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Anatomy > 4.06 Urinary System > Flashcards

4.06 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys and ureters are __________

Urinary bladder is __________

A

Retroperitoneal

Infraperitoneal

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2
Q

Nephrology is study of __________

A

Kidneys

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3
Q

Functions of urinary system

storage of urine, expulsion of urine

Regulation of __________ volume under direction of certain hormones

Regulation of __________ production by release of __________

Regulation of __________ levels such as sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate

Regulation of __________ balance by altering levels of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

A

blood

erythrocyte, erythropoietin (EPO)

Ion

Acid-base

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4
Q

most of our water output is through __________

A

Urine

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5
Q

Superior pole of left kidney is at level of T-
- superior pole of right kidney is 2 cm lower to accommodate __________
- Superior poles have __________ __________ resting on them

A

T12

Liver

Adrenal glands

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6
Q

Each kidney has a __________
- continuous with an internal space called __________ __________

A

Hilum

Renal sinus

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7
Q

Inferior pole is at level of what vertebra

A

L3

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8
Q

What type of CT is in fibrous capsule?

A

Dense irregular CT

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9
Q

What does fibrous capsule cover?

A

Outer surface of kidney

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10
Q

Perinephric fat is __________ for cushioning

A

Adipose

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11
Q

What type of CT does renal fascia have?

A

Dense irregular

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12
Q

What does renal fascia do?

A

Anchors kidney to posterior abdominal wall

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13
Q

Parahephric fat is __________ located between what?

A

Adipose, renal fascia and peritoneum

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14
Q

What is the tissue layers from inner to outer?

A

Fibrous capsule
Perinephric fat
Renal fascia
Paranephric fat

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15
Q

Kidney is divided into outer __________ __________ and inner __________ __________

A

Renal cortex, renal medulla

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16
Q

renal columns are extensions of renal CORTEX that project into medulla and subdivide into __________ __________

A

Renal pyramids

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17
Q

A typical kidney has how many renal pyramids?

A

8-15

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18
Q

The wide base of renal pyramid makes contact with cortex at __________ __________

A

Corticomedullary junction

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19
Q

An apex of renal pyramid is __________ __________

A

renal papilla

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20
Q

Each renal papilla projects into hollow funnel structure called __________ __________

A

Minor calyx

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21
Q

Several minor calyces fuse to form

A

Major calyx

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22
Q

major calyx fuse to form the __________ __________

A

Renal pelvis

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23
Q

The renal pelvis collects urine and transports to __________

A

Ureter

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24
Q

A kidney has how many renal lobes?

A

8-15

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25
Q

each lobe consists of a __________ and __________ immediately surrounding pyramid

A

Renal pyramid, corticol tissue

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26
Q

Blood enters kidneys by __________ __________
within renal sinus, renal arteries branch into __________ __________

A

Renal arteries
Segmental arteries

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27
Q

Segmental arteries branch into

A

Interlobar arteries

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28
Q

Interlobar arteries travel in __________ __________

A

Renal columns

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29
Q

At carticomedullary junction, interlobar arteries branch into __________ __________

A

Acruate arteries

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30
Q

Acruate arteries give rise to __________ __________ arteries

A

Interlobular arteries

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31
Q

Interlobular arteries radiate into __________

As they enter the kidney cortex, they extend into __________ __________

A

Cortex

Afferent anterioles

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32
Q

An afferent arteriole enters a __________ __________ and forms a tuft of capillaries called __________

A

Renal corpuscle, glomerulus

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33
Q

Some plasma is filtered out of capillaries into capsular space within renal corpuscle
- remaining blood exits glomerulus and renal corpuscle via __________ __________

  • branches into what two capillary networks?
A

Efferent arteriole

Peritubular, vasa recta

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34
Q

Paratubular capillaries

surround the __________ __________ and reside in __________

A

Convoluted tubules, cortex

35
Q

Vasa recta
associated mainly with __________ __________ and resides in __________

A

Nephron loop, medulla

36
Q

What is the smallest vein?

A

interlobular vein

37
Q

Interlobular veins merge to form __________ __________

A

Arcuate veins

38
Q

Arcuate veins merge to form __________ veins
- merges in renal sinus to form __________ __________ in each kidney

A

Interlobular

Renal vein

39
Q

__________ is functional filtration unit of kidney

A

Nephron

40
Q

Nephron consists of __________ __________ and __________ __________

A

Renal corpuscle, renal tubule

41
Q

Renal tubule consists of what?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

42
Q

Corticol nephron
bulk of nephron resides in __________
- accounts for 85%

A

Cortex

43
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons
- renal corpuscle lies near __________ __________

  • __________ __________ extends deep into medulla (accounts for 15% of all nephrons)
A

Corticomedullary junction

Long nephron loop

44
Q

Filtration:
- water and dissolved solutes move out of __________ and into __________ __________ of renal corpuscle due to pressure

  • once fluid leaves plasma and enters capsular space, it is called __________
A

Glomerulus, capsular space

Filtrate

45
Q

Tubular resporption

  • substances in filtrate return to __________
  • most __________ and all needed solutes in filtrate are reabsorbed
A

Blood

water

46
Q

Tubular secretion
- solutes are actively transported out of blood into __________ __________

A

Tubular fluid

47
Q

Renal corpuscle is __________ part of nephron
- glomerulus:

A

Bulbous
Thick tangle of capillaries

48
Q

glomerular capsule: an epithelial capsule surrounding glomerulus; made of two layers separated by __________ __________

Visceral layer: made of ___________
Parietal layer: made of ___________ ___________ epithelium

A

Capsular space

Podocytes

Simple squamous

49
Q

What layer of the glomerular capsule contains glomerulus?

A

Visceral

50
Q

At corpuscle’s ___________ ___________, the afferent arteriole enters and efferent arteriole exits

at corpuscle’s ___________ ___________ (urinary pole), the proximal convoluted tubule exits

A

Vascular pole

Tubular pole

51
Q

The ________ ________ is a thin structure with three layers

A

Filtration membrane

52
Q

3 layers of filtration membrane

Endothelium of glomerulus: ________, allowing filtration but preventing passage of large materials

Basement membrane of glomerulus: ________, restrict passage of large proteins

Visceral layer of glomerulus capsule: made of ________
- cells with ________ that wrap around glomerulus capillaries
- pedicels are separated by ________ ________

Role of remainder of nephron to adjust to contents of filtrate

A

Fenestrations

Porous

Podocytes
- pedicels
- filtration slits

53
Q

Juxaglomerular apparatus: associated with _____________ that helps regulate _____________ _____________

A

Nephrons, blood pressure

54
Q

Granular (juxtaglomerular) cells: modified _____________ muscle cells of ____________ _____________ located where?

  • can release _____________ (increase in BP)
  • occurs in direct response to drop in BP or simulation by sympathetic nervous system
A

Smooth, afferent arteriole

vascular pole of renal corpuscle

Renin

55
Q

What does Renin do?

A

Causes increase in BP

56
Q

Macula densa: modified epithelial cells - located where?
- contacts _____________ cells
- monitors _____________ concentration in tubular fluid and stimulates granular ells

A

distal convoluted tube
Granular
ion

57
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial cells
- located where?
- can contract and _____________ filtered particles

A

Between granular cells and arterioles
- phagocytize

58
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule begins at _____________ _____________ of renal corpuscle

  • walls have what epithelium?
  • What does the epithelium have?

Cells absorb almost all _____________ leaked through filtration membrane
- reabsorbed nutrients and water enter _____________ _____________ and return to circulation

A

tubular tubule

Simple cuboidal
tall microvilli

nutrients

peritubular capillaries

59
Q

Distal convoluted tubul
- sits in _____________ _____________
- What does it contact?

  • what epithelium?
  • What is it lined with?
  • secretes _____________ and _____________ from peritubular capillaries into tubular fluid
  • responds to _____________ and _____________ by altering reabsorption
A

Renal cortex
- afferent arteriole wall at vascular pole

  • simple cuboidal
  • short, sparse microvilli
  • K+ and H+
  • ADH and aldesterone
60
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Increased water absorption

61
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Causes increased sodium reabsorption

62
Q

Nephron loop projects into _____________

Descending limb:
- extends from _____________ to _____________
- lined with what?

Ascending limb:
- returns from _____________ to _____________
- lined with what?

Loop facilitates reabsorption of water and solutes like what?

A

medulle

cortex to medulla
- simple cuboidal then simple squamous

medulla to cortex
- simple squamous then simple cuboidal

sodium, chloride

63
Q

Distal convoluted leads to _____________ _____________
- empties into _____________

A

Collecting tubules

Collecting ducts

64
Q

Collecting ducts course through medulla towards _____________ _____________
- lined with what?

A

Renal papilla

Simple cuboidal, simple columnar

65
Q

Collecting ducts modify _____________ _____________ under influence of what hormones?

A

Tubular fluid, ADH, aldestrone

66
Q

Higher levels of ADH and aldesterone leads to retention of what?

A

Sodium and water
Na+ and H2O

67
Q

Once tubular leaves collecting duct and enters papillary duct, it’s called _____________
- Papillary duct opens into _____________ _____________

A

minor calyx

68
Q

Major and minor calyx and pelvis are lined with what epithelium?

A

Transitional epithelium

69
Q

What is the path of urine drainage?

A

Collecting tubules, collecting ducts, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

70
Q

Each of the ureters is a _____________ tube that conduct urine from kidney to urinary bladder
- originates at _____________ _____________ at what location?

Where does urine enter after that?

A

Fibromuscular

renal pelvis at hilum of kidney

base of urinary bladder at posterolateral wall

71
Q

Layers of ureter

  • mucos has _____________ epithelium and _____________ _____________ (dense irregular CT0

muscularis: contains inner _____________ layer and outer _____________ layer of smooth muscle

Adventitia: _____________ tissue

A

Transitional, lamina propria

longitudinal, circular

Areolar CT

72
Q

Urinary bladder is located where?

In females where is it?
In males where is it?

A

Posterior to pubic symphysis

  • anteroinferior to utereus and anterior to vagina
  • anterior to rectum, superior to prostate gland
73
Q

Only the _____________ surface of urinary bladder is covered with peritoneum

A

Superior

74
Q

Neck of bladder is located inferior and connects to _____________

The posteroinferior triangular area is called _____________
- it has two _____________ openings and a _____________ opening

A

Urethra

trigone

  • ureteral
  • urethral
75
Q

Urinary bladder: 4 tunics

Mucosa: _____________ epithelium , _____________ (mucusal folds) allow for distension

Submucosa: _____________ CT supports wall

Muscularis: three layers of smooth muscle called _____________ muscle
- thickened _____________ at urethral opening

Adventitia: outer layer of _____________ CT
(EXCEPT for superior surface)

A

Transitional, rugae

dense irregular

detrusor
- internal urethral sphincter

areolar

76
Q

Urethra is _____________ tube that conducts urine out of body

  • lined with _____________ cells
  • has smooth muscle to propel urine
A

Fibromuscular

Mucin-producing

77
Q

Two sphincter in urethra

A

Internal and external urethral sphincter

78
Q

Where is internal urethral sphincter?

Is it voluntary or involuntary?

A

Neck of bladder

Involuntary

79
Q

Where is external urethral sphincter

is it voluntary or involuntary?

A

Urogenital diaphragm

voluntary

80
Q

Female urethra only transports _____________
- what type of epithelium?

A

urine

Stratified squamous

81
Q

Male urethra transports both

A

Urine and semen

82
Q

Male urethrea
- prostatic urethra: _____________ lining, through _____________

  • membranous urethra: short segment through _____________, what lining?
  • spongy urethra: long segment through _____________ _____________ of penis
    what lining?
A

transitional
prostate gland

urogenital lining
stratified columnar, pseudostratified

Erectile tissue
psuedostratified proximally
Stratified squamous laterally

83
Q

Opening of male urethra is called

A

External urethral orifice

84
Q

Urogenital ridges give rise to

  • pronephros: _____________ organ that quickly degenerates in what week?
  • mesonephros: group of saclike segments in _____________ and _____________ regions that from what weeks?

Metanephros: forms _____________, takes over urine production at what week?
- forms _____________ _____________ (gives rise to calyces, pelvis, ureter_ and metanephric mesoderm (forms nephron parts)

A
  • vestigial, week 4
  • thoracic, lumbar
  • weeks 4-10

kidney, week 10
ureteric bud

Anatomy (21 decks)

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