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ANAPHY > Blood and Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Blood and Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Volume

A

5-6L (Males) and 4-5L (Female) 250-350ml (Newborn

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2
Q

Viscosity

A

3.5-4.5x thicker

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3
Q

Color

A

scarlet (oxygen rich) to dull red or purple (oxygen poor)

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4
Q

pH

A

7.35-7.45 (average of 7.40)

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5
Q

Specific gravity

A

whole blood 1.045-1.066
serum 1.024-1.028
plasma 1.025-1.029

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6
Q

venous blood

A

7.35 / arterial blood 7.45

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7
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

A
  • Respiratory
  • Nutritional
  • Excretory
  • Buffering action
  • Maintenance of constant body temperature
  • Transportation of hormones and other endocrine
    secretion that regulates cell function
  • Body defense mechanism
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8
Q

HEMATOPOIESIS

A
  • Blood cell formation
  • Occurs in red bone marrow
  • All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell
    (hemocytoblast)
  • Hemocytoblast differentiation
  • Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes
  • Myeloid stem cell produces other formed elements
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9
Q

(EPO)

A

Erythropoietin

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10
Q

(TPO)

A

Thrombopoietin

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11
Q

(G-CSF)

A

Granulocyte CSF

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12
Q

(GM-CSF)

A

Granulocyte-macrophage CSF

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13
Q

Salmon colored biconcave disk; anucleate ; literally, sacs of hemoglobin; most organelles have been ejected

A

Erythrocytes

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14
Q

White blood cells or WBCs

A

Leukocytes

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15
Q

Cytoplasm stain pale pink and contains fine granules, which are difficult to see; deep purple nucleus consist of three to seven lobes connected y thin strands of nucleoplasm

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

Red coarse cytoplasmic granules; figure-8 or bilobed nucleus stains blue-red

A

Eosinophils

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17
Q

Cytoplasm has a few large blue- purple granules; U- or S- shaped nucleus with constrictions, stains dark blue

A

Basophils

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18
Q

Cytoplasm pale blue and appears as thin rim around nucleus; spherical dark purple- blue nucleus

A

Lymphocytes

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19
Q

Abundant gray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple nucleus often kidney shaped

A

Monocytes

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20
Q

Essentially irregular shaped cell fragments; stain deep purple

A

Platelets

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21
Q

The main function is to carry oxygen
* Biconcave disks
* Essentially bags of hemoglobin
* Anucleate (no nucleus)

A

ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS)

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22
Q
  • Iron-containing protein
  • Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
  • Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites
  • Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
A

Hemoglobin

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23
Q

respond to a lower than normal oxygen concentration in the blood by releasing the hormone erythropoietin.

A

Kidneys

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24
Q

travels to the red bone marrow and stimulates an increase in the production of red blood
cells (RBCs).

A

Erythropoietin

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25
Q

manufactures RBCs from stem cells that live inside the marrow.

A

The red bone marrow

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26
Q

squeeze through blood vessel membranes to
enter the circulation

A

RBCs

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27
Q

work to supply continuous movement and oxygenation of RBCs.

A

heart and lungs

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28
Q

destroyed primarily by the spleen.

A

Damaged or old RBCs

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29
Q

is to respond rapidly to microbial invasion to kill the
invaders (phagocytosis)

A

neutrophils

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30
Q
  • Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
  • Important in HEMOSTASIS
A

PLATELETS

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31
Q

Series of complex processes by which the body spontaneously stops bleeding and maintains blood on its fluid state within the blood vessel compartment.

A

HEMOSTASIS

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32
Q

oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced

A

Anemia

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33
Q

Inability to successfully eliminate foreign substances

A

Qualitative

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34
Q
  • Leukocytosis
  • Leukopenia
A

Quantitative

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35
Q

A. Thrombocytopenia
B. Thrombocytosis

A

Platelet Disorders

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36
Q

A. Hemophilia
B. Thrombophilia

A

Coagulation Disorders

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37
Q

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Two parts

A
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymphoid tissues and organs
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38
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A
  • Transport fluids back to the blood
  • Play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease
  • Absorb digested fat at the intestinal villi
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39
Q

excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph

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40
Q
  • Site where transport system begins
  • Remarkably permeable
A

Lymphatic capillaries

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41
Q
  • Next area where the lymph flows from the lymphatic
    capillaries
A

Lymphatic collecting vessels

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42
Q
  • Formed by the union of the largest collecting vessels
  • Named mostly from the regions from which they
    collect lymph
A

Lymphatic trunks

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43
Q

drains lymph from

A

Right Lymphatic duct

44
Q

receives lymph from the rest of the body except right side of head, neck, thorax, and upper extremities

A

Thoracic duct

45
Q

collects lymph fluid from 2 lumbar trunks which drains the lower limbs and intestinal trunk that drains digestive organs

A

Cisterna chyli

46
Q

LYMPH TRANSPORT Maintained by

A
  • Skeletal muscle contraction
  • Pressure changes in the thorax
47
Q

is prevented by valves

A

Backflow

48
Q

may spread through the body via the lymphatic stream

A

Pathogens and cancer cells

49
Q
  • Distributed along the lymphatic vessels where lymph is filtered and antibodies are added
A

Lymph Nodes

50
Q

are strategically located inside for immune response

A

Lymphocytes

51
Q

has a fibrous capsules

A

cortex and medulla

52
Q

contains primary follicles of lymphocytes

A

Cortex

53
Q

medullary cords containing lymphocytes and macrophages with spaces called medullary sinuses

A

Medulla

54
Q
  • Prominent in newborns and continues to increase in size during childhood
  • Located in the superior mediastinum (in front of great vessels of heart
A

Thymus

55
Q

densely packed lymphocytes

A

Cortical

56
Q

fewer lymphocytes

A

Medullary

57
Q

like structures called Hassall’s/Thymic corpuscles

A

With cyst

58
Q
  • “graveyard for aged and defective blood cells”
  • Largest lymphoid organ
A

Spleen

59
Q
  • Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx (Waldeyer’s Ring)
A

Tonsil

60
Q

located on either side at the posterior end of the oral cavity

A

Palatine Tonsil

61
Q

posterior wall of the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal Tonsil

62
Q

base of the tongue

A

Lingual Tonsil

63
Q
  • Acts as a guard to protect respiratory and digestive tracts
  • Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, small accumulations of lymphoid tissue
A

MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue

64
Q
  • Large isolated clusters of lymph nodules found in the ileum
  • Macrophages here destroy bacteria, preventing them from reaching the intestinal wall
A

Peyer’s Patches or GALT (Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue)

65
Q
  • The ability to resist damage from foreign
    substances
A

Immunity

66
Q

first and second line of defense

A

Non-specific

67
Q

third line of defense

A

Specific

68
Q
  • Non-specific
  • Natural
  • 1st and 2nd line
  • No memory
  • Cellular: phagocytes, monocytes, Natural Killer (NK) cells, mast cells
  • Humoral: Complement, Cytokines
A

INNATE

69
Q
  • Specific
  • Acquired
  • 3rd line
  • Has memory
  • Cellular: B cells, T cells, Antigen- Presenting Cells (APCs)
  • Humoral: Antibodies, Complement,
    Cytokines
A

ADAPTIVE

70
Q

-Mucous membrane
-Secretions of Skin and Mucous membrane

A

FIRST LINE - Skin

71
Q

-Phagocytes
-Antimicrobial proteins
-Inflammatory
response

A

SECOND LINE

72
Q

-Lymphocytes
-Antibodies

A

THIRD LINE

73
Q

Prevents spread of injurious agents to adjacent tissues
* Local inflammation: response confined to a specific area

A

Inflammatory Response

74
Q

Cardinal Signs

A
  • Rubor
  • Dolor
  • Calor
  • Tumor
  • Functio Laesa
75
Q

distributed throughout the body

A

Systemic inflammation

76
Q

matures in thymus
* Involved in cell-mediated immunity
* Antigens must be presented by macrophages to an immunocompetent T cell
(antigen presentation)

A

T-cells

77
Q

stimulate the proliferation of other T cells and of B cells bound to an antigen

A

Helper T-cells

78
Q

directly attack and destroy infected cells and cancer cells

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

79
Q

terminate normal immune responses by releasing
suppressor factors

A

Suppressor T-cells

80
Q

matures in the bone marrow
* Involved in humoral immunity
* Matures as plasma cells

A

B-cells

81
Q

when antigens bind to the receptors of B-cells

A

Primary immune response

82
Q

other clone members become memory B-cells

A

Secondary immune response

83
Q

what has been introduced to the individual is the antigen

A

Active Immunity

84
Q

infective agent will gain entry to the body, act as stimulant for antibody formation because the organism acts as antigen.

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

85
Q

when the antigen has been deliberately introduce like injecting vaccines, they act as antigen to stimulate antibody formation.)

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

86
Q

when what has been introduced to the body is already
antibodies

A

Passive Immunity

87
Q

exhibited by the transfer of antibodies from mother’s placenta to the fetus and transfer of antibodies from breast milk to the baby.

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

88
Q

injection of artificially prepared substance like immune serum of gamma globulin. These two are antibodies
preparation

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity

89
Q
  • reacts with antibodies
  • Self antigen or Foreign antigen
A

Antigens

90
Q
  • Proteins (immunoglobulins)
  • Binds to antigens or invaders and kill/inactivate them
A

Antibodies

91
Q
  • Globulin proteins that react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production
A

Immunoglobulins

92
Q
  • produced after exposure to genetically different
    or non-self antigens of the same species
A

Alloantibody

93
Q
  • produced in response to self antigen
A

Autoantibody

94
Q
  • Crosses the placenta and weakly activates
    complement system
A

IgG: 75% of Ig’s

95
Q
  • In serum is a monomer and in secretions is a
    dimer
  • Found in secretions: tears, saliva, colostrum,
    mucus
A

IgA: 15% of Ig’s

96
Q
  • Largest and exists as a pentamer
  • Most potent activator of complement
A

IgM: 7-10% of Ig’s

97
Q
  • Exists as a monomer
  • Mediates allergic and parasitic reaction
A

IgE: less than 1% of Ig’s

98
Q
  • Present in the membrane of mature B cells
  • Modulation of immune response
A

IgD: less than 1% of Ig’s

99
Q

Production or function of immune cells or
complement is abnormal

A

Immunodeficiencies

100
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

101
Q
  • The immune system does not distinguish between self
    and nonself
  • The body produces antibodies and sensitized T
    lymphocytes that attack its own tissues
A

Autoimmune Diseases

102
Q

white matter of brain and spinal cord are destroyed

A

Multiple sclerosis

103
Q

impairs communication between nerves and
skeletal muscles

A

Myasthenia gravis

104
Q

destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin

A

Juvenile diabetes

105
Q

destroys joints

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

106
Q

affects kidney, heart, lung and skin

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

ANAPHY (21 decks)

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