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ANAPHY > Nervous Tissues > Flashcards

Nervous Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Duchenne type
Becker type

A

Sensory

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2
Q

Integrates sensory information by analyzing and storing some of it and by making decisions for appropriate responses

A

Integrative

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3
Q

Once sensory information is integrated, the nervous system may elicit an appropriate motor response by activating effectors through cranial and spinal
nerves.

A

Motor

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4
Q

Parts of Central Nervous System

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal Cord
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5
Q

Parts of Peripheral Nervous System

A
  1. Cranial nerves (12 Pairs)
  2. Spinal nerves (31 Pairs)
  3. Autonomic Nervous System
    * Sympathetic Nervous System
    * Parasympathetic Nervous System
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6
Q

consists of nerves that
convey impulses to the CNS

A

Sensory (Afferent)

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7
Q

carries impulses from the
CNS to effector organs, muscles and glands.

A

Motor (Efferent)

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8
Q

allows voluntary movement of
skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

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9
Q

regulates events that are automatic
or involuntary (Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic)

A

Autonomic

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10
Q
  • Active conducting elements
  • Basic unit of the nervous system which conducts electrical impulses from one part of the body to
    another
A

Neurons

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11
Q
  • The supporting elements
  • includes many types of cells that generally support, insulate, and protect the delicate neurons.
A

Neuroglia

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12
Q
  • Group of short, unsheathed processes
    arranged like branches of a tree that transmit
    impulses toward the cell body
A

Dendrites

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13
Q
  • Single, elongated sheathed process
    conducting impulses away from the cell body
A

Axons

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14
Q
  • perikaryon or soma, contains a nucleus
    surrounded by cytoplasm that includes typical
    cellular organelles such as lysosomes,
    mitochondria, and a golgi complex.
A

Cell Body

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15
Q

usually have several dendrites and one axon.

A

Multipolar neurons

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16
Q

They are found in the retina of the eye, in the inner ear, and in the olfactory area of the brain.

A

Bipolar neurons

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17
Q

have a single process emerging from the cell body

A

Unipolar neurons

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18
Q

do not have axons; only dendrites. Only communicate
using graded portneials

A

Anaxonic neurons

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19
Q
  • Contain sensory receptors at their distal ends / located just after sensory receptors that are separate cells.
  • Conduct action potentials toward the CNS
A

Sensory of afferent neurons

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20
Q
  • Convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors in the periphery through
    cranial or spinal nerves.
A

Motor or efferent neurons

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21
Q
  • Are mainly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons.
  • Conduct action potentials within the CNS from one neuron to another.
A

Interneurons or association neurons

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22
Q
  • Insulating material covering axons in central
    and peripheral nervous system
  • The electric impulse “jumps” from node to
    node in myelin sheath instead of traveling
    continuously along the nerve fiber.
  • Nodes of Ranvier
A

Myelin Sheath

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23
Q
  • The process of forming a myelin sheath
    around a nerve to allow .nerve impulses
    move more quickly.
A

Myelination

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24
Q
  • lacking a myelin sheath, unmyelinated
    axons.
A

Unmyelination

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25
Q
  • Points of connection between neurons
  • Axon on one neuron make functional
    contact with dendrites of another
    neuron
A

Synapse

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26
Q

Main Neurotransmitters

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Acetylcholine
  • ** all are released by autonomic fibers
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27
Q
  • abundant star-shaped cells that account for nearly half of the neural tissue.
  • form a living barrier between capillaries and neurons and play a role in making exchanges between
    the two.
A

Astrocytes

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28
Q
  • spider like phagocytes that dispose of debris , include
    deed brain cells and bacteria.
A

Microglia

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29
Q
  • these glial cells line the central cavities of the brain and the spinal cord.
A

Ependymal Cells

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30
Q
  • glia that wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibers , producing fatty insulating coverings called myelin sheaths.
A

Oligodendrocytes

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31
Q
  • form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers that are
    found in the PNS.
A

Schwann cell

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32
Q
  • act as protective , cushioning cells.
A

Satellite cells

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33
Q

is a localized reversal in the charge of cell membrane and spreads there like an electric current

A

Nerve Impulse

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34
Q

This sudden electric change in membrane is called

A

ACTION POTENTIAL

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35
Q

A resting (non-signaling) neuron has a voltage across its membrane called

A

Resting Membrane Potential

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36
Q
  • The external surface of the membrane is slightly
    positive and its internal face is slightly negative
A

Resting Membrane Electrical Conditions

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37
Q

A stimulus changes the permeability of a patch of
the membrane and sodium ions diffuse rapidly into
the cell

A

Stimulus initiates local depolarization

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38
Q
  • If stimulus is strong enough, depolarization causes
    membrane polarity to be completely reversed and
    an action potential is initiated
A

Depolarization and generation of action
potential

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39
Q
  • Depolarization of the first membrane patch
    causes permeability changes in the adjacent
    membrane and are repeated.
A

Propagation of action potential

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40
Q

Potassium diffuses out of the cell as the
membrane permeability changes again,
restoring the negative charge on the inside of
the membrane and the positive charge on the
outside surface

A

Repolarization

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41
Q
  • Ionic conditions of the resting state are
    restored later by the activity of sodium potassium pump.
A

Initial ionic conditions restored

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42
Q
  • special mode of action potential propagation that occurs along myelinated axons,
    occurs because of the uneven distribution of voltage - gate channels.
A

Saltatory conduction

43
Q
  • type of action potential propagation which involves step-by-step depolarization and
    repolarization of each adjacent segment of the plasma membrane - occurs in
    unmyelinated axons and in muscle fibers.
A

Continuous conduction

44
Q
  • Rapid, predictable and involuntary responses to stimuli
  • Occurs over neural pathways called reflex arcs and involve both CNS and PNS
    structures
A

Reflexes

45
Q

reflexes that stimulate skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

46
Q

regulate the activity of smooth muscles, heart and glands

A

Autonomic

47
Q

5 Elements of Reflex Arcs

A
  • Sensory receptor
  • Effector organ
  • Sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons
  • Integration center
48
Q

called as such
because of its darker appearance and
preponderance of nerve cell bodies

A

Gray Matter

49
Q

composed chiefly of myelinated nerve fibers
* In the spinal cord, an H-shaped central region of gray matter is surrounded by white matter

A

White Matter

50
Q
  • In a surface layer (cortex) of the cerebrum and
    cerebellum.
  • Nucleus: designates a mass of gray matter in any
    part of the brain or spinal cord
  • Ganglion: means cluster of nerve cell bodies and
    dendrites, but usually refers to those cells located
    outside the brain and spinal cord
A

Gray Matter

51
Q
  • Part of the nervous system contained within the skull
  • Most complex and largest mass of nervous tissue in the body and contains billions of nerve cells
  • The control center for registering sensations, correlating with stored information, making decisions and taking actions.
A

BRAIN

52
Q

Embryological Divisions of the Brain

A
  1. Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
    * Telencephalon: Cerebrum with Basal ganglia
    * Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus
  2. Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
  3. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
53
Q
  • Surface layer of gray matter (cerebral cortex)
    greatly expanded by convolutions, or gyri.
  • Internal to which is the white substance made up
    of nerve fibers
  • “Seat of Intelligence”
A

Telencephalon (Cerebrum)

54
Q
  • Memory stage, recall , learning and reasoning for
    comprehension and execution of language
  • Perception of all sensations and sites where one
    modality of sensation can be integrated with others
  • Initiation of movements
A

Telencephalon (Cerebrum)

55
Q
  • Runs from the posterior to the anterior
    aspects almost completely dividing it into 2
    hemispheres
  • The hemispheres are connected in the midline by the corpus callosum
A

Longitudinal Fissure

56
Q
  • Between the temporal from the parietal lobe
A

Lateral Sylvian Fissure

57
Q
  • Between frontal and parietal lobes
A

Central Sulcus (Rolandic Fissure)

58
Q
  • Between the parietal and occipital lobes
A

Parieto – Occipital Fissure

59
Q
  • Found in the occipital lobe perpendicular to parieto-occipital fissure around which is the visual center
A

Calcarine Fissure

60
Q
  • Includes all the cortex lying anterior to the central sulcus and above the lateral sulcus of Sylvius
  • Center for motor functions and personality
A

Frontal Lobe

61
Q
  • Lies posterior to central sulcus and above
    the lateral Sylvian fissure
  • Center for ordinary sensory functions
A

Parietal Lobe

62
Q
  • Lies beneath the lateral sulcus of Sylvius
  • Center for hearing and olfaction
A

Temporal Lobe

63
Q
  • Occupies the posterior extremity of the
    cerebral hemisphere behind parieto-occipital
    fissure
  • Visual Center
A

Occipital Lobe

64
Q
  • Exposed when the lips of lateral Sylvian
    fissures are separated
A

Insula (Island of Reil)

65
Q
  • Lies in the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the central sulcus
  • Controls voluntary movements in the opposite side of the body
A

Primary Motor Area (Pre-central gyrus)

66
Q

Primary Motor Area (Pre-central gyrus)

A

Pre-frontal Area

67
Q
  • Lies in the inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere
A

Motor speech area (Broca’s area)

68
Q
  • Lies behind the central sulcus in parietal lobe
  • Ordinary sensations of pain, temperature,
    pressure and touch, position and movement
    sensation from opposite side of the body
A

Primary Sensory/Somesthetic Area/Post-central
gyrus

69
Q
  • Lies in temporal lobes posterior to the auditory
    area of dominant hemisphere
A

Sensory Speech Area (Wernicke’s area)

70
Q
  • Lies below lateral sulcus within the temporal lobe
  • Center for hearing
A

. Auditory or Hearing Area (Transverse gyri of Heschl)

71
Q
  • Cortex around the calcarine fissure
  • Found in occipital lobe
A

Visual Area

72
Q
  • Within the temporal lobe
A

Olfactory or Smell Area

73
Q
  • Above lateral sulcus into the deep layers of the
    sensory area
A

Taste Area

74
Q
  • Four paired masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter of the cerebral
    hemispheres
A

Telencephalon (Basal Ganglia)

75
Q

Include caudate nucleus (medial portion) and the putamen and globus pallidus
(lateral portion) collectively called

A

lentiform nucleus

76
Q
  • Located in the forebrain along with the cerebrum
A

Diencephalon

77
Q
  • Paired mass of gray matter situated below corpus
    callosum
  • Highest subcortical sensory integrating center
  • All sensory impulses (ordinary and special), passes the thalamus before going to cerebral cortex, except for
    smell
A

Thalamus

78
Q
  • Involved in the regulation of body temperature, feeding activities, concentration and volume of extracellular fluid, autonomic nervous system responses and endocrine functions
  • Where pituitary gland is attached to
A

Hypothalamus

79
Q
  • Located in the forebrain along with the
    cerebrum
A

Diencephalon

80
Q
  • A small region superior and posterior to the
    thalamus, consists of the pineal gland and
    habenular nuclei
A

Epithalamus

81
Q
  • Connects the forebrain and hindbrain
A

Mesencephalon

82
Q
  • The constricted central portion is called vermis and the lateral expanded portion the hemispheres.
  • Greatly aids the motor cortex of the cerebral hemispheres in the integration of voluntary movements
A

Cerebellum

83
Q
  • Lies anterior to the cerebellum and between the midbrain and medulla
  • Bridge-like structure, consisting almost entirely of white matter linking the various parts of the brain
A

Pons

84
Q
  • Continuous with the spinal cord anteriorly and with the pons superiorly
  • Lies ventral to the cerebellum
  • Has a number of vital regulatory and reflex centers, including those controlling the circulatory system, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing.
A

Medulla Oblongata

85
Q
  • Spaces inside the brain filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid
A

Ventricles of the Brain

86
Q
  • found inside the cerebral hemispheres
  • Communicates with the third ventricle by way of interventricular foramen (foramen of Monroe)
A

Lateral Ventricle

87
Q

** Small, slit-like cavity in the center of the diencephalon in between the 2 thalami.
* Continuous with the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius, a canal which passes through the midbrain

A

Third ventricle

88
Q
  • Lies between the cerebellum on the posteriorly side and the pons and medulla on the anterior side
  • Communicates with the subarachnoid space through the Foramen of Luschka and Magendie
A

Fourth Ventricle

89
Q

Provide protection to the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

90
Q

Dura Mater

A

Pachymeninx

91
Q

Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

A

Leptomeninges

92
Q
  • The outer meninx, is made of dense,
    fibrous tissues.
A

Dura Mater

93
Q

2 portions: Cranial and Spinal

A
  • Epidural space:
  • Subdural space:
94
Q
  • Delicate serous membrane located between the dura and pia mater.
  • The subarachnoid space between the arachnoid ater and the pia mater is occupied by thin, delicate connective tissues trabeculae and intercommunicating channels in which CSF is contained
A

Arachnoid Mater

95
Q
  • A vascular membrane consisting of a plexus of fine blood vessels held together by areolar connective tissue
  • The cranial portion invests the surface of the brain and dips down into the sulci
A

Pia Mater

96
Q
  • A colorless fluid circulating within the vesicles, the central canal of the spinal cord and also within the subarachnoid space
  • Serves as a water cushion to guard the brain and spinal cord against injury
  • Formed in ventricles by active secretion, principally from the capillaries of the choroid plexus
A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

97
Q

CSF Pathway

A

CSF from choroid plexuses in lateral ventricles - intraventricular
foramen of Monroe- third ventricle- aqueduct of Sylvius-
fourth ventricle- foramen of Luschka and Magendie-
subarachnoid space- arachnoid villi- absorbed in
the venous circulation

98
Q
  • Elongated and almost cylindrical part of the
    CNS
  • Continuous with the medulla oblongata above and extends from the level of foramen magnum to the lower border of first lumbar vertebra in adult and level of L3 vertebra in children
  • A mass nerve tissue located in the vertebral canal from which 31 pairs of spinal nerves originate.
A

SPINAL CORD

99
Q
  • Where nerve supply of upper extremities arises
    from
A

Cervical enlargement

100
Q
  • Where nerve supply of lower extremities arises
    from
A

Lumbar enlargement

101
Q

where it gives rise to the thread-like filum terminate
which terminates in the first coccygeal vertebra

A

conus medullaris

102
Q
  • Lumbar and sacral spinal nerves descend along
    the filum terminate in a bundle known as the
A

cauda equina

103
Q
  • Composed of the least permeable capillaries in the whole body.
  • Only water, glucose and essential amino acids pass easily through the walls of these capillaries
  • Non-essential amino acids and potassium ions not only are prevented from entering the brain but also are actively pumped from the brain into the blood
A

Blood-Brain Barrier

ANAPHY (21 decks)

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