Brain and Cranial Nerves 2 Flashcards
Diencephelon componenets:
Brainstem components:
Epithalamas, thalamus, hypothalamus
Midbrain, hindbrain: pons + medulla oblangata
Epithalamus:
- Partially forms posterior roof of diencephelon and covers __________ ventricle
- Pineal gland: secretes __________, a hormone that regulates circadian rhythm
- Habenular nuclei: relays signals from __________ system to __________: involved in visceral and emotional responses to __________
- Third
- Melatonin
- Limbic system to midbrain
- odor
Thalamus
Paired masses of __________ matter on each side of __________ ventricle
- Left and right masses are connected by midline __________ __________ (middle commissure)
- Each mass is composed of about __________ thalamic nuclei with axons projecting to regions of cerebral cortex
- Sensory impulses from all conscious senses EXECPT __________ converge on thalamus and synapse in at least one nuclei
- Main __________ point for sensory information that will be projected to __________ cortex
Grey, 3rd
- interthalamic adhesion
- 12
- Olfaction
- Relay, Somatosensory
Hypothalamus
The __________ region of diencephelon
Thin, starlike __________ extends inferiorly from hypothalamus to __________ __________.
Anterior to infundibulum is __________ and posterior is __________ __________.
- Master control of __________ nervous system
- Master control of __________ system
- Regulation of body __________
- Control of __________ behavior
- Control of __________ intake
- Control of __________ intake
- Regulation of __________ rhythms
Anteroinferior
infundibulum, pituitary gland
optic chiasm, mammillary body
- Autonomic
- Endocrine
- temperature
- emotion
- food
- water
- cricadian
Optic chiasm is __________ point
infundibulum connects __________ to __________
Mammillary body is partially tied up with __________ system. It processes sensations like __________ and controls __________
Pituitary gland is housed in __________
- Crossover
- Hypothalamus to pituitary
- Limbic, olfaction, swallowing
- Sella turcica
Brainstem
Connects __________ and __________ to __________ __________.
Passageway for all tracts between __________ and __________ __________
Contains many __________ and __________ centers
Houses nuclei of many cranial nerves
Three regions of midbrains:
__________
__________ + __________= __________
Forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord
cerebrum and spinal cord
Autonomic, reflex
Midbrain
Pons + medulla oblangata = Hinbrain
Midbrain
__________ __________ extends through midbrain and connects third and fourth ventricles
- Surrounded by __________ __________ matter
- Nuclei of __________ nerve (CNIII) and __________ nerve (CN IV) are housed in midbrain
- Somatic motor axons descend from primary motor cortex through __________ __________ to spinal cord
- __________ __________ __________ connect cerebellum to midbrain
- __________ is between substantia nigra and periaqueductal gray matter; relays between cerebrum and cerebellum. Includes __________ nucleus
- Substantia nigra houses neurons that produce __________; involved in motor control, emotion, pleasure, and pain
- Degeneration of substantia nigra underlies __________ disease
- Tectum contains two pairs of nuclei : __________ and __________ are visual and auditory reflex centers.
Also called Tectal plate or corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral aqueduct
- Periaqueductal gray matter
- Oculomotor, trochlear
- cerebral peduncles
- superior cerebellar peduncles
- Tegmentum, red
- dopamine
- parkinson’s disease
- Superior and inferior colliculi
Cerebral peduncles and oculomotor nerves are in __________ part of midbrain
Tectum and superior colliculi are in __________ part of midbrain
Anterior
Posterior
Pons is a bulging region on __________ brainstem containing sensory and motor __________
__________ __________ __________ are transverse fibers that connect pons to cerebellum
Contains autonomic nuclei in __________ __________ center that help regulate breathing
Houses sensory and motor cranial nerve nuclei for __________ (CN V), __________ (CN VI), and __________ (CN VII)
Superior __________ __________ nuclei in the inferior part receive AUDITORY input and help localize sound source
__________ __________ is located throughout brainstem
Anterior, tracts
Middle cerebellar peduncles
pontine respiratory
Trigeminal, abducens, facial
Olivary complex
Reticular formation
`CN I
Olfactory
NERVES:
CN I
CN II
CN III
CN IV
CN V
CN VI
CN VII
CN VIII
CN IX
CN X
CN XI
CN XII
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glosspharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
Medulla oblangata is the most__________ part of brainstem
Pyramids are composed of motor projection tracts called the __________ tracts
Most axons in pyramids cross midline at __________ of the __________
- Contains inferior __________ __________ that relays proprioceptive information to cerebellum
-Inferior __________ __________ connect medulla to cerebellum
- Contains nucleus __________ and nucleus __________ which relay somatic sensory information to thalamus
- Contains several autonomic nuclei:
- Cardiac center
- vasomotor center
- medullary respiratory center
- others involving coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing
Inferior
Corticospinal
decussation of the pyramids
olivary nucleus
cerebellar peduncles
cuneatus, gracilis
Cerebellum
3 regions:
- Outer gray matter of __________ __________
- Internal region of what matter called __________ __________
- __________ __________ in deepest layer
- A narrow __________ sits on midline between hemisphere
- Folds of cerebellar cortex are called __________
- Cerebellum coordinates and fine tunes __________
- Stores memories of previously learned movements
- Adjusts muscle activity to maintain posture
- Uses proprioceptive information from muscles and joints to regulate body’s position
- Monitors position of body joints and muscle tone
- Cerebellar cortex
- Arbor vitae
- Cerebellar nuclei
- vermis
- folia
Limbic system
Contributes to emotional function
- __________ __________ : ridge superior to the corpus collosum; Brings emotions into consciousness
- __________ : nucleus shaped like a seahorse in temporal lobe; used in navigation and essential in long-term memory
- Parahippocampal gyrus: tissue associated with hippocampus, functions in memory
- Amygdaloid body: involved in emotion, especially __________ . Helps sort out and code memories based on how they are emotionally perceived
- __________ bulbs, tract, cortex: odors can provoke emotions/memories
- __________ : thin tract of white matter connecting hippocampus to limbic structures
Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
fear
olfactory
Fornix
CN II
Optic nerve
CN III
Oculomotor
CN IV
Trochlear
CN V
Trigeminal
CN V!
Abducens
CN VII
Facial nerve
CN IX
Glosspharyngeal
CN X
Vagus
CN XI
Acessory
CN XII
Hypoglossal
Nerves close to midline
CN I - Olfactory bulb
CN II - Optic nerve
CN III - Oculomotor
CN VI - Abducens
CN XII - Hypglossal
How many nerves in each:
Telencephalon:
Diencephelon:
Mesencephelon:
Metencephelon (pons):
Myelencephelon (medulla):
1
1
2
4
4
Cranial exits:
Cribiform plate:
Optic canal:
Superior orbital fissure:
Foramen rotundum:
Foramen ovale:
Internal auditory meatus:
Jugular foramen:
Hypoglossal canal:
Foramen spinosum:
Foramen magnum:
I
II
III, IV, VI, T1
T2
T3
VII, VIII
IX, X, XI
XII
Middle meningeal artery
Spinal cord
Olfactory nerve (I)
Sensory function:
Origin:
Loss:
Olfaction (smell)
Receptors (bipolar neurons) in olfactory mucosa of nasal cavity
Anosmia
Optic nerve (II)
Sensory function:
Origin:
Loss:
Vision
Retina of eye
Anopsia
Cranial nerves III, IV, VI
Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens
Origins and somatic motor functions:
Cranial nerve 3 =
Cranial nerve 4 =
cranial nerve 6 =
SO4, LR6, O3
Other muscles, nucleus within midbrain
Superior oblique, nucleus within midbrain
Lateral rectus, nucleus within pons
Eyelid droop:
Eyes not parallel
Double vision
Ptosis
Strabismus
Diplopia
Trigeminal nerve (VI)
Sensory or motor? Which divisions?
V1:
V2:
V3:
Origin:
Foramina:
V1: _________ to _________
V2: _________ to _________
V3: _________ to _________ to _________
Ophthalmic, Sensory
Maxillary, Sensory
Mandibular, Both
Nucleus in pons
Superior orbital fissure to supraorbital foramen
Foramen rotundum to infraorbital foramen
Foramen ovale to Mandibular foramen to Mental foramen
Trigeminal nerve (VI)
Sensory function
Sensory stimuli are _________, _________, and _________
V1: sensory from -
V2: sensory impulses from -
V3: sensory impulses from -
Somatic motor function:
Innervates muscles of _________ (temporalis, masseter, lateral, medial pterygoids), _________, anterior belly of _________, _________ _________ muscle, and _________ _________ _________
touch, temperature, pain
Cornea, nose, forehead, anterior scalp, meninges
Nasal mucosa, palate, gums, cheek meninges
anterior 2/3 of tongue, meninges, skin of chin, lower jaw, lower teeth, 1/3 from sensory axons of auricle of ear
mastication, mylohyoid, digastric, tensor tympani muscle, tensor veli palatini
Facial nerve (VII)
6 parts:
Which branch goes backwards:
Which ones go foreward? (Ten Zebras Bit My Car)
Origin:
Initial exit:
External exit:
Passes through _________ gland and divides
Sensory function: taste from _________ _________ of tongue
Somatic motor function
- Innervates muscles of facial expression, _________ belly of _________ muscle, _________ and _________ muscles
Nucleus in pons
Posterior auricular
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
Nuclei with pons
Internal auditory meatus
Sylomastoid foramen
Parotid
anterior 2/3
- Posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius
Facial nerve (VII)
6 parts:
Which branch goes backwards:
Which ones go foreward? (Ten Zebras Bit My Car)
Ganglios of facial nerve
Origin:
Initial exit:
External exit:
Passes through _________ gland and divides
Sensory function: taste from _________ _________ of tongue
Somatic motor function
- Innervates muscles of facial expression, _________ belly of _________ muscle, _________ and _________ muscles
Nucleus in pons
Posterior auricular
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
Geniculate
Internal auditory meatus
Sylomastoid foramen
Parotid fland
anterior 2/3
- Posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius
Vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory nerve) VIII
Origin:
Sensory function:
Conditions caused by damage:
Nucleus of _________
What is the ganglion
Vestibular branch, vestibule of inner ear, cochlear branch, cochlea of inner ear
Hearing and balance
Loss of balance, nausea, dizziness, deafness
Pons
Vestibular
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Origin: sensory axons originate on _________ _________ and _________ of _________ _________ of _________, as well as _________ _________
motor axons originate in _________ in the _________ _________
Sensory function: General sensation and taste to _________ _________ of tongue, general sensation to most of _________: _________ receptor
Somatic motor function: Innervates _________ (a pharynx muscles)
Conditions caused by damage: reduced _________ secretion, loss of _________
There is both superior and inferior ganglion
Taste buds, mucosa, posterior 1/3 of tongue, carotid bodies
Nuclei in medulla oblangata
posterior 1/3, pharynx, chemoreceptor
Stylopharyngeus
Saliva, taste
Vagus nerve (X)
Origin: Nuclei in _______ _________
Sensory function: visceral sensory information from _________, _________ and most _________ organs.
General sensory information from _________ _________ _________, _________, _________, and _________
Motor function: innervates most _________ and _________ muscles
Conditions caused by damage: Paralysis leads to a variety of _________ problems including hoarseness, monotone voice, loss of voice.
Other lesions may cause difficulty _________ or impaired GI system mobility
Medulla oblangata
heart, lungs, abdominal
external acoustic meatus, eardrum, laryngopharnyx, larynx
Pharynx, larynx
Larynx, swallowing
Accessory nerve (XI)
Origin: nucei in _________ _________ and _________ _________
Somatic motor function:
Cranial root: travels with _________ fibers to _________
Spinal root: Innervates _________ and _________
If damaged: loss of _________ and _________
medulla oblangata and spinal cord
CN X (vagus) fibers to pharynx
Trapezius, steroncleidomastoid
Trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
Hypoglossus nerve (XII)
Origin: nucleus in _________ _________
Somatic motor function: innervates _________ and _________ _________ muscles
Conditions caused by damage: _________ and _________ difficulties due to impaired tongue movement; if a single hypoglossus nerve is paralyzed, a _________ tongue deviates to the side of damaged nerve
Medulla oblangata
intrinsic and extrinsic tongue
speech and swallowing, protruded
