried by neurons that stimulate muscle fiber action

A

Action Potentials

67
Q

Axon terminal

A

Presynaptic Terminal –

68
Q

Space between presynaptic terminal and the muscle fiber

A

Synaptic Cleft

69
Q

muscle plasma membrane

A

Motor End Plate

70
Q

Spherical Sacs that contain the
neurotransmitter Acetylcholine

A

Synaptic Vesicle

71
Q

– molecule that is released
allowing neuron to communicate with its target

A

Neurotransmitter

72
Q

occurs as the overlapping thin and thick filaments of each sarcomere slide past one another.

A

Contraction

73
Q

There are 3 pathways that working muscles use to regenerate ATP:

A
  1. Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
  2. Aerobic pathway
  3. Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation
74
Q

are unique to cardiac muscle fibers. These are microscopic structures that are irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma that connect the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to one another.

A

Intercalated discs

75
Q

(single-unit) smooth muscle tissue
(more common type).

76
Q

is present in smooth muscle,
serving to enhance actin–myosin interactions

A

Tropomyosin

77
Q

molecules may exist in equal number
as actin, and has been proposed to be a loadbearing protein.

78
Q

has been suggested to be involved in
tethering actin, myosin and tropomyosin, and
thereby enhance the ability of smooth muscle to
maintain tension.

79
Q

muscle that has the major
responsibility for causing a particular movement

A

Prime Mover

80
Q

Muscles that oppose or reverse a
Movement

A

Antagonists

81
Q

help prime movers by producing
the same movement or by reducing undesirable
movements

A

Synergists

82
Q

specialized synergists. They hold
a bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover
so all the tension can be used to move the insertion
bone.

83
Q

Criteria of Naming Muscles:

A
  1. Direction of Muscle Fibers
  2. Relative Size of Muscle
  3. Location of Muscle
  4. Number of Origin
  5. Location of Muscle’s Origin and
    Insertion
  6. Shape of the Muscle
  7. Action of the Muscle
84
Q
  • Fascicles arranged in concentric rings
  • Generalized as “Sphincters”
85
Q
  • Fascicles converge to toward a single tendon
    insertion
A

Convergent

86
Q
  • Length of fascicles run parallel to the long axis
87
Q
  • “Feather” pattern; fascicles attach obliquely to a
    central tendon
88
Q
  • Age-related reduction in muscle mass and
    regulation of muscle function
  • Loss of muscle fibers begins as early as 25
    years of age and, by age 80, the muscle mass
    has been reduced by approximately 50%,due
    primarily to the loss of muscle fibers
A

Sarcopenia or Muscle Atrophy

89
Q
  • Rare autoimmune disease that can affect
    muscles during adulthood
  • Characterized by drooping upper eyelids,
    difficulty in swallowing and talking, and
    generalized muscle weakness and fatigability.
  • Shortage of acetylcholine receptors at
    neuromuscular junctions caused by antibodies
    specific for acetylcholine receptors
A

Myasthenia Gravis

90
Q

2 types of dystrophy

A

Duchenne type
Becker type

ANAPHY (21 decks)

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