Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAPHY > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

derived from the Latin word meaning “mouse” (“mus”).

A

Muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Study of muscles

A

Myology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Muscle cells

A

Mycocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Development of Muscles in the body

A

Myogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Muscle originates from the embryological tissue layer called the

A

mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cell membrane and external lamina

A

sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cytoplasm of muscle cells

A

sarcoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum of Muscle is called

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The 3 types of muscles all perform the following
Major Functions:

A
  1. Movement of the Body
  2. Posture Maintenance
  3. Respiration
  4. Producing Body Heat
  5. Communication
  6. Constriction of organs
    and vessels
  7. Heartbeat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

responsible for major body movements

A

Movement of the Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

constantly maintaining tone (sitting, standing)

A

Posture Maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

contraction of muscles in the diaphragm when breathing

A

Respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

heat released as by-product of muscle contraction (thermoregulation)

A

Producing Body Heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • speaking, writing, body language
A

Communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

helps propel food to digestive tract, excrete waste material

A

Constriction of organs and vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

contraction of the cardiac muscle propels blood to other organs

A

Heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

shortening forcefully

A

Contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

responding to electrical stimuli called Action Potentials

A

Excitability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Action potentials in muscles are referred to as

A

muscle action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

arising in the muscular tissue itself

A

Autorhythmic electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

such as neurotransmitters released by neurons, hormones, or changes in pH

A

Chemical stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • stretching beyond normal resting length but still being able to
    contract
A

Extensibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

springing back to its original resting length

A

Elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Attached to the skeleton; covers bone and cartilage
framework

A

SKELETAL MUSCLES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

are found peripherally just under the sarcolemma

A

Elongated nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Reserve Progenitor cells remains adjacent to most fibers of differentiated skeletal muscle.

A

satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

dense irregular tissue surrounding
the external lamina of individual muscle fibers.

A

Endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

present in all types of muscle; seen well in skeletal muscle:

A

Layers of Connective Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  • thin connective tissue layer that
    immediately surrounds each bundle of muscle
    fibers termed a fascicle
A

Perimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

external sheath of dense irregular
connective tissue, surrounds the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

elongated, multinuclear cells composed
of several myofibrils

A

Muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

long, cylindrical filament bundles in the
sarcoplasm of myocytes.

A

Myofibril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

stimulates skeletal muscle to contract.

A

Somatic Motor Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

supply Oxygen to muscle fibers

A

Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  • membranous smooth ER in skeletal muscle fibers
A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

long fingerlike invaginations of the cell membrane
encircling each myofibril near the aligned
A- and I-band boundaries of sarcomeres

A

Transverse or T-tubules

38
Q

expanded structures adjacent to each T-Tubule

A

Terminal cisternae

39
Q

small protein structures within the myofibrils

A

Myofilaments or filaments

40
Q

16 nm in diameter and 1–2 m long and composed mostly of the
protein myosin.

A

Thick filaments

41
Q
  • 8 nm in diameter and 1–2 m long and composed mostly of the
    protein actin
A

Thin filaments

42
Q

Filaments inside a myofibril are arranged in compartments called

A

sarcomeres

43
Q

are the basic functional units of a myofibril

A

Sarcomeres

44
Q

narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense
protein material separate one sarcomere from
the next

A

Z discs

45
Q

the darker middle part of the
sarcomere which extends the entire length of the
thick filaments.

A

A band

46
Q

Is a lighter, less dense area that
contains the rest of the thin filaments but no
thick filaments and a Z disc passes through the
center of each

A

I band

47
Q

located in the center of each A band
contains thick but not thin filaments.

A

H zone

48
Q

so named because it is at the middle of
the sarcomere; at the center of the H zone

A

M line

49
Q

main component of thick
filaments and functions as a motor protein
in all three types of muscle tissue

A

Myosin

50
Q

points toward the M line in the center
of the sarcomere. forming the shaft of the thick
filament.

A

Myosin Tail

51
Q

project outward from the shaft in a
spiraling fashion, each extending toward the six thin
filaments.

A

Myosin Heads

52
Q

Individual actin molecules join to
form an actin filament that is twisted into a
helix.

A

Actin

53
Q

where a myosin head
can attach.

A

Myosin binding Site

54
Q

Proteins that make up the Actin Myofilament:

A

G-actin
F- actin

55
Q

globular subunit of actin

A

G-actin

56
Q

fibrillary; chain of 200 G-actin
subunits

A

F- actin

57
Q

covers active sites of G actin

A

Tropomyosin

58
Q

has 3 Subunits

A

Troponin

59
Q

Troponin 3 Subunits

A

Trop I (TnI) > regulates actin-myosin interaction
Trop C (TnC) > binds to Calcium
Trop T (TnT) > anchors troponin to actin

60
Q

Structural protein connecting Z Disc to M Line; stabilizes thick filament position

A

Titin

61
Q

Structural protein of Z Disc; attaches actin to titin

A

α-actinin

62
Q

Structural protein of M line of Sarcomere; connects adjacent thick filaments

A

Myomysein

63
Q

wraps around the entire length of thin filament; anchors Z Disc to thin filaments

A

Nebulin

64
Q

links thin filaments of sarcomere to integral membrane proteins in sarcolemma

A

Dystrophin

65
Q
  • The point of contact of motor neuron axon branches with the muscle fiber.
  • Also called Synapse
A

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

66
Q

electrical signals carried by neurons that stimulate muscle fiber action

A

Action Potentials

67
Q

Axon terminal

A

Presynaptic Terminal –

68
Q

Space between presynaptic terminal and the muscle fiber

A

Synaptic Cleft

69
Q

muscle plasma membrane

A

Motor End Plate

70
Q

Spherical Sacs that contain the
neurotransmitter Acetylcholine

A

Synaptic Vesicle

71
Q

– molecule that is released
allowing neuron to communicate with its target

A

Neurotransmitter

72
Q

occurs as the overlapping thin and thick filaments of each sarcomere slide past one another.

A

Contraction

73
Q

There are 3 pathways that working muscles use to regenerate ATP:

A
  1. Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
  2. Aerobic pathway
  3. Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation
74
Q

are unique to cardiac muscle fibers. These are microscopic structures that are irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma that connect the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to one another.

A

Intercalated discs

75
Q

(single-unit) smooth muscle tissue
(more common type).

A

Visceral

76
Q

is present in smooth muscle,
serving to enhance actin–myosin interactions

A

Tropomyosin

77
Q

molecules may exist in equal number
as actin, and has been proposed to be a loadbearing protein.

A

Calponin

78
Q

has been suggested to be involved in
tethering actin, myosin and tropomyosin, and
thereby enhance the ability of smooth muscle to
maintain tension.

A

Caldesmon

79
Q

muscle that has the major
responsibility for causing a particular movement

A

Prime Mover

80
Q

Muscles that oppose or reverse a
Movement

A

Antagonists

81
Q

help prime movers by producing
the same movement or by reducing undesirable
movements

A

Synergists

82
Q

specialized synergists. They hold
a bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover
so all the tension can be used to move the insertion
bone.

A

Fixators

83
Q

Criteria of Naming Muscles:

A
  1. Direction of Muscle Fibers
  2. Relative Size of Muscle
  3. Location of Muscle
  4. Number of Origin
  5. Location of Muscle’s Origin and
    Insertion
  6. Shape of the Muscle
  7. Action of the Muscle
84
Q
  • Fascicles arranged in concentric rings
  • Generalized as “Sphincters”
A

Circular

85
Q
  • Fascicles converge to toward a single tendon
    insertion
A

Convergent

86
Q
  • Length of fascicles run parallel to the long axis
A

Parallel

87
Q
  • “Feather” pattern; fascicles attach obliquely to a
    central tendon
A

Pennate

88
Q
  • Age-related reduction in muscle mass and
    regulation of muscle function
  • Loss of muscle fibers begins as early as 25
    years of age and, by age 80, the muscle mass
    has been reduced by approximately 50%,due
    primarily to the loss of muscle fibers
A

Sarcopenia or Muscle Atrophy

89
Q
  • Rare autoimmune disease that can affect
    muscles during adulthood
  • Characterized by drooping upper eyelids,
    difficulty in swallowing and talking, and
    generalized muscle weakness and fatigability.
  • Shortage of acetylcholine receptors at
    neuromuscular junctions caused by antibodies
    specific for acetylcholine receptors
A

Myasthenia Gravis

90
Q

2 types of dystrophy

A

Duchenne type
Becker type

ANAPHY (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions