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anatomy > Brain and Cranial Nerves 2 > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Diencephelon componenets:
Brainstem components:

A

Epithalamas, thalamus, hypothalamus
Midbrain, hindbrain: pons + medulla oblangata

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2
Q

Epithalamus:
- Partially forms posterior roof of diencephelon and covers __________ ventricle
- Pineal gland: secretes __________, a hormone that regulates circadian rhythm
- Habenular nuclei: relays signals from __________ system to __________: involved in visceral and emotional responses to __________

A
  • Third
  • Melatonin
  • Limbic system to midbrain
  • odor
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3
Q

Thalamus

Paired masses of __________ matter on each side of __________ ventricle
- Left and right masses are connected by midline __________ __________ (middle commissure)

  • Each mass is composed of about __________ thalamic nuclei with axons projecting to regions of cerebral cortex
  • Sensory impulses from all conscious senses EXECPT __________ converge on thalamus and synapse in at least one nuclei
  • Main __________ point for sensory information that will be projected to __________ cortex
A

Grey, 3rd

  • interthalamic adhesion
  • 12
  • Olfaction
  • Relay, Somatosensory
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4
Q

Hypothalamus

The __________ region of diencephelon
Thin, starlike __________ extends inferiorly from hypothalamus to __________ __________.
Anterior to infundibulum is __________ and posterior is __________ __________.

  • Master control of __________ nervous system
  • Master control of __________ system
  • Regulation of body __________
  • Control of __________ behavior
  • Control of __________ intake
  • Control of __________ intake
  • Regulation of __________ rhythms
A

Anteroinferior
infundibulum, pituitary gland
optic chiasm, mammillary body

  • Autonomic
  • Endocrine
  • temperature
  • emotion
  • food
  • water
  • cricadian
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5
Q

Optic chiasm is __________ point
infundibulum connects __________ to __________
Mammillary body is partially tied up with __________ system. It processes sensations like __________ and controls __________
Pituitary gland is housed in __________

A
  • Crossover
  • Hypothalamus to pituitary
  • Limbic, olfaction, swallowing
  • Sella turcica
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6
Q

Brainstem

Connects __________ and __________ to __________ __________.

Passageway for all tracts between __________ and __________ __________

Contains many __________ and __________ centers
Houses nuclei of many cranial nerves

Three regions of midbrains:
__________
__________ + __________= __________

A

Forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord
cerebrum and spinal cord

Autonomic, reflex

Midbrain
Pons + medulla oblangata = Hinbrain

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7
Q

Midbrain

__________ __________ extends through midbrain and connects third and fourth ventricles
- Surrounded by __________ __________ matter
- Nuclei of __________ nerve (CNIII) and __________ nerve (CN IV) are housed in midbrain
- Somatic motor axons descend from primary motor cortex through __________ __________ to spinal cord
- __________ __________ __________ connect cerebellum to midbrain

  • __________ is between substantia nigra and periaqueductal gray matter; relays between cerebrum and cerebellum. Includes __________ nucleus
  • Substantia nigra houses neurons that produce __________; involved in motor control, emotion, pleasure, and pain
  • Degeneration of substantia nigra underlies __________ disease
  • Tectum contains two pairs of nuclei : __________ and __________ are visual and auditory reflex centers.

Also called Tectal plate or corpora quadrigemina

A

Cerebral aqueduct
- Periaqueductal gray matter
- Oculomotor, trochlear
- cerebral peduncles
- superior cerebellar peduncles

  • Tegmentum, red
  • dopamine
  • parkinson’s disease
  • Superior and inferior colliculi
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8
Q

Cerebral peduncles and oculomotor nerves are in __________ part of midbrain

Tectum and superior colliculi are in __________ part of midbrain

A

Anterior
Posterior

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9
Q

Pons is a bulging region on __________ brainstem containing sensory and motor __________

__________ __________ __________ are transverse fibers that connect pons to cerebellum

Contains autonomic nuclei in __________ __________ center that help regulate breathing

Houses sensory and motor cranial nerve nuclei for __________ (CN V), __________ (CN VI), and __________ (CN VII)

Superior __________ __________ nuclei in the inferior part receive AUDITORY input and help localize sound source

__________ __________ is located throughout brainstem

A

Anterior, tracts

Middle cerebellar peduncles

pontine respiratory

Trigeminal, abducens, facial

Olivary complex

Reticular formation

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10
Q

`CN I

A

Olfactory

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11
Q

NERVES:

CN I
CN II
CN III
CN IV
CN V
CN VI
CN VII
CN VIII
CN IX
CN X
CN XI
CN XII

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glosspharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

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12
Q

Medulla oblangata is the most__________ part of brainstem
Pyramids are composed of motor projection tracts called the __________ tracts
Most axons in pyramids cross midline at __________ of the __________

  • Contains inferior __________ __________ that relays proprioceptive information to cerebellum

-Inferior __________ __________ connect medulla to cerebellum

  • Contains nucleus __________ and nucleus __________ which relay somatic sensory information to thalamus
  • Contains several autonomic nuclei:
  • Cardiac center
  • vasomotor center
  • medullary respiratory center
  • others involving coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing
A

Inferior
Corticospinal
decussation of the pyramids

olivary nucleus

cerebellar peduncles

cuneatus, gracilis

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13
Q

Cerebellum

3 regions:
- Outer gray matter of __________ __________
- Internal region of what matter called __________ __________
- __________ __________ in deepest layer

  • A narrow __________ sits on midline between hemisphere
  • Folds of cerebellar cortex are called __________
  • Cerebellum coordinates and fine tunes __________
  • Stores memories of previously learned movements
  • Adjusts muscle activity to maintain posture
  • Uses proprioceptive information from muscles and joints to regulate body’s position
  • Monitors position of body joints and muscle tone
A
  • Cerebellar cortex
  • Arbor vitae
  • Cerebellar nuclei
  • vermis
  • folia
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14
Q

Limbic system
Contributes to emotional function

  • __________ __________ : ridge superior to the corpus collosum; Brings emotions into consciousness
  • __________ : nucleus shaped like a seahorse in temporal lobe; used in navigation and essential in long-term memory
  • Parahippocampal gyrus: tissue associated with hippocampus, functions in memory
  • Amygdaloid body: involved in emotion, especially __________ . Helps sort out and code memories based on how they are emotionally perceived
  • __________ bulbs, tract, cortex: odors can provoke emotions/memories
  • __________ : thin tract of white matter connecting hippocampus to limbic structures
A

Cingulate gyrus

Hippocampus

fear

olfactory

Fornix

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15
Q

CN II

A

Optic nerve

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16
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor

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17
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear

18
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal

19
Q

CN V!

A

Abducens

20
Q

CN VII

A

Facial nerve

21
Q

CN IX

A

Glosspharyngeal

22
Q

CN X

A

Vagus

23
Q

CN XI

A

Acessory

24
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal

25
Q

Nerves close to midline

A

CN I - Olfactory bulb
CN II - Optic nerve
CN III - Oculomotor
CN VI - Abducens
CN XII - Hypglossal

26
Q

How many nerves in each:

Telencephalon:
Diencephelon:
Mesencephelon:
Metencephelon (pons):
Myelencephelon (medulla):

A

1
1
2
4
4

27
Q

Cranial exits:

Cribiform plate:
Optic canal:
Superior orbital fissure:
Foramen rotundum:
Foramen ovale:
Internal auditory meatus:
Jugular foramen:
Hypoglossal canal:

Foramen spinosum:
Foramen magnum:

A

I
II
III, IV, VI, T1
T2
T3
VII, VIII
IX, X, XI
XII

Middle meningeal artery
Spinal cord

28
Q

Olfactory nerve (I)

Sensory function:
Origin:
Loss:

A

Olfaction (smell)
Receptors (bipolar neurons) in olfactory mucosa of nasal cavity
Anosmia

29
Q

Optic nerve (II)

Sensory function:
Origin:
Loss:

A

Vision
Retina of eye
Anopsia

30
Q

Cranial nerves III, IV, VI
Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens

Origins and somatic motor functions:

Cranial nerve 3 =
Cranial nerve 4 =
cranial nerve 6 =

A

SO4, LR6, O3

Other muscles, nucleus within midbrain
Superior oblique, nucleus within midbrain
Lateral rectus, nucleus within pons

31
Q

Eyelid droop:
Eyes not parallel
Double vision

A

Ptosis
Strabismus
Diplopia

32
Q

Trigeminal nerve (VI)

Sensory or motor? Which divisions?
V1:
V2:
V3:

Origin:

Foramina:
V1: _________ to _________
V2: _________ to _________
V3: _________ to _________ to _________

A

Ophthalmic, Sensory
Maxillary, Sensory
Mandibular, Both

Nucleus in pons

Superior orbital fissure to supraorbital foramen
Foramen rotundum to infraorbital foramen
Foramen ovale to Mandibular foramen to Mental foramen

33
Q

Trigeminal nerve (VI)

Sensory function

Sensory stimuli are _________, _________, and _________

V1: sensory from -
V2: sensory impulses from -
V3: sensory impulses from -

Somatic motor function:
Innervates muscles of _________ (temporalis, masseter, lateral, medial pterygoids), _________, anterior belly of _________, _________ _________ muscle, and _________ _________ _________

A

touch, temperature, pain

Cornea, nose, forehead, anterior scalp, meninges

Nasal mucosa, palate, gums, cheek meninges

anterior 2/3 of tongue, meninges, skin of chin, lower jaw, lower teeth, 1/3 from sensory axons of auricle of ear

mastication, mylohyoid, digastric, tensor tympani muscle, tensor veli palatini

34
Q

Facial nerve (VII)

6 parts:
Which branch goes backwards:

Which ones go foreward? (Ten Zebras Bit My Car)

Origin:

Initial exit:
External exit:

Passes through _________ gland and divides

Sensory function: taste from _________ _________ of tongue

Somatic motor function
- Innervates muscles of facial expression, _________ belly of _________ muscle, _________ and _________ muscles

A

Nucleus in pons

Posterior auricular

Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

Nuclei with pons

Internal auditory meatus
Sylomastoid foramen

Parotid

anterior 2/3

  • Posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius
35
Q

Facial nerve (VII)

6 parts:
Which branch goes backwards:

Which ones go foreward? (Ten Zebras Bit My Car)

Ganglios of facial nerve

Origin:

Initial exit:
External exit:

Passes through _________ gland and divides

Sensory function: taste from _________ _________ of tongue

Somatic motor function
- Innervates muscles of facial expression, _________ belly of _________ muscle, _________ and _________ muscles

A

Nucleus in pons

Posterior auricular

Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

Geniculate

Internal auditory meatus
Sylomastoid foramen

Parotid fland

anterior 2/3

  • Posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius
36
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory nerve) VIII

Origin:

Sensory function:
Conditions caused by damage:

Nucleus of _________

What is the ganglion

A

Vestibular branch, vestibule of inner ear, cochlear branch, cochlea of inner ear

Hearing and balance

Loss of balance, nausea, dizziness, deafness

Pons

Vestibular

37
Q

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Origin: sensory axons originate on _________ _________ and _________ of _________ _________ of _________, as well as _________ _________

motor axons originate in _________ in the _________ _________

Sensory function: General sensation and taste to _________ _________ of tongue, general sensation to most of _________: _________ receptor

Somatic motor function: Innervates _________ (a pharynx muscles)

Conditions caused by damage: reduced _________ secretion, loss of _________

There is both superior and inferior ganglion

A

Taste buds, mucosa, posterior 1/3 of tongue, carotid bodies

Nuclei in medulla oblangata

posterior 1/3, pharynx, chemoreceptor

Stylopharyngeus

Saliva, taste

38
Q

Vagus nerve (X)

Origin: Nuclei in _______ _________

Sensory function: visceral sensory information from _________, _________ and most _________ organs.

General sensory information from _________ _________ _________, _________, _________, and _________

Motor function: innervates most _________ and _________ muscles

Conditions caused by damage: Paralysis leads to a variety of _________ problems including hoarseness, monotone voice, loss of voice.

Other lesions may cause difficulty _________ or impaired GI system mobility

A

Medulla oblangata

heart, lungs, abdominal

external acoustic meatus, eardrum, laryngopharnyx, larynx

Pharynx, larynx

Larynx, swallowing

39
Q

Accessory nerve (XI)

Origin: nucei in _________ _________ and _________ _________

Somatic motor function:
Cranial root: travels with _________ fibers to _________
Spinal root: Innervates _________ and _________

If damaged: loss of _________ and _________

A

medulla oblangata and spinal cord

CN X (vagus) fibers to pharynx

Trapezius, steroncleidomastoid

Trapezius, sternocleidomastoid

40
Q

Hypoglossus nerve (XII)

Origin: nucleus in _________ _________

Somatic motor function: innervates _________ and _________ _________ muscles

Conditions caused by damage: _________ and _________ difficulties due to impaired tongue movement; if a single hypoglossus nerve is paralyzed, a _________ tongue deviates to the side of damaged nerve

A

Medulla oblangata

intrinsic and extrinsic tongue

speech and swallowing, protruded

anatomy (21 decks)

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