Senses: General and Special Flashcards
Temperature, pain, touch, stretch, pressure are ___________ senses
Gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, hearing are ___________ senses
General, special
Receptors act as ___________ and they change from one energy to another
e.g visual receptors change light energy into electrical energy on the optic nerve
Receptors have ___________ ___________ which are areas through which their sensitive ends are distributed
Transducers, receptive fields
Tonic receptors ___________ adapt (only slowly decrease firing in response to a constant stimulus)
Phasic receptors ___________ adapt to constant stimuli (fire only in response to changing stimuli)
___________ sense receptors are distributed throughout skin and organs
___________ sense receptors are housed in complex organs in head
Slowly
Rapidly
General
Special
- Receptor distribution
- ___________ sensory receptors
in skin, mucous membranes lining body cavities, joints, muscles, tendons
Monitor a variety of stimuli including texture, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration, stretch
- ___________ sensory receptors
In walls of internal organs and blood vessels
Detect stretch, changes in chemical concentrations, temperature, pain - ___________ sense receptors
Specialized, complex sense organs located in the head
Special senses are smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium
Somatic
Visceral
Special
- Stimulus origin
___________ detect stimuli from external environment
- includes receptors in skin, in body cavity linings, special sense organs
___________ detect stimuli in internal organs
- include stretch receptors in smooth muscle as well as receptors for pain, pressure, temperature, chemical changes in viscera
___________ detect stimuli pertaining to body position
- Found in muscles, tendons, and joints
Exteroceptors
Interoceptors
Proprioceptors
- Modality of stimulus
___________: detect specific molecules dissolved in fluid
___________: detect changes in temperature
___________: detect changes in intensity, color, position in light
___________: detect touch, pressure, vibration, stretch
___________: detect pressure changes within body structures
___________: detect painful stimuli
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Baroreceptors:
Nociceptors
Phantom pain is a sensation associated with a part of the body that has been ___________
___________ ___________ syndrome: excitation of a CNS neuron that was formerly excited by the amputated limb interpreted as pain in that limb
___________ pain occurs when impulses from certain viscera are perceived as originating from the dermatome of the skin, and not the viscera
E.g heart attack may be referred to dermatomes of T1-T5
Amputated
Phantom limb syndrome
Referred
sites of referred pain
Liver and gallblader, appendix, ureter, heart, stomach, pancreas, ovary, kidney, urinary bladder
Tactile receptors are the most ___________ type.
They are ___________ receptors that react to touch, pressure, vibration
___________ receptors have nerve endings wrapped in CT or glial cells
___________ receptors do not
Numerous,
mechano
Encapsulated
Unencapsulated
Unencapsulated:
- ___________ ___________ in dermis
- ___________ ___________ around follicles
- ___________ ___________ associated with tactile (merkel) cells in stratum basale
Encapsulated types:
- ___________ corpuscle
= ___________corpuscle in dermis, subcutaneous tissue, synovial membrane, and some viscera
- ___________ corpuscle
= Messner’s corpuscle in dermal papillae, especially lips, palms, eyelids, nipples, genitals
___________ an ___________ corpuscles also found in dermis as well as other locations
Free nerve endings
Root hair plexus
Tactile discs
Lamellated
Pacinian
Tactile
Meissner’s
Bulbous (ruffini’s) and Krause’s end bulbs
Phasic or tonic?
Free nerve endings
Root hair plexus
Tactile disc
Lamellated
Tactile corpuscle
Bulbous corpuscle
End bulb
Phasic or tonic
Phasic
Tonic
Phasic
Phasic
Tonic
Tonic
Meissner’s corpuscle:
Reception field size
Adaptation speed
vibration frequency
location
action
Phasic or tonic
Reception field size: small
Adaptation speed: Rapid
vibration frequency: low
location: Shallow in dermis
action: stroking
Tonic
Merkel cell
Reception field size
Adaptation speed
vibration frequency
location
action
Phasic or tonic
Reception field size: small
Adaptation speed: slow
vibration frequency: low
location: basal epidermis
action: light touch
Tonic
Pacinian (Lamellated)
Reception field size
Adaptation speed
vibration frequency
location
action
Phasic or tonic
Reception field size: Large
Adaptation speed: Rapid
vibration frequency: High
location: Deep in dermis
action: Pressure
Phasic
Ruffini’s corpuscle (bulbous)
Reception field size
Adaptation speed
vibration frequency
location
action
Phasic or tonic
Reception field size: large
Adaptation speed: slow
vibration frequency: high
location: Deep in dermis
action: skin stretch
Tonic
Olfaction is the sense of smell and __________ are dissolved in mucus of nasal cavity and detected
__________ __________ lines the superior part of nasal cavity
Olfactory receptor cells detect __________
__________ cells replace olfactory receptors
__________ cells sustain olfactory receptors
Deep to the epithelium is the __________ __________ which contains mucin secreting __________ (Browman’s) glands
Olfactory receptor cells are specialized __________ neurons
Each has a single dendrite with many __________ __________ containing receptors
Bundles of axons of olfactory receptor cells form __________ __________
Odorants
Olfactory epithelium
odors
Supporting cells
Basal cells
Lamina propria, olfactory glands
Bipolar neurons
Olfactory hairs
Olfactory nerves
__________ is the sense of taste and are housed in taste buds
Taste buds are located on the __________ surface of the tongue in epithelial and CT elevations called __________
__________ papillae: small numerous keratinized bumps LACKING taste buds
__________ papillae: mushroom shaped bumps on top and sides of tongue containing FEW buds
__________ papillae: Round bumps arranged in a “V” on posterior dorsal surface of tongue contains MANY taste buds
__________ papillae: subtle ridges on posterior later surface of tongue housing FEW tastebuds in EARLY childhood but are less prominent in adulthood
What are the five taste sensations (and which molecules involved) -
Taste buds from anterior 2/3 of tongue conduct gustory information to CNS from __________
Tate buds from posterior 1/3 of tongue conduct gustatory information to CNS through __________
Motor innervation:
__________ nerve for all muscles except __________ (by vagus nerve)
Vagus nerve carries taste information from __________ and __________
Gustation
Dorsal, papillae
Filiform
Fungiform
Vallate
Foliate
Sweet; sugars
Salt: metal ions (Na+)
Sour: acids
Bitter: alkaloids
Umami: amino acids
Facial (CN VII)
Glossophyngeal (CN IX)
Hypoglossal, palatoglossus
Palate and epiglottus
Eyelids: movable anterior protective coverings for eye. Superior and inferior __________ plates form the CT core.
- Tarsal glands are __________ glands within eye, secretion prevents overflow of tears and sticky eyelids
- __________ fissure is space between eyelids
- medial and lateral __________ __________ are corners of eyes
- __________ __________ is the medial pink bump containing ciliary glands that produce gritty secretion
Tarsal
Sebaceous
Palpebral, Palpebral commissures
Lacrimal caruncle
__________ gland: produces tears
__________ __________: contains modified sweat glands:
__________ __________: Small “holes” in caruncles
__________ __________: drains lacrimal fluid into lacrimal sac
__________ __________: receives tears from lacrimal sac and drains into nasal cavity
__________ __________(tears) is produced in lacrimal gland. It is dispersed across eye field when we blink.
Enters __________ __________, drains into __________ __________, collects in __________ __________.
Lacrimal fluid from __________ __________ drains through __________ __________
Lacrimal fluid enters the nasal cavity near inferior nasal concha
Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal caruncle
Lacrimal Puncta
Lacrimal canaliculus
Nasolacrimal duct
Lacrimal fluid, lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac
Lacrimal sac
The conjuctiva is the stratified __________ epithelium lining over
anterior surface of eye: __________ __________
Internal surface of eye: __________
The space where it folds back on itself is the __________ __________
Contains blood vessels and nerves as well as goblet cells that lubricate eye
Does not cover __________`
Columnar
Ocular conjunctiva
Palpebral conjuctiva
Conjuctival fornix
Cornea
__________ __________ cushions the eye within the socket
Anterior cavity is in front of lens and contains __________ __________ __________
Posterior cavity is behind the lens and contains __________ __________ __________
3 layers of Eye walls:
Orbital fat
Circulating aqueous humor
Permanent vitreous humor
Fibrous tunic, Vascular tunic, retina (nervous tunic)
Fibrous tunic
- Cornea: transparent, __________ layer that receives oxygen and nutrients from lacrimal fluid and aqueous humor
What makes up majority of fibrous tunic?
Considered “white” part of eye. Provides shape, protects, internal parts of eye. Made of __________ __________ CT
Avascular,
Sclera, Dense irregular
Vascular tunic
__________: contains vast network of capillaries supplying nutrients and oxygen to RETINA
__________ __________: composed of ciliary muscles and ciliary processes; changes lens SHAPE
__________: PIGMENTED part of anterior eye; defines pupil and controls amount of light entering eye
- __________ __________ pupillae
- __________ __________ pupillae
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
- Circular sphincter (constriction)
- Radial dilator (dilation)
Retina (nervous tunic)
- Pigmented later: attached to __________; absorbs __________that passes through retina. Also provides __________ with vitamin A, nutrients, oxygen
- Neural layer: houses __________ and associated neurons. Receives light, converts energy into __________ __________
__________ __________ is the jagged margin between __________ and __________ (anterior) part of retina, near ciliary body
Choroid, light, retina, photorecepters
Photoreceptors, nerve impulses
Ora serrata, photosensitive, nonphotosensitive
Organization of retina
__________ cells: outermost layer, composed of rods and cones
- Rods are important in __________ light
- Cones are important for __________ vision and __________
__________ cells: Synapse with photoreceptors and ganglion cells
- Some __________ cells are between photoreceptors and bipolar cells
__________ cells: innermost layer of retina; axons of these cells leave the retina and form optic nerve
- Some __________ cells are between bipolar and ganglion
The __________ __________ is a blind spot on retina lacking photoreceptors
- located where the __________ cell exits __________ to form optic nerve and blood vessels enter and exit retina
- The __________ __________ is a depression in the retina containing the highest portion of __________ and almost no __________.
- area of __________ vision
- located within __________ __________ (lateral to optic disc)
Photoreceptor
- Dim
- Precise, color
Bipolar
- horizontal
Ganglion
- Amacrine
optic disc, ganglion, retina
- Fovea centralis, cones, rods, sharpest, Macula lutea
The lens is a transparent, deformable structure held behind the pupil by __________ __________.
Sensory ligaments attach to __________ capsule of lens
Changes in shape of lens caused by __________ muscle
Accommodation = __________ lens shape = for __________ sight
__________ fibers excite ciliary muscle —> ciliary muscle __________—> suspensory ligaments __________ —-> lens becomes __________
Suspensory ligaments
outer, shape
- ciliary muscle of ciliary body
Accommodation, spherical, near
- Parasympathetic, contracts, slacken, spherical
Anterior cavity: between __________ and __________, filled with __________ __________
- The __________ subdivides this into anterior and posterior chambers
Posterior cavity: between __________ and __________: filled with __________ __________
- Fluid is __________, transparent, permanent
- __________ __________ is remnant of developmental hyaloid blood vessel
Process of aqueous humor secretion:
Lens and cornea, aqueous humor
- Iris
lens, retina, vitreous humor
- Gelly-like
- Hyaloid canal
- Posterior chamber —> pupil –> anterior chamber –> scleral venous sinus of limbus
Visual pathways:
Retinal photoreceptors convert light to neural signals
- Simulus is passed to ________ and ________ cells
Axons of of ganglion form ________
- Optic nerves converge at ________ where axons of ________ retina cross to other side
- Most optic tract axons extend to ________ ________ ________ of ________
From thalamus, axons project to the ________ ________ of the ________ lobe
Some optic tracts project to the ________
- Some go to ________ ________ to coordinate visual reflexes involving extrinsic eye muscles
- Some go to ________ ________ to control pupillary and accommodation reflexes
- bipolar, ganglion
- optic nerve
- optic chiasm, medial
- lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
Primary visual cortex of occipital lobe
Midbrain
- Superior colliculi
- Pretectal nuclei
Describe visual pathway
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Lateral geniculate
Optic radiation
Primary visual cortex of occipital lobe
External ear
________: skin covered funnel-shaped elastic cartilage supported structure
Auricle leads to a bony tube called ________ ________ ________ which ends at ________ ________ (eardrum)
Deep within the external auditory meatus, glands produce a waxlike secretion called ________ to impeded growth of microorganisms
Auricle
External acoustic meatus, Tympanic membrane
Cerumen
Middle ear contains air filled ________ ________, just medial to tympanic membrane
The ________ ________ connects middle ear to nasopharynx
Three ________ ________ (small bones) transmit sound waves to inner ear
- ________ between tympanic membrane an incus
- ________ is the middle ossicle
- ________ between incus and oval window to inner ear
________ and ________ ________small muscles contract to restrict ossicle movement when loud noises occur
The stapes at the oval window generates ________ waves in the ________ within ________ ________
Remaining pressure waves are transferred to the ________ ________ and exit the inner ear via ________ ________
Tympanic cavity
Auditory tube
Auditory ossicles
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
Stapedius, tensor tympani
pressure, perilymph, scala vestibuli
Scala tympani, round window
Inner ear:
Within bony labryinth are fluid filled tubes and spaces called the ________ ________
- Receptors for ________ and ________ are here
Space between bony membranous labryinths is filled with a fluid called ________
Membranous labryinth contains fluid called ________
Bony labyrinth has 3 regions:
- Cochlea: houses ________ ________ ________
- Vestibule: houses two membranous sacs: the ________ and ________
- Semicircular canals each containing a ________ ________ ________
Membranous labyrinth
- Equilibrium, hearing
Perilymph
Endolymph
Membranous cochlear duct
utricle, saccule
membranous semicircular duct
________ refers to awareness of head position
________ ________ consists of sensory receptors in utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts
- the ________ and ________ detect ________ equilibrium (head position when head is stationary) and linear acceleration
- The semicircular ducts detect ________ ________ (rotational movement)
The ________ of the vestibule are located along the internal walls of the utricle and saccule.
The sensory epithelium lining the two macule contains ________ and ________ cells
Har cells’ apical surface contain more than 50 stiff microvili called ________ and one long cilium called a ________
Equilibrium
Vestibular apparatus
- Utricle and saccule, static
- Angular acceleration
Maculae
hair, supporting
Stereocilia
Kinocilium
Stereocilia and kinocilium projecting from hair cells of maculae are embedded in a gelly mass called _______
- Small calcium carbonate crystals
Otoliths and gelatin layer form the ________ ________
Otoliths
Otolithic membrane
The semicircular canals are continuous with the ________
What are the 3 canals:
Receptors within semicircular ducts detect ________ movement of head
Within each semicircular canal is an expanded region called ________
- contains an elevated region called ________ ________ that is covered by hair cells and supporting cells
The stereocilia and kinocilia of the hair cells embed into an overlying gelatinous dome called ________
When the head rotates, the ________ pushes against ________ and bends stereocilia
utricle
rotational
ampulla
Crista ampullaris
Cupula
Endolymph, cupula
The ________ is the inner ear organ of hearing
- snail shaped with bony axis called ________
- Membranous labyrinth within cochlea is the ________ ________
The bony labyrinth surrounds the cochlear duct is split into what two chambers?
________ ________ of cochlea is a thick sensory epithelium with hair and supporting cells resting on the basilar membrane
The stereocilia and kinocilium of each hair cell project into the ________ _______.
At base of hair cells are sensory neurons called ________ ________
