4.09 Endocrine system Flashcards
Hormones are secreted into __________ __________ and __________
Interstitial fluid, blood stream
Hormones bind at hormone __________ and affect __________ __________
Regulation, metabolism, secretion
Receptors, target cells
Endocrine glands are __________
- all endocrine organs have an extensive distribution of __________ __________
- endocrine and nervous system both function to communicate signals throughout body to bring __________
- called __________ system
ductless
blood vessels
homeostasis
neuroendocrine
Target of stimulation
- nervous system:
- Endocrine system:
Other neurons, muscle cells, gland cells
any cells in the body with a receptor for hormone
Communication method
- nervous system
- endorine system
Neurotransmitter release from neuron into synaptic cleft
Hormones transported within blood
Response time
- nervous system:
- endocrine system:
Rapid reaction time
relatively slow
Range of effect
- nervous system
- endocrine system
Localized, specific effects in the body
widespread effects throughout the bodY
Duration of response
- nervous system:
- endocrine system:
Short-term, ends with removal of stimulus
- long-lasting: may continue if stimulus removed
Hormones can only affect __________ __________ or __________ that have receptors for specific hormone
Target cells, organs
Three chemical classes of hormones
- protein hormones: chains of __________ __________, smaller chains of __________
- biogenic amines: small molecules made by __________ structure of amino acid
- steroid hormones: type of __________ derived from __________
Amino acids, peptide
altering
lipid, cholesterol
Hormone secretion is regulated by self adjusting mechanism called __________ __________
- two types of feedback: negative and positive
__________ feedback is more common
Feedback loop
Negative
__________ is control system of endocrine system
secretes __________hormones that control release of __________ _________ hormones
Hypothalamus
Regulatory, anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus releases __________ and __________ hormones
Releasing (RH), inhibiting(IH)
Hypothalamus (posterior pituitary) produces __________ and __________ hormone
Stored in and released from __________ __________ __________
Oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic (ADH)
Posterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus controls stimulation of __________ __________
- by exciting __________ __________ system is stimulates adrenal gland to secrete hormones
Adrenal medulla
Nervous system
Pituitary gland also called __________
located __________ to hypothalamus
- connected by _________
Divided into __________ and __________ lobes
hypophysis
inferior
infundibulum
anterior, posterior
Anterior pituitary gland
- Pars distalis: large, __________ part
- Pars intermedia: scant part between __________ and __________
- pars stuberalis: wrapping around __________
Anterior
pars distalis, posterior pituitary
infundibulum
Anterior pituitary is controlled by __________ hormones secreted from __________
Travel through __________ __________ portal system
Regulatory, hypothalamus
hypothalamo-hypophyseal
Hypothalamus has __________ __________ network drained by __________ __________
primary plexus, hypophyseal portal veins
Within anterior pituitary, the portal veins disperse into __________ __________ of capillaries
- hypothalamic hormones exit blood and access anterior pituitary cells
Secondary plexus
Blood from anterior pituitary enters system circulation via __________ __________
Anterior hypophyseal veins
Anterior pituitary secretes several __________ hormones that stimulate other glands to secrete hormones
- thyrotropic cells of pars distalis secrete __________ __________ hormon
Tropic
Thyroid stimulating
Gonadotropic cells in parts distalis secrete what hormones?
Follicle stimulation, Luteinizing
Corticotropic cells in pars distalis secrete __________ __________ hormone
Somatotropic cells in pars distalis secrete __________ hormone which stimulates __________ __________ from liver
Adrenocorticotropin
Growth hormone, insulin like growth factors
Anterior pituitary’s pars intermedia secretes __________ hormone
Melanocyte-stimulating
posterior pituitary is __________ part of pituitary gland
- comprised of __________ and __________
Neuro
pars nervosa, infundibulum stalk
Neural conection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary is __________ __________
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus have __________ axons in tract
When they fure impulses, they release hormones from terminals in __________ __________ to bloodstream
Unmyelinated
Posterior pituitary
Posterior pituity secretes what hormones?
Antidiuretic (vasopressin), oxytocin
What gland is the largest?
Thyroid
Thyroid gland is located __________ to thyroid cartilage and anterior to __________
Butterfly shape with left and right lobes connected by midline __________
Inferior, trachea
Isthmus
Thyroid gland is composed of __________ __________ containing __________
__________ __________ cells produce and secrete __________
Iodine molecules are combined with TGB to make thyroid hormone precursors that are stored in colloid
- when needed for secretion, follicular cells make up TGB and convert to __________
Thyroid follicles, colloid
cuboidal follicular cells, thyroglobulin
Thyroid hormone
Parafollicular cells
- largest endocrine cells located between __________ __________
- secrete __________ in response to elevated blood CALCIUM
- reduced blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts and increasing calcium loss in urine
Thyroid follicles
calcitonin
Low body temperatures signal hypothalamus to release __________ __________ (TRH) hormone
- causes anterior pituitary gland to release __________ __________ (TSH)hormone
- TSH stimulates thyroid follicles to release __________ (TH) hormone
- TH stimulates many cells to increase __________ rate which inreases body temp
Increased temp inhibits ____ release
____ inhibits release of TRH and TSH
Thyrotropin releasing
thyroid stimulating
thyroid
metabolic
TRH
TH
Increase temperature inhibits __________ release
TH inhibits release of what?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone
Parathyroid glands are on __________ surface of thyroid gland
Posterior
Chief cells secrete __________ hormone
- raises blood calcium levels by sitmulating osteoclasts, stimulating __________ __________ and preventing calcium lost through urine
__________ __________: function unknown
Parathyroid
calcitriol synthesis
Oxyphil cells
Where are adrenal glands?
Superior border of kidneys
There is outer and inner adrenal __________ and __________
- each region secretes different hormones
Cortex, medulla
Each adrenal cortex produces __________ hormones
Corticosteroid
(Get Filthy Rich)
Zona glomerulosa: produces __________ such as __________
Zona fasciculata: produces __________ such as __________ and __________
Zona reticularis: produces __________including __________
mineralocoricoids, aldosterone
glucocorticoids, cortisone and corticosterone
Gonadocorticoids, androgens
Adrenal __________ is gland’s inner core
has __________ cells which are modified ganglionic cells of sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
- secretes __________ and __________,
(fight or flight response of sympathetic nervous system)
Medulla
Chromaffin
Norepinephrine, epinephrine
The __________ sits between the duodenum and spleen
Pancrease
The pancreas is __________ to the stomach
posterior
Pancreas has __________ __________ that produce aklaline secretions into ducts that lead to duodenum for digestion
Also contains small clusters of endocrine cells called __________ __________
Pancreatic acini
Pancreatic islets
What are the four types of islet cells?
Alpha, beta, delta, F cells
Pancreas islet cells: secrete __________
alpha cells: secrete __________ to raise blood glucose
Beta cells: secrete __________ to lower blood glucose
Delta cells: secrete __________ (GHIH) which slows rate of nutrient entry into bloodstream
F cells: secrete __________ __________ to suppress somatostatin secretion
hormones
glucagon
insulin
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide
Pineal is in posterior __________
Epithalamus
Its pinealocytes secrete __________, makes us drowsy
Melatonin
Melatonin
- production __________at night
- has effect on _________ system hormones
increases
reproductive
Thymus is located superior to _________ and deep to _________
Heart, sternum
Thymus
- contains epithelial cells and maturing _________
- larger in _________
- functions with _________ system to regulate immune system
- produces _________ and _________ hormones that stimulate growth of T-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
infants
lymphatic
Thymopoetin, thymosins
Kidney hormones help regulate what?
Electrocytes, erythrocyte production, blood volume, blood pressure
Kidney hormones
- _________ is actie vitamin, stimulates calcium intake in intestine
- _________ raises rate of erythrocyte production
- _________ helps form angiotensin II
Calcitrol
Erythropoietin
Renin
Heart atrial cells secrete _________ that increases sodium and water excretion
- _________ blood pressure
Atrial natriuretic peptide
lowers
GI tract organs secrete
- _________
- _________
Gastrin
Secretin
Gastric stimulates secretion of _________ _________
secretin regulates _________ in digestive organs
Gastric acids
secretions
Adipose tissue releases _________
Leptin
Leptin regulates _________
Hunger
The gonads produce _________ hormones
Sex
Ovaries produce what hormones?
Estrogen, progesterone
Testes produce _________ such as testosterone
Androgens
Gonads secrete _________ that inhibit _________ hormone secrtion
Inhibin
Follicle stimulating hormone secretion
Placenta produces what hormon?
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
