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ANAPHY > Peripheral Nervous > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

Nerves and Scattered Ganglia

A

Cranial Nerves (12)
Spinal Nerves (31)

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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System

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3
Q

Special Senses

A
  1. Eye (Vision)
  2. Ears (Hearing and Balance)
  3. Taste and Smell (Chemical Senses)
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4
Q

Generalized Sense:

A

Touch

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5
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Axons
Schwann Cells
Connective Tissue

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6
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

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7
Q
  • Bundle of nerve fibers attached to spinal cord
  • All are classified as mixed nerves
A

SPINAL NERVES

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8
Q

sensory fibers

A

Dorsal root

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9
Q

motor fibers

A

Ventral root

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10
Q
  • Group of nerve fibers from ventral rami of cervical, lumbar and sacral spinal nerves
  • is a network of intersecting nerves that serve the same
    part of the body
A

Plexuses

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11
Q

Plexuses

A
  • I. Cervical Plexus
  • II. Brachial Plexus
  • III. Lumbar Plexus
  • IV. Sacral Plexus
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12
Q
  • Formed by the first 4 cervical nerves (C1, C2, C3, C4)
  • This supplies the back and sides of the head and front of the neck with ordinary sensory fibers
  • Most important branch is the phrenic nerve composed of motor fibers supplying the diaphragm
A

Cervical Plexus

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13
Q
  • Lower 4 cervical nerves (C5, C6, C7, C8) and first thoracic (T1),
    which supplies the skin and muscles of the upper limb
  • With branches like the radial, ulnar, and median nerves
  • It passes above the first rib posterior to the clavicle and then enters the axilla.
A

Brachial Plexus

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14
Q
  • From L1 to L4 spinal nerves
  • Femoral nerve: supplies muscle and skin on the anterior aspect of the thigh
  • Obrutator nerve: supplies muscles and skin of medial aspect of thigh
A

Lumbar Plexus

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15
Q
  • From L4, L5, S1, S2 and S3 spinal nerves
  • The largest branch is called as “Sciatic Nerve”
A

Sacral Plexus

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16
Q

T1 – T11 spinal nerves

A

Intercostal Nerves

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17
Q

T12 spinal nerves

A

Subcostal Nerves

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18
Q
  • are 12 pairs of symmetrically arranged nerves attached to the brain
  • serve functions such as smell, sight, eye movement, and feeling in the face.
A

Cranial Nerves

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19
Q
  • Carry impulses towards the brain
  • Cranial Nerves: I, II, VIII
A

Purely Sensory Nerves

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20
Q
  • Carry impulses away from the brain
  • Cranial Nerves: III, IV, VI, XI, XII
A

Purely Motor Nerves

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21
Q
  • Carry both sensory and motor nerve fibers
  • Cranial Nerves: V, VII, IX, X
A

Mixed Nerves

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22
Q
  • Efferent peripheral nerve fibers distributed to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands
A

Autonomic Nervous System

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23
Q

Autonomic Subdivisions

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
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24
Q
  • Also called as Thoracolumbar Division
  • Actions are directed toward mobilizing the body’s energy for dealing with an increase in activity
A

Sympathetic Division

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25
Q
  • Also called as Craniosacral Division
  • Arises from the 3rd, 7th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves and from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral segments of the spinal cord
  • Action of this division conserve body energies
A

Parasympathetic Division

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26
Q
  • Injury to the brain due to involvement of its blood vessels
A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA / Stroke)

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27
Q
  • Infection of the meninges
A

Meningitis

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28
Q
  • Manifestations of an abnormal discharge of nerve impulses from some part of the brain
A

Seizure Disorders

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29
Q
  • Increased in CSF pressure
A

Hydrocephalus

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30
Q
  • Complete loss of voluntary motor function due to dysfunction of nervous system
A

Plegia

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31
Q
  • Weakness of voluntary muscle activity due to dysfunction of nervous system
A

Paresis

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32
Q
  • Caused by a virus that damages the anterior horn cells of the cord and the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves
A

Infantile paralysis (poliomyelitis)

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33
Q

Patchy demyelinization in multiple areas of the nervous system involving sensory and motor fibers followed by replacement of the myelin by scarlike plaques

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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34
Q
  • Cavitation of the central canal of the spinal cord and excessive multiplication of neuroglia in the gray substance around it
A

Syringomyelia

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35
Q
  • Injury to one half of the spinal cord and involving neuronal groups and nerve tracts
A

J. Brown-Sequard Syndrome

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36
Q
  • disabling senile dementia, the loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself
A

K. Alzheimer’s Disease

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37
Q

Outer fibrous layer

A

sclera and cornea

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38
Q

Middle vascular layer or uveal tract

A

Iris, Choroid and Ciliary Body

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39
Q

Inner nervous tissue layer

A

retina

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40
Q
  • white of the eye forms the outermost layer of the eyeball
    -Consists of a firm fibrous membrane that maintains the shape of the eye
    -Gives attachment to the extrinsic muscles of the eye
A

Sclera

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41
Q

-as a clear transparent epithelial membrane
-Light rays pass through the cornea to reach the retina

A

cornea

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42
Q
  • Lines the posterior five-sixths of the inner surface of the sclera.
  • Very rich in blood vessels
  • Deep chocolate brown in color.
  • Light enters the eye through the pupil, stimulates the sensory receptors in the retina and is then absorbed by the choroid
A

Choroid

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43
Q
  • The anterior continuation of the choroid consisting of ciliary muscle (smooth muscle fibers) and secretory epithelial cells.
  • Acts like a sphincter
  • Lens is attached to the ciliary body by radiating suspensory ligaments, like the spokes of a wheel
  • Supplied by parasympathetic branches of the oculomotor nerve (3rd cranial nerve).
A

Ciliary Body

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44
Q
  • Visible colored ring at the front of the eye lying behind the cornea and in front of the lens.
  • Composed of pigment cells and two layers of smooth muscle fibers - one circular and the other radiating
  • In the center is an aperture called the pupil.
  • Parasympathetic stimulation constricts the pupil and sympathetic stimulation dilates it
A

Iris

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45
Q
  • Highly elastic circular biconvex body, immediately behind the pupil.
    *Thickness is controlled by the ciliary muscle through the suspensory ligament.
    *Lens bends (refracts) light rays reflected by objects in front of the eye - only structure in the eye that can vary its refractory power, which is achieved by changing its thickness.
A

Lens

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46
Q

*Innermost lining of the eye
*Extremely delicate structure and well adapted for stimulation by light rays
*Composed of several layers of nerve cell bodies and their axons - sensory receptor cells, rods and cones

A

Retina

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47
Q

*Composed of several layers of nerve
cell bodies and their axons

A

sensory receptor cells, rods and cones

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48
Q
  • Near the center of the posterior part is the macula lutea, or yellow spot -little depression called the fovea centralis, consisting of only cones
    *small area of retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is the optic disc or blind spot-no light sensitive cells
A

Retina

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49
Q

Chambers of the eye

A
  • Anterior chamber
  • Posterior chamber
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50
Q

Anterior chamber

A

▪Front of lens
▪Filled with aqueous humor

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51
Q

Posterior chamber

A

▪Behind lens
▪Contains vitreous humor

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52
Q

▪Skin, muscle, and connective tissue
▪Blinking
✓Prevents surface from drying out
✓Keeps foreign material out of eye

A

Eyelids

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53
Q

▪Eye sockets
▪Form a protective shell around the eyes

A

Eye orbits

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54
Q

Mucous membranes
▪Line inner surfaces of eyelids

A

Conjunctivas

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55
Q

▪Six per eye - move the eyeball
✓Superiorly
✓Inferiorly
✓Laterally
✓Medially

A

*Extrinsic eye muscles

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56
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

▪Lacrimal glands
▪Nasolacrimal ducts

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57
Q

▪Lacrimal glands

A

✓Lateral edge of eyeballs
✓Produce tears

58
Q

▪Nasolacrimal ducts

A

✓Medial aspect of eyeballs
✓Drain tears into nose

59
Q

cornea, lens, and fluids bend light to focus it on the retina

A

Refraction

60
Q

impairment of distance vision
▪Eyeball is too long
▪Light focuses anterior to retina
▪ Snellen chart
▪Normal vision
* 20/20

A

Myopia

61
Q

impairment of near vision
▪Eyeball is shorter
▪Light focused posterior to retina
▪Test using a handheld chart with various sizes of print

A

Hyperopia

62
Q

▪ Impairment due to aging
▪Loss of lens elasticity

A

Presbyopia

63
Q

▪ Distinguish shades of gray
▪ Testing
* Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart
* Vistech Consultants vision contrast system
▪ Detect cataracts or retinal problems before sharpness is
impaired

A

Contrast sensitivity

64
Q

▪ Color-blindness
* May be inherited
* More common in males
▪ Tests
* Ishihara color system
* Richmond pseudoisochromatic color test
▪ Difficulties may indicate retinal or optic nerve disease

A

Color vision

65
Q

Lazy eye; one eye is not used regularly;
poor depth perception; often concurrent
with strabismus

A

Amblyopia

66
Q

Cornea or lens has abnormal shape;
blurred images

A

Astigmatism

67
Q

Opaque structures in lens prevent light
from passing through; vision fuzzy

A

Cataracts

68
Q

Pink eye; highly contagious bacterial infection

A

Conjunctivitis

69
Q

Common problem; decreased
production of oil in tears

A

Dry eye syndrome

70
Q

Inversion of lower eyelid

A

Entropion

71
Q

Increase in intraocular pressure due to
a buildup of aqueous humor in anterior
chamber

A

Glaucoma

72
Q

Farsightedness

A

Hyperopia

73
Q

Progressive disease; inadequate blood supply to
retina; most common cause of vision loss; affects people
over 50 years

A

Macular degeneration

74
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Myopia

75
Q

Rapid, involuntary eye movements

A

Nystagmus

76
Q

Loss of lens elasticity; develops
with age

A

Presbyopia

77
Q

Layers of retina separate; medical
emergency

A

Retinal detachment

78
Q

Misalignment of eyes Crossed eyes; one or both eyes
turn inward Wall eye; one or both eyes turn outward

A

Strabismus

79
Q

Many animals secrete odorous chemicals called

A

pheromones

80
Q

▪the sensory nerves of smell

A

Olfactory receptors (Olfactory nerves /first cranial nerves)

81
Q

respond to changes in chemical concentrations
✓Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus - located in the olfactory
organ
✓Stimulate the olfactory chemoreceptors

A

Chemoreceptors

82
Q

concentrates volatile molecules in the roof of the nose- increases the number of olfactory receptors stimulated and thus perception of the smell.

A

Sniffing

83
Q

*Inflammation of the nasal mucosa prevents odorous substances
from reaching the olfactory area of the nose, causing loss of the
sense of smell
▪The usual cause is a cold

A

anosmia

84
Q

*Chemical can stimulate receptors for limited time
*Receptors fatigue and stop responding to chemical
* No longer smell odor

A

Sensory Adaptation

85
Q

found in the papillae of the tongue

A

Taste buds contain chemoreceptor

86
Q

Small sensory nerve endings of the glossopharyngeal,
facial and vagus nerves

A

cranial nerves VII, IX and X

87
Q

where taste is perceived

A

Parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex

88
Q

How many taste buds are located on the tongue soft plate, pharynx, and larynx

A

Nearly 10,000

89
Q

A single, long microvillus, projects from each receptor cell to the surface through the taste pore

A

Gustatory Hair

90
Q

About 12 very large, form a row at the back of the tongue each houses 100-300 taste buds

A

Vallate Papillae

91
Q

are mushroom shaped and are scattered over the entire surface of the tongue containing about 5 taste buds each

A

Fungiform Papillae

92
Q

are located in small trenches on the lateral margins of the tongue, ut most of their taste buds degenerates in early childhood

A

Foliate Papillae

93
Q

The entire surface of the tongue has it and contains tactile receptors but no taste buds

A

Filiform Papillae

94
Q

serves taste buds in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

Facial (VII) nerve

95
Q

serves taste buds in the posterior1/3 of the tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve

96
Q

Taste cells and supporting structures

A
  • On taste buds
  • Supporting structures fill in space
  • Taste cells
    *Chemoreceptors
    *Chemicals in food and drink
    must be dissolved in saliva to
    activate
97
Q

the process of hearing, is accomplished by the organs of the ear

A

Audition

98
Q

which uses air to collect and channel sound waves

A

External Ear

99
Q

which uses a bony system to amplify sound vibrations

A

Middle Ear

100
Q

which generates action potentials to transmit sound and balance information to the brain

A

Internal Ear

101
Q

serves taste buds in the throat and epiglottis

A

Vagus (X) nerve

102
Q

*External ear

A
  • Auricle (pinna)
  • External auditory canal
103
Q

*External ear

A
  • Auricle (pinna)
  • External auditory canal* Tympanic membrane
  • Tympanic membrane
104
Q
  • Collects sound waves
A

Auricle (pinna)

105
Q
  • Guides sound wave to tympanic
    membrane
A

External auditory canal

106
Q
  • Separates external canal and middle ear
  • Vibrates when sound hits it
A

Tympanic membrane

107
Q
  • Middle ear
A
  • Ear ossicles
  • Eustachian tube
  • Oval window
108
Q
  • Ear ossicles
A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
109
Q
  • Ossicles vibrate in response to vibration of tympanic membrane
A

Ear ossicles

110
Q
  • Connects middle ear to throat
  • Equalizes pressure on eardrum
A

Eustachian tube

111
Q
  • Separates middle ear from inner ear
A

Oval window

112
Q

labyrinth of communicating chambers

A

Inner ear

113
Q

detect balance of the body

A

Semicircular canals

114
Q

equilibrium

A

Vestibule

115
Q

Hearing receptors

A

Cochlea

116
Q

organ of hearing

A

Organ of Corti

117
Q
  • Startled by loud noises
  • Recognize mother’s voice
A

Infants to 4 months

118
Q
  • Regularly follow sounds
  • Babble at people
A

4 to 8 months

119
Q
  • Respond to the sound of their name
  • Respond to “no
A

8 to 12 months

120
Q

Effects of Aging to the Ears

A

*External ear larger / earlobe longer
*Cerumen dryer and prone to impaction
*Ear canal narrower
*Eardrum shrinks and appears dull and gray
* Ossicles do not move as freely
* Semicircular canals less sensitive to changes in position
– affects balance

121
Q

`Effects of Aging to the Ears

A

*External ear larger / earlobe longer
*Cerumen dryer and prone to impaction
*Ear canal narrower
*Eardrum shrinks and appears dull and gray
* Ossicles do not move as freely
* Semicircular canals less sensitive to changes in position
– affects balance

122
Q

`Effects of Aging to the Ears

A

*External ear larger / earlobe longer
*Cerumen dryer and prone to impaction
*Ear canal narrower
*Eardrum shrinks and appears dull and gray
* Ossicles do not move as freely
* Semicircular canals less sensitive to changes in position
– affects balance

123
Q

Symptom of a disease, not a normal part
of aging

A

Hearing Loss

124
Q

Hearing Loss

A
  • Conductive hearing loss
  • Sensorineural hearing loss
125
Q
  • Interruption in transmission to inner ear
  • Causes
  • Obstruction of ear canal
  • Infection of middle ear
  • Reduced movement of stirrup
A

Conductive hearing loss

126
Q
  • Sound waves not perceived by brain as sound
  • Causes
  • Hereditary
  • Repeated exposure to loud noises/viral infections
  • Side effect of medication
A

Sensorineural hearing loss

127
Q

causes damage to sensitive cells in
cochlea

A

Noise pollution

128
Q

Hearing tests

A

*Tuning forks
*Audiometer

129
Q

differentiate between types of loss

A

Tuning forks

130
Q

measures hearing acuity

A

Audiometer

131
Q

Diagnostic testing

A

Tympanometry

132
Q
  • Measures the ability of the eardrums to move
  • Detects diseases and abnormalities of the middle ear
A

Tympanometry

133
Q

Build up of wax within external auditory canal

A

Cerumen impaction

134
Q

Deafness

A

Hearing loss

135
Q

Disturbance in equilibrium characterized by vertigo and
tinnitus

A

Ménière’s disease

136
Q

Inflammation of the ear

A

Otitis

137
Q

Swimmers’ ear

A

Otitis externa

138
Q

Middle ear infection; common infection

A

Otitis media

139
Q

Labyrinthitis; inner ear infection

A

Otitis interna

140
Q

Immobilization of the stapes; common cause of conductive hearing loss

A

Otosclerosis

141
Q

Hearing loss due to aging process

A

Presbycusis

ANAPHY (21 decks)

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