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Anatomy > 4.05 - Digestive system 2 and lympatic system > Flashcards

4.05 - Digestive system 2 and lympatic system Flashcards

1
Q

Liver is located in ___________ quadrant of abdomen

A

Right

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2
Q

Right and left lobes are separated by _________ _________

A

Falciform ligament

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3
Q

_________ ligament of liver is remnant of _________ vein

A

Round, umbilical

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4
Q

_________ is seen under right lobe of liver

A

Gallbladder

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5
Q

What lobe in the liver is the largest?

A

Right

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6
Q

The porta hepatis is where what 3 things enter liver?

A

Vessels, bile ducts, nerves

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7
Q

Ligamentum venosum is remnant of embryonic _________ _________

A

Ductus venosus

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8
Q

CT parts liver into thousands of _________ _________ _________ containing _________

A

Polyhedral hepatic lobules, hepatocytes

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9
Q

At periphery of lobule, what are 3 portal triads?

A

Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile ducts

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10
Q

_________ _________ in middle of lobule acts as drain

A

Central vein

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11
Q

Hepatic portal vein carries NUTRIENT rich blood from _________ _________ capillaries , _________ and _________

TO _________

A

GI tract, spleen, pancrease to liver

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12
Q

Hepatic artery proper carries OXYGEN rich blood to liver, splits into left and right _________ _________

Hepatic veins empty into _________ _________ _________

A

Hepatic arteries

Inferior vena cava

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13
Q

Hepatic lobules contain ________ ________ ________
- Leaky capillaries are lined with ________ cells
- They are ________ with immune function

Hepatocytes absorb nutrients and produce ________
- Between cords of hepatocytes are ________ ________ that bring bile to bile duct in portal triad

A

Radiating hepatic sinusoids
Reticuloendothelial
phagocytes

bile
Bile canaliculi

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14
Q

Gallbladder is attached to inferior surface of ________
- store and concentrate ________

________ ________ connect gallbladder to common bile duct

A

Liver
bile

Cystic duct

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15
Q

What are the 3 regions of gallbladder?

A

neck, body, fundus

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16
Q

Biliary apparatus transports bile from ________ and ________ to ________

A

liver and gall bladder to duodenum

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17
Q

Left and right lobes of liver drain into left and right ________ ________

A

Hepatic ducts

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18
Q

Let and right hepatic ducts merge to form ________ ________ ________

A

Common hepatic duct

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19
Q

The cystic duct and common hepatic merge to form ________ ________ ________

A

Common bile duct

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20
Q

Common bile duct and main pancreatic duct merge to form ________ ________
-Enteres duodenum at ________ ________

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

Major duodenal papilla

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21
Q

Pancreas had endocrine and exocrine functions
-endocrine functions performed by ________ ________
- exocrine functions involve ________ cells secreting ________ ________ (mucin, enzymes) into duodenum via ________ (and accessory) ________ ________

A

Pancreatic islets
- acinar, pancreatic juice, main pancreatic duct

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22
Q

What are the three unpaired arteries from anterior wall of abdominal aorta and supply blood to GI tract and accessory organs?

A

Celiac trunk, superior mesentric artery, inferior mesentric artery

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23
Q

What three branches of celiac trunk?

A

Left gatric, splenic, common hepatic

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24
Q

Left gastric artery: supplies
Splenic artery: supplies
Common hepatic: supplies

A

Lesser curvature of stomach, lower esophagus
Spleen, part of stomach
Liver, gall bladder, part of stomach

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25
Q

Anastomses

Left gastric artery (from __________ __________) with __________ __________ artery (from __________ __________)

Left gastro-omental artery (from __________ __________) with __________ __________ __________ ( from __________ __________ of __________ __________)

Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from __________ __________ from __________ __________) with __________ __________ (from __________ __________)

A

celiac trunk, right gastric artery (hepatic proper artery)

splenic, right gastro-omental artery (gastroduodenal artery from common hepatic artery)

Gastroduodenal artery from common hepatic, inferior pancreaticoduodenal (superior mesentric)

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26
Q

The superior mesentric artery provides blood to which branches?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
Intestineal arteries
Ileocolic artery
Right colic artery
Middle colic artery

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27
Q

What do these arteries supply?

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
Intestineal arteries
Ileocolic artery
Right colic artery
Middle colic artery

A

Portions of pancreas and duodenum
Jejunum, ileaum
Ileum, cecum, appendix
ascending colon
transverse colon

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28
Q

Inferior mesentric Branches

  • Left colic artery supplies:
  • SIgmoid arteries supply:
  • Seuperior rectal arteries supply:
A

distal part of transverse colon and proximal part of descending colon

distal descending colon, sigmoid colon

rectum, upper half of anal canal

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29
Q

Hepatic portal system brings nutrient rich blood from digestive organs to _________

A

Liver

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30
Q

Hepatic portal vein is a fusion of:

inferior mesentric vein: Drains distal part of __________
Splenic vein: drains __________ __________ and __________
Superior mesentric vein: drains blood from __________. __________, __________, __________

Hepatic veins collect blood from liver and return it to __________ __________ __________

A

Colon
Spleen, pancreas, stomach
Small intestine, proximal colon, pancreas, stomach

Inferior vena cava

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31
Q

The lymphatic system transports and helps fight infections

  • excess interstitial fluid from blood __________ enter lymph vessels
    after entering vessels, fluid is called __________
    lymph vessels return fluid to __________ circulation
    if not removed, it would cause __________
A

Capillaries
lymph
venous
Edema

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32
Q

lymph vessels transport __________ __________
__________ absorb lipids in intestine

A

Dietary lipids
lacteals

33
Q

lymphatic system generates __________ __________ against __________

Lymphatic organs aid in production and maturation of __________

A

immune response, antigens

lymphocytes

34
Q

Lymphocytes and macrophages monitor body for foreign substances
some cells produce __________ that bind the pathogen and other lymphatic cells attach antigen directly

Some cells become __________ cells to attack antigen if it appears again

A

Antibodies

Memory

35
Q

Lymph vessel network transports excess fluid back to __________

Lymph is carried through progressively __________ diameter vessels

What is the order of vessels from smallest to large?

A

Blood

Larger

Capillaries, vessels, trunks, ducts

36
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are __________ __________ tubes interspersed among blood capillary beds

Not found in __________ __________ or __________ tissue

associated with __________ __________ __________ of brain

A

Close ended

Red marrow, avascular

Dural venous sinuses

37
Q

Lymphatic capillaries resemble blood capillaries but have __________ __________ cells that act as __________ entry flaps

  • flaps are attached by anchoring __________ to nearby structures
A

Overlapping endothelial, one-way

Filaments

38
Q

The gastrointestinal tract contain __________
- collects __________ fluid, __________, and __________ __________

  • lymph collected from gastrointestinal system is __________
A

Lacteals
- interstitial, lipids, lipid-soluble vitamins

  • Chyle
39
Q

Lymphatic vessels and trunks
- lymphatic capillaries merge to lymphatic __________
- they have __________

A

trunks, valve

40
Q

jugular trunks:
Subclavian trunks:
bronchiomediastinal trunks:
Intestinal trunks:
Lumbar trunks:

A

Head and neck
upper limbs, breasts, superficial thoracic wall
deep thoracic structures
most abdominal structures
lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, pelvic organs

41
Q

lymphatic trunks fuse into lymphatic __________

A

Ducts

42
Q

Right lymphatic duct is deep to __________ and returns lymph at junction of __________ __________ and __________ __________ veins
- returns lymph from __________ side of head and neck, right __________ __________, and right side of __________

A

Clavicle, right subclavian, internal jugular

Right, upper limbs, thorax

43
Q

What is largest lymphatic vessel?

A

Thoracic duct

44
Q

Thoracic duct begins inferior to __________ as a rounded like structure called __________ __________
- collects lymph from most of body excluding right lymphatic duct

  • passes through diaphragm’s __________ __________ and returns lymph into junction between __________ __________ and __________ __________ veins
A

Diaphragm
Cisterna chyli

aortic opening, left subclavian, internal jugular

45
Q

__________ immune responses are present from birth
- ex skin, mucous membranes, inflammation, natural killer cells, phagocytes

__________ immunity develops during life
- in response to infection or vaccination, involves recognition of antigens and has memory component
- important cells are __________ and __________

A

Innate

Adaptive

B lymphocytes (cells), T lymphocytes (cells)

46
Q

What cell is 15-30% of lymphocytes?
What cell is 70-80% of lymphocytes?

A

B cell
T cell

47
Q

B cells (15-30%)
matures in __________ __________
Turns into:

A

Bone marrow
Plasma cells (produce a lot of antibodies_
Memory T cells

48
Q

T cells (70-85% of lymphocytes)
Matures in __________ __________

Turns into:

A

Thyroid glands

helper T cells (interact with antigen presenting cells)
Cytotoxic T cells (destroys target cells)
Memory cells

49
Q

What is an autoimmunse disorder?

A

Immune system fails to recognoze self and attacks body cells

50
Q

What is an allergic response?

A

Abnormal immune reaction (false reaction) to something harmless

51
Q

Primary lymphatic organs
- where __________ cells divide and become __________ (capable of mounting an immune response)
- What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Stem, immunocompetent

Red bone marrow, thymus

52
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs
- site where __________ __________ occur
- What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Immune responses
- lymph nodes, spleen , lymphatic nodules

53
Q

What are the lymphatic organs? (at least have a partially connective tissue capsule)

__________ __________ is not an organ (does not have CT capsule)

A

Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

Lymph nodules

54
Q

Lymphoid nodules are clusters of lymphoid cells with some extracurricular matrix but NO __________ __________

A

Connective tissue capsule

55
Q

Lymphoid nodules
- center of nodule is __________ __________, contains proliferating __________ and macrophages
- __________ located outside of germinal center

A

Germinal center, B-lymphocytes
T-lypmhocytes

56
Q

Lymphoid modules __________ and __________ antigens

A

Filter, attack

57
Q

MALT (Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) consists of lymphoid nodules within mucosa of __________, __________, __________, __________ tracts
- nodules monitor and respond to __________ that may enter tracts

A

Gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, urinary

Antigens

58
Q

MALT is prominent in __________, nodules are called __________

A

Ileum, peyer patches

59
Q

__________ are large clusters of lymphoid cells
- Where is it located?

A

Tonsils, pharynx

60
Q

pharyngeal tonsils: in posterosuperior wall of __________
__________ tonsils: Posterolateral wall of oral cavity
Lingual tonsils: Along __________ __________ of tongue

A

Nasopharynx
Palatine
posterior 1/3

61
Q

Tonsils form crypts for trapping antigens, facilitates __________ __________ by lymphocytes

A

Antigen identification

62
Q

What are main lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen

63
Q

Thymus is __________ organ located superficial to __________

  • Lobes are divided by __________ __________ __________
  • Each lobules has an outer __________ and inner __________

Continues to grow during puberty and __________ in size and function

A

Bilobed, heart

Connective tissue trabeculae

cortex, medulla

Regresses

64
Q

Thymus is site of __________ maturation and differentiation
- cortex contains __________ T- lymphocytes, nurse cells and macrophages
- __________ __________ secrete thymic hormones

  • Medulla contains __________ T-lymphocytes and epithelial cells
  • in adulthood, T-lymphocytes can only be produced by __________ __________ and not by maturation of new cells in thymus
A

T-lymphocyte

immature
nurse cells

mature

cell division

65
Q

Lymph nodes are locate din pathway of __________ __________
- __________ antigens from lymph and __________ immune response

A

Lymphatic vessels

filter, initiate

66
Q

What are the lymph nodes?

A

Axillary, inguinal, cervical

67
Q

Lymph node is surrounded by tough CT __________
- internal extensions of capsule is __________
- __________ cells surround trabeculae and sinuses and provide pathway

A

capsule
trabeculae
lymphoid cells

68
Q

lymph node cortex : nodules and sinuses called __________ __________
lymph node medulla: __________ __________ and __________ __________

A

Cortical sinuses
medullary cords, medullary sinuses

69
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels from __________ to __________
efferent lymphatic vessels tranposrt filtered lymph __________ __________ lymph node at the __________

A

lymph to lymph node
away from, hilum

70
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

71
Q

Spleen is located lateral to __________ __________
A splenic artery and vein enter spleen via __________
Surrounded by __________ __________ CT capsule
- sends __________ into organ

A

Left kidney
Hilum
Dense irregular
trabeculae

72
Q

__________ __________ (branches of splenic arteries and veins) extend within trabeculae
cells around trabeculae are subdivided into __________ and __________

A

Trabecular vessels
White, red pulp

73
Q

White pulp does __________ supply
- what cells does it have?

In center of each cluster is a __________ __________

A

Arterial
T-cells, B-cells, macrophages

central artery

74
Q

__________ __________ surrounds each cluster of white pulp

A

Red pulp

75
Q

Red pulp does __________ supply
- has splenic __________ and splenic __________

A

Venous
cords, sinusoids

76
Q

Splenic cords and sinusoids has what cells?

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, plasma

77
Q

Blood cells can easily enter and leave blood stream in spleen because capillaries are __________

A

Sinusoidal

78
Q

Function of spleen
- __________ immune response when antigens are found in __________
- stores __________ and __________
- __________ old, defective erythrocytes and platelets
- Phagocytizes __________ and other foreign material

A

Initiates, blood

erythrocytes, platelets

phagocytizes
bacteria

Anatomy (21 decks)

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