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ANAPHY > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive Tract: / alimentary
organs

A

Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine (colon)

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2
Q

Accessory Organs:

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands,
pancreas, liver, and
gallbladder

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3
Q

Deciduous teeth, also called

A

d baby teeth or milk teeth.

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4
Q

Begins to erupt around 6 months; the first to
appear are the

A

lower central incisors.

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5
Q

erupted by the end of adolescence.

A

All permanent teeth except third molars

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6
Q

Wisdom teeth emerge between the ages of

A

17 and 25.

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7
Q

there are how many permanent teeth
in a full set

A

32

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8
Q

exposed portion of tooth; covered in enamel

A

Crown

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9
Q

connects root and crown

A

Neck

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10
Q

embedded portion of tooth

A

Root

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11
Q
  • NEAR CHEEK & EAR
    *CONTAIN ONLY SEROUS ACINI
A

PAROTID GLAND

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12
Q

PAROTID GLAND secretes

A

ALPHA-AMYLASE

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13
Q
  • PRODUCES MAJORITY OF SALIVA
    *CONTAINS BOTH SEROUS ACINI AND
    MUCOUS TUBULES
  • SEROUS DEMILUNES
A

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

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14
Q

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND secrets

A

LYSOZYME

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15
Q

*SMALLEST
*CONTAINS BOTH SEROUS ACINI AND
MUCOUS TUBULES

A

SUBLINGUAL GLANDS

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16
Q

SUBLINGUAL GLANDS secrets

A

MUCOUS; ALSO ADDS TO BOTH
AMYLASE AND LYSOZYM

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17
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

mastication

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18
Q

Breaking up food

A

TEETH

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19
Q

Mixes food with saliva

A

TONGUE

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20
Q

enzyme digests starch

A

Amylase

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21
Q

slippery protein (mucus) protects
soft lining of digestive system lubricates
food for easier swallowing

A

Mucin

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22
Q

neutralizes acid to prevent tooth
decay

A

Buffers

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23
Q

kill bacteria that
enter mouth with food

A

Anti-bacterial chemicals

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24
Q

-The back of the throat.
-Is approximately 15cm long.

A

PHARYNX

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25
Q
  • flap of cartilage
  • closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
  • food travels down esophagus
A

Epiglottis

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26
Q
  • involuntary muscle contractions to move food along
A

Peristalsis

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27
Q
  • 25 cm long
  • Pushes food to Stomach (peristalsis)
A

ESOPHAGUS

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28
Q

Series of involuntary wave-like muscle contractions which move food along the digestive tract

A

Peristalsis

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29
Q

C-Shaped

A

left abdominal cavity

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30
Q

-Varies from 15cm to 25 cm in length; holds up to
4 liters of food
-Mechanically and chemically breaks down food
-Food is temporarily stored here up to 2-4 hours
-Pushes food through pyloric sphincter to small
intestine
-Has layers of muscle that line the inside.

A

STOMACH

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31
Q

Regions of Stomach

A

-Cardia (near heart)
-Fundus
-Body
-Pyloric Antrum
-Pylorus

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32
Q

a simple columnar epithelium composed entirely of mucous cells.

A

Mucosa of the stomach

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33
Q

What stops the stomach from digesting itself?

A

mucus secreted by stomach cells protects stomach
lining

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34
Q

the stomach is made out of

A

protein

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35
Q

millions lining mucosa

A

Gastric Pits

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36
Q

secretes gastric juice

A

Gastric Glands

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37
Q

Chief Cells

A

pepsinogen

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38
Q
  • Secreted by the stomach.
  • Acidic (pH 1.5-2.5) (HCl).
A

GASTRIC JUICES

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39
Q

an enzyme that breaks down large
proteins into amino acids

A

Pepsin

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40
Q
  • Food is further broken down into a thin liquid
    called
A

chyme

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41
Q
  • Major Digestive Organ
  • Extends from Pyloric Sphincter to Large Intestine
  • 2 – 4 meters in length (longest in alimentary canal)
  • Located retriperitoneally
  • Lined with villi, increase surface area for absorption.
  • Small intestine has huge surface area = 300m2 (~size of tennis court)
A

SMALL INTESTINE

42
Q

SMALL INTESTINE 3 sections

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
43
Q

most digestion

44
Q

absorption of nutrients & water

A

jejunum & ileum

45
Q
  • 1st section of small intestines
  • acid food from stomach
  • mixes with digestive juices
46
Q

DUODENUM mixes with digestive juices from:

A

▪ pancreas
▪ liver
▪ gall bladder

47
Q

Absorption through villi & microvilli
* finger-like projections
* increase surface area for absorption

A

ABSORPTION BY SMALL INTESTINES

48
Q

pass through the large intestine.

A

Solid materials

49
Q

These are undigestible solids

50
Q

reabsorbed with the water.

A

Vitamins K and B

51
Q

solid wastes exit the body

52
Q
  • Function
  • re-absorb water
  • use ~9 liters of water every day in digestive juices
  • > 90% of water reabsorbed
  • not enough water absorbed
  • diarrhea
  • too much water absorbed
  • constipation
A

LARGE INTESTINES (COLON)

53
Q
  • produce vitamins
  • vitamin K; B vitamins
  • generate gases
  • by-product of bacterial metabolism
  • methane, hydrogen sulfide
A
  • Escherichia coli (E. coli)
54
Q
  • Last section of colon (large intestines)
  • eliminate feces
  • undigested materials
  • extracellular waste
  • mainly cellulose from plants
  • roughage or fiber
  • masses of bacteria
55
Q

ACCESSORY ORGANS

A

*Pancreas
*Gall Bladder
*Spleen

56
Q
  • Pouch structure located near the liver which concentrates and stores bile
A

Gall bladder

57
Q

a long tube that carries BILE

58
Q
  • emulsifies lipids (physically breaks apart FATS)
    *is a bitter, greenish-yellow alkaline fluid, stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids
    the process of digestion.
59
Q

An organ which secretes both digestive enzymes
(exocrine) and hormones (endocrine)

60
Q

digests all major nutrient types.

A

Pancreatic juice

61
Q

-Nearly all digestion occurs in

A

small intestine

62
Q
  • Function
  • produces bile
  • bile stored in gallbladder until needed
  • breaks up fats
  • act like detergents to breakup fats
63
Q

bile contains colors from old red
blood cells collected in liver =

A

iron in RBC rusts & makes feces brown

64
Q

▪break up food
▪digest starch
▪kill germs
▪moisten food

65
Q

▪kills germs
▪break up food
▪digest proteins
▪store food

66
Q

▪produces bile
- stored in gall bladder
▪break up fats

67
Q

▪produces enzymes to
digest proteins & starch

68
Q

Food in stomach, particularly partially digested prteins; ACh released by nerve fibers

A

Gastrin Stimulus for Secretion

69
Q

Stimulates release of gastric juice - Stimulates stomach emptying

A

Gastrin Action

70
Q

Gastric Source

71
Q

Food in Stomach

A

Intestinal gastrin Stimulus for secretion
Histamine Stimulus for secretion

72
Q

Stimulates gastric secretion and emptying

A

Intestinal gastrin action

73
Q

Intestinal gastrin Source

74
Q

Activates parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid

A

Histamine Action

75
Q

Histamine Source

76
Q

Food in stomach stimulated by sympathetic nerve fibers

A

Somatostatin Stimulus for secretion

77
Q

-Inhibits secretion of gastric juice and pancreatic juice
- Inhibits emptying of stomach and gallbladder

A

Somatostatin Action

78
Q

Somatostatin Source

A

Stomach and Duodenum

79
Q

Acidic chyme and partially digested foods in duodenum

A

Secretin Stimulus for Secretion

80
Q
  • Increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions - Increases out put by liver
  • Inhibits gastric mobility and gastric gland secretion
A

Secretin Action

81
Q

Secretin Source

82
Q

Fatty chyme and partially digested proteins in duodenum

A

Cholecytokinin (CCK) Stimulus for Secretion

83
Q

-Increases output of enzyme
-rich pancreatic juice
- Stimulates gallbladder to expel stored bile
- Relaxes sphincter of duodenal papilla to allow bile and pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum

A

Cholecytokinin (CCK) Action

84
Q

Cholecytokinin (CCK) Source

85
Q
  • Inhibits secretion of gastric juice
  • Stimulates insulin release
A

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) Action

86
Q

Food in duodenum

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) Stimulus of Secretion

87
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) Source

88
Q
  • When teeth remain embedded in the jawbone
  • Can exert pressure and cause a good deal of pain
    Wisdom teeth are the most commonly impacted
A

Impacted Teeth

89
Q

may result in dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, which can be fatal if severe

A

Prolonged diarrhea

90
Q
  • Any condition that rushes food residue through the large intestine before that organ has had sufficient
    time to absorb the water
  • Prolonged diarrhea may result in dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, which can be fatal if severe
A

Watery stools, or Diarrhea

91
Q
  • Too much water is absorbed; the stool becomes hard and difficult to pass.
  • May result from lack of fiber in the diet, poor bowel habits
A

Constipation

92
Q
  • Caused by local irritation of the stomach, such as occurs with bacterial food poisoning
  • Activates the emetic center in the brain (medulla).
A

Vomiting/Emesis

93
Q

-If bile is stored in the gallbladder for too long or too much water is removed, the cholesterol it contains may crystallized
-Agonizing pain may occur when the
gallbladder contracts

A

Gallstones

94
Q

Rare but extremely serious inflammation of the pancreas; results from activation of pancreatic enzymes in the pancreatic duct.

A

Pancreatitis

95
Q

mucosa protrudes through the colon walls, a condition called

A

Diverticulosis

96
Q

diverticula become inflamed, can be life-threatening if ruptures occur.

A

Diverticulitis

97
Q

-Caused by failure of cardioesophageal sphincter to close tightly; gastric juice backs up to esophagus
-Leads to esophagitis, even ulceration
-Because the diaphragm no longer reinforces the relatively weak cardioesophageal sphincter, gastric juice flows into the unprotected esophagus.

98
Q

-Peritoneum is infected
-Peritoneal membranes tend to stick together around the infection site.
-This provides time for macrophages in the lymphatic tissue to mount an attack

A

Peritonitis

99
Q

-Typically a round, sharply defined crater 1 to 4 cm in diameter in the mucosa of any part of the GI tract exposed to secretions of the stomach.
-May occur in the esophagus, but 98% occur in the pyloric part of the stomach (gastric ulcers) or the first part of the duodenum (duodenal ulcers).

A

Peptic Ulcer

100
Q

-May appear at any age; develop most frequently between ages 50 and 70.
-Recurring tendency—healing, then flaring up periodically—for the rest of a person’s life if not treated

A

Peptic Ulcer

ANAPHY (21 decks)

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