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Anatomy > 4.09 Endocrine system > Flashcards

4.09 Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones are secreted into __________ __________ and __________

A

Interstitial fluid, blood stream

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2
Q

Hormones bind at hormone __________ and affect __________ __________

Regulation, metabolism, secretion

A

Receptors, target cells

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3
Q

Endocrine glands are __________
- all endocrine organs have an extensive distribution of __________ __________
- endocrine and nervous system both function to communicate signals throughout body to bring __________

  • called __________ system
A

ductless
blood vessels
homeostasis

neuroendocrine

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4
Q

Target of stimulation
- nervous system:
- Endocrine system:

A

Other neurons, muscle cells, gland cells
any cells in the body with a receptor for hormone

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5
Q

Communication method
- nervous system
- endorine system

A

Neurotransmitter release from neuron into synaptic cleft
Hormones transported within blood

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6
Q

Response time
- nervous system:
- endocrine system:

A

Rapid reaction time
relatively slow

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7
Q

Range of effect
- nervous system
- endocrine system

A

Localized, specific effects in the body
widespread effects throughout the bodY

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8
Q

Duration of response
- nervous system:
- endocrine system:

A

Short-term, ends with removal of stimulus
- long-lasting: may continue if stimulus removed

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9
Q

Hormones can only affect __________ __________ or __________ that have receptors for specific hormone

A

Target cells, organs

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10
Q

Three chemical classes of hormones
- protein hormones: chains of __________ __________, smaller chains of __________

  • biogenic amines: small molecules made by __________ structure of amino acid
  • steroid hormones: type of __________ derived from __________
A

Amino acids, peptide

altering

lipid, cholesterol

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11
Q

Hormone secretion is regulated by self adjusting mechanism called __________ __________

  • two types of feedback: negative and positive

__________ feedback is more common

A

Feedback loop

Negative

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12
Q

__________ is control system of endocrine system

secretes __________hormones that control release of __________ _________ hormones

A

Hypothalamus

Regulatory, anterior pituitary

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13
Q

Hypothalamus releases __________ and __________ hormones

A

Releasing (RH), inhibiting(IH)

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14
Q

Hypothalamus (posterior pituitary) produces __________ and __________ hormone

Stored in and released from __________ __________ __________

A

Oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic (ADH)

Posterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

Hypothalamus controls stimulation of __________ __________

  • by exciting __________ __________ system is stimulates adrenal gland to secrete hormones
A

Adrenal medulla

Nervous system

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16
Q

Pituitary gland also called __________
located __________ to hypothalamus
- connected by _________

Divided into __________ and __________ lobes

A

hypophysis
inferior
infundibulum

anterior, posterior

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17
Q

Anterior pituitary gland
- Pars distalis: large, __________ part
- Pars intermedia: scant part between __________ and __________
- pars stuberalis: wrapping around __________

A

Anterior
pars distalis, posterior pituitary
infundibulum

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18
Q

Anterior pituitary is controlled by __________ hormones secreted from __________

Travel through __________ __________ portal system

A

Regulatory, hypothalamus

hypothalamo-hypophyseal

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19
Q

Hypothalamus has __________ __________ network drained by __________ __________

A

primary plexus, hypophyseal portal veins

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20
Q

Within anterior pituitary, the portal veins disperse into __________ __________ of capillaries
- hypothalamic hormones exit blood and access anterior pituitary cells

A

Secondary plexus

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21
Q

Blood from anterior pituitary enters system circulation via __________ __________

A

Anterior hypophyseal veins

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22
Q

Anterior pituitary secretes several __________ hormones that stimulate other glands to secrete hormones
- thyrotropic cells of pars distalis secrete __________ __________ hormon

A

Tropic
Thyroid stimulating

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23
Q

Gonadotropic cells in parts distalis secrete what hormones?

A

Follicle stimulation, Luteinizing

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24
Q

Corticotropic cells in pars distalis secrete __________ __________ hormone

Somatotropic cells in pars distalis secrete __________ hormone which stimulates __________ __________ from liver

A

Adrenocorticotropin

Growth hormone, insulin like growth factors

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25
Q

Anterior pituitary’s pars intermedia secretes __________ hormone

A

Melanocyte-stimulating

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26
Q

posterior pituitary is __________ part of pituitary gland
- comprised of __________ and __________

A

Neuro
pars nervosa, infundibulum stalk

27
Q

Neural conection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary is __________ __________

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

28
Q

neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus have __________ axons in tract

When they fure impulses, they release hormones from terminals in __________ __________ to bloodstream

A

Unmyelinated

Posterior pituitary

29
Q

Posterior pituity secretes what hormones?

A

Antidiuretic (vasopressin), oxytocin

30
Q

What gland is the largest?

A

Thyroid

31
Q

Thyroid gland is located __________ to thyroid cartilage and anterior to __________

Butterfly shape with left and right lobes connected by midline __________

A

Inferior, trachea

Isthmus

32
Q

Thyroid gland is composed of __________ __________ containing __________

__________ __________ cells produce and secrete __________

Iodine molecules are combined with TGB to make thyroid hormone precursors that are stored in colloid
- when needed for secretion, follicular cells make up TGB and convert to __________

A

Thyroid follicles, colloid

cuboidal follicular cells, thyroglobulin

Thyroid hormone

33
Q

Parafollicular cells
- largest endocrine cells located between __________ __________
- secrete __________ in response to elevated blood CALCIUM
- reduced blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts and increasing calcium loss in urine

A

Thyroid follicles

calcitonin

34
Q

Low body temperatures signal hypothalamus to release __________ __________ (TRH) hormone
- causes anterior pituitary gland to release __________ __________ (TSH)hormone
- TSH stimulates thyroid follicles to release __________ (TH) hormone
- TH stimulates many cells to increase __________ rate which inreases body temp

Increased temp inhibits ____ release
____ inhibits release of TRH and TSH

A

Thyrotropin releasing
thyroid stimulating
thyroid
metabolic

TRH
TH

35
Q

Increase temperature inhibits __________ release
TH inhibits release of what?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone

36
Q

Parathyroid glands are on __________ surface of thyroid gland

A

Posterior

37
Q

Chief cells secrete __________ hormone
- raises blood calcium levels by sitmulating osteoclasts, stimulating __________ __________ and preventing calcium lost through urine

__________ __________: function unknown

A

Parathyroid
calcitriol synthesis

Oxyphil cells

38
Q

Where are adrenal glands?

A

Superior border of kidneys

39
Q

There is outer and inner adrenal __________ and __________
- each region secretes different hormones

A

Cortex, medulla

40
Q

Each adrenal cortex produces __________ hormones

A

Corticosteroid

41
Q

(Get Filthy Rich)

Zona glomerulosa: produces __________ such as __________

Zona fasciculata: produces __________ such as __________ and __________

Zona reticularis: produces __________including __________

A

mineralocoricoids, aldosterone
glucocorticoids, cortisone and corticosterone
Gonadocorticoids, androgens

42
Q

Adrenal __________ is gland’s inner core

has __________ cells which are modified ganglionic cells of sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
- secretes __________ and __________,
(fight or flight response of sympathetic nervous system)

A

Medulla

Chromaffin

Norepinephrine, epinephrine

43
Q

The __________ sits between the duodenum and spleen

A

Pancrease

44
Q

The pancreas is __________ to the stomach

A

posterior

45
Q

Pancreas has __________ __________ that produce aklaline secretions into ducts that lead to duodenum for digestion

Also contains small clusters of endocrine cells called __________ __________

A

Pancreatic acini

Pancreatic islets

46
Q

What are the four types of islet cells?

A

Alpha, beta, delta, F cells

47
Q

Pancreas islet cells: secrete __________

alpha cells: secrete __________ to raise blood glucose

Beta cells: secrete __________ to lower blood glucose

Delta cells: secrete __________ (GHIH) which slows rate of nutrient entry into bloodstream

F cells: secrete __________ __________ to suppress somatostatin secretion

A

hormones

glucagon

insulin

somatostatin

pancreatic polypeptide

48
Q

Pineal is in posterior __________

A

Epithalamus

49
Q

Its pinealocytes secrete __________, makes us drowsy

A

Melatonin

50
Q

Melatonin
- production __________at night
- has effect on _________ system hormones

A

increases
reproductive

51
Q

Thymus is located superior to _________ and deep to _________

A

Heart, sternum

52
Q

Thymus
- contains epithelial cells and maturing _________
- larger in _________
- functions with _________ system to regulate immune system
- produces _________ and _________ hormones that stimulate growth of T-lymphocytes

A

T-lymphocytes
infants
lymphatic
Thymopoetin, thymosins

53
Q

Kidney hormones help regulate what?

A

Electrocytes, erythrocyte production, blood volume, blood pressure

54
Q

Kidney hormones
- _________ is actie vitamin, stimulates calcium intake in intestine

  • _________ raises rate of erythrocyte production
  • _________ helps form angiotensin II
A

Calcitrol

Erythropoietin

Renin

55
Q

Heart atrial cells secrete _________ that increases sodium and water excretion
- _________ blood pressure

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide
lowers

56
Q

GI tract organs secrete
- _________
- _________

A

Gastrin
Secretin

57
Q

Gastric stimulates secretion of _________ _________

secretin regulates _________ in digestive organs

A

Gastric acids

secretions

58
Q

Adipose tissue releases _________

A

Leptin

59
Q

Leptin regulates _________

A

Hunger

60
Q

The gonads produce _________ hormones

A

Sex

61
Q

Ovaries produce what hormones?

A

Estrogen, progesterone

62
Q

Testes produce _________ such as testosterone

A

Androgens

63
Q

Gonads secrete _________ that inhibit _________ hormone secrtion

A

Inhibin
Follicle stimulating hormone secretion

64
Q

Placenta produces what hormon?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Anatomy (21 decks)

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