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Anatomy > 4.04 - Digestive System 1 > Flashcards

4.04 - Digestive System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Food mixed with saliva is __________

A

Bolus

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2
Q

stomach converts bolus into_________

A

Chyme

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3
Q

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus are all part of __________ __________

A

GI tract

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4
Q

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas are __________ __________

A

Accessory organs

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5
Q

__________ is introduction of materials in mouth

__________ involves voluntary and involuntary contractions that mix and move materials through GI tract

__________ is a ripple wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move along GI tract

__________ is churning movements in small intestine that disperse materials and combine with digestive secretions

A

Ingestion

Motility

Peristalsis

Segmentation (mixing)

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6
Q

Secretion involves release of __________ or fluids such as acid, bile are digestive enzymes

A

Mucin

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7
Q

Digestion breaks large food items down
- __________ digestion physically breaks down materials (including mastication)

  • __________ digestion breaks down ingested materials into smaller molecules using enzymes
A

Mechanical

Chemical

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8
Q

__________involves movement of molecules across GI tract epithelium and into blood and lymph

Elimination involves __________ of indigestible waste products (feces)

A

Absorption

Elimination

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9
Q

The oral cavity is lined by __________ __________ __________ epithelium

Oral cavity boundaries

Superior:
Inferior:
Anterior:
Posterior

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Palate
mylohyoid muscle
teeth and lips
oropharynx

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10
Q

The Vestibule is between __________/__________ and __________

The oral cavity proper is medial to __________ __________ of jaw bones

A

Cheeks/lips, gums

alveolar processes

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11
Q

The __________ cover the alveolar processes of teeth

Internal surface of lip is attached to it by __________ __________

A

Gingivae

Labial frenulum

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12
Q

The __________ is the opening from oral cavity to oropharynx

bound anteriorly by __________ __________
bound posteriorly by __________ __________

the __________ __________ are housed between two arches

A

Fauces

Palatoglossal arch
Palatopharyngeal arch

Palatine tonsils

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13
Q

The __________ forms the roof of oral cavity

Anterior 2/3 of palate is the __________ __________
- Consists of __________ bones and __________ bones
- Ridges called __________ __________ __________ which help tongue in manipulation of food

A

Palate

Hard palate
- Maxilla, palatine
- Transverse palatine folds

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14
Q

Posterior 1/3 of palate is __________ __________
- __________ extends posteriorly
- elevates during swallowing and closes off posterior entrance to nasopharynx

A

Soft palate
- uvula

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15
Q

The tongue is made most of __________ muscle
- superior surface has __________
- manipulates ingested material and helps compress into __________
- assists in swallowing

A

Skeletal
- papillae
- bolus

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16
Q

The inferior surface of tongue attaches to floor of mouth by __________ __________
- posterioinferior surface has __________ __________

A

Lingual frenulum
Lignual tonsils

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17
Q

Saliva
- __________ materials to become a slick bolus
- moistens, cleanses, lubricates the structures of oral cavity
- Begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates with __________
- Antibacterial action with __________
- Dissolves food so __________ __________ can be simulated

A

Moistens

  • amylase
  • Lysosome
  • taste receptors
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18
Q

__________ __________ glands produce a small amount of saliva within the mouth
- contains __________ __________

A

Intrinsic salivary
- lingual lipase

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19
Q

How many cells are in intrinsic salivary glands?

A

Unicellular

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20
Q

Three pairs of extrinsic salivary glands make most of saliva:

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual `

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20
Q

Three pairs of extrinsic salivary glands make most of saliva:

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual `

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21
Q

What is the largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid

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22
Q

Parotid salivary
- anterior and inferior to the __________
- Parotid duct runs parallel to __________ __________ across the masseter muscle and pierces __________ muscle before opening into mouth near second upper molar

A

Ear
- Zygomatic arch, buccinator

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23
Q

What salivary gland secretes 25-30% of saliva?

What salivary gland secretes 3-5% of saliva?

What salivary gland secretes 60-70% (majority) of saliva?

A

Parotid

Sublingual

Submandibular

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24
Q

Sublingual salivary gland is __________ to the tongue
- contains multiple __________ __________ opening into __________ surface of oral cavity

A

Inferior
Sublingual ducts, inferior

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25
Q

Submandibular salivary glands reside __________ to mandible

Produce __________ of saliva

Submandibular duct opens through a __________ in floor of mouth next to __________ __________

A

Inferior

Majority

Papilla, lingual frenulum

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26
Q

Two types of cells in salivary glands

Mucous cells: secret __________ which forms mucus upon __________

Serous cells: secretes fluid with __________, __________ and salivary __________

A

Mucin, hydration

ions, lysozyme, amylase

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27
Q

Teeth are collectively known as __________
- a tooth has an exposed __________, a constricted __________, and one or more __________

A

Dentition
- crown, neck, roots

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28
Q

Roots fit into __________ __________ (sockets) and are connected to jaw bone with __________ __________
- Each root is covered with hard __________

A

Dental alveoli
periodontal ligaments
cementum

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29
Q

The crown is formed by tough __________

__________forms primary mass of tooth

center of tooth is __________ __________ that contains connective tissue called __________

A

Enamel

Dentin

Pulp cavity, pulp

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30
Q

Root canal is continuous with __________ __________ and opens at __________ __________

  • __________ __________ and __________ pass through opening and are housed in pulp
A

Pulp cavity, apical foramen

blood vessels, nerves

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31
Q

What are milk teeth called?
When do they erupt?
How many are there?

A

Deciduous teeth
6 and 30 months
2-

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32
Q

How many permanent teeth are there?
What do they replace?

A

32
Deciduous

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33
Q

What are the surface of the teeth?

A

Medial
Distal
Buccal
Labial
Lingual
Occlusal

34
Q

Incisors: __________ and shaped like chisels for __________

Canines: posterolateral to __________, pointed for __________ and __________

A

anterior, slicing

Posterolateral, puncturing and tearing

35
Q

premolars: posterolateral to __________, have __________ crowns with __________ for crushing and grinding

A

canines, flat, ridges

36
Q

Molars: __________ and most __________ teeth
- adapted for __________ and __________

A

Thickest, posterior
Crushing, grinding

37
Q

What type of tooth is wisdom tooth?

A

Third molar

38
Q

__________ pertioneum lines inside surface of body wall

A

Parietal

39
Q

__________ peritoneum covers surface of internal organs within cavity

A

Visceral

40
Q

__________ __________ between two serous peritoneums

organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum called __________ __________ (stomach)

A

Peritoneal cavity

Intraperitoneal organs

41
Q

Organs that lie against posterior abdominal wall are only covered by peritoneum on anterolateral surfaces are called __________ __________

A

Retroperitoneal organs

42
Q

Stomach is an example of __________ organ

A

Intraperitoneal

43
Q

Pancreas and rectum are __________ organs

A

Retroperitoneal

44
Q

__________ are folds of peritoneum that support __________ organs

A

Mesenteries, intraperitoneal

45
Q

__________ vessels, __________ vessels, nerves are sandwhiched between two folds and supply digestive organs

A

Blood, lympatic, nerves

46
Q

Types of mesenteries

__________ omentum connects lessert curvture of stomach and proximal end of duodenum of liver

__________ omentum extends inferiorly like an apron from greater curvature of stomach and covers most abdominal organs

A

Lesser

Greater

47
Q

The __________ __________ suspends most of small intestines from posterior abdominal wall

A

mesentery proper

48
Q

What two mesecolons are peeritoneal folds that attach parts of the large intestine to posterior abdominal wall?

A

Transverse, sigmoid

49
Q

Coronary ligament connects:
Falciform ligaments connects:
Lienorenal ligament connects:

A

Liver to diaphragm
Liver to abdominal wall
Spleen kidney

50
Q

Tunics of GI Wall

Mucosa:
- __________ epithelium
- Underlying areolar CT called __________ __________
- Thin layer of smooth muscle called __________ __________

A

inner
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosae

51
Q

Tunics of GI wall

Submucosa:
__________ or __________ __________ CT

__________ ducts

__________ secreting glands

__________ vessels

nerves including __________ __________ __________

A

Areolar or dense irregular

Lymphatic

mucin

blood

Submucosal nerve plexus

52
Q

Muscularis:

Inner circular layer: constricts __________ and forms __________

Outer longitudinal layer:
__________ tube
Nerve fibers and associated ganglia between two layers of muscle is called __________ __________ __________

A

Lumen, sphincters

shortens
Myentric nerve plexus

53
Q

Adventitia or serosa
__________ layer of GI tract wall

  • Adventitia is made of __________ CT with __________ and __________ fibers

Serosa is the same but covered by __________ __________

A

Outermost

Areolar, collagen, elastic

Visceral peritoneum

54
Q

Esophagus moves food from __________ to __________

Passes through opening in diaphragm called __________ __________ before it connects to __________

A

Pharynx to stomach

esophageal hiatus, stomach

55
Q

Esophagus runs anterior to __________ __________

A

Vertebral bodies

56
Q

Esophageal mucosa has __________ __________ epithelium
Submucosa is thick with many __________ fibers and __________ glands

A

Stratified squamous
Elastic, mucous

57
Q

muscularis of esophagus contains both __________ and __________ muscle

A

Skeletal and muscle

58
Q

The esophageal muscularis transitions from skeletal muscle (__________ control of swallowing) to smooth muscle __________

superior esophageal spincter
- ring of __________ muscle at top of esophagus, closes during __________ to prevent air entry

inferior esophageal sphincter:
- ring of __________ muscle at bottom of esophagus, prevents materials from __________ from stomach

A

voluntary, inferiorly

skeletal, inhalation

smooth, regurgitating

59
Q

Three phases of swallowing

  • voluntary phase occurs in __________
  • pharyngeal phase begins as __________ enters oropharynx and involves __________ swallowing reflex controlled by __________ __________

-esophageal phase:
consists of 5-8 seconds when bolus passes involuntarily through __________ to __________

A

mouth

bolus, involuntary, medulla oblangata

esophagus, stomach

60
Q

Pharyngeal phase:

__________ palate and __________ close off __________

__________ elevates so __________ closes over laryngeal opening

A

Soft, uvula

Larynx, epiglottus

61
Q

Esophageal phase

__________ __________ __________ closes

__________ __________ __________ opens

A

Superior esophageal sphincter

inferior esophageal sphincter

62
Q

stomach is in __________ __________ quadrant of abdomen

bolus is processed into __________

A

Upper left

Chyme

63
Q

Four regions of stomach

  • cardia: entryway, meets esophagus at opening called __________
  • Fundus: dome shaped portion __________ and __________ to cardiac orifice

-body: largest part, __________ to cardiac orifice and fundus

  • pylorus: funnel-shaped, includes __________ __________ and __________ __________
    smooth muscle __________ __________ controls opening to duodenum
A

Cardiac orifice

superior and lateral

inferior

pyloric antrum, pyloric canal
pyloric sphinter

64
Q

Inferior convex border of stomach is __________ __________

superior concava border is __________ __________

internal surface of stomach has __________ __________

A

greater curvature

lesser curvature

gastric folds (rugae)

65
Q

Stomach is lined by __________ __________ epithelium

lining is indented by __________ __________

at base of each pit is opening to several __________ __________

A

Simple columnar

Gastric pits

gastric glands

66
Q

Gastric secretions

surface mucous cells secrete __________ fluid with __________

Mucous neck cells secrete __________ fluid with __________

parietal cells secrete __________ __________ and __________ __________ (necessary for absorbing vitamin B12

A

alkaline, mucin

acidic, mucin

hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor

67
Q

Chief cells secrete __________

Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones such as __________ (aids in gastric motility)

A

Pepsinogen

Gastrin

68
Q

Small intestine finishes chemical digestion and is responsible for most _________ absorption

Food spends about _________ hours in small intestine

A

Nutrient

12

69
Q

3 parts of small intestine:

A

Duodenum, ileum, jejunum

70
Q

Duodenum is C shaped in originates at _________ _________

  • continuous with jejunum at _________ _________
  • contains _________ _________ _________ which is site where bile and pancreatic secretions enter GI tract
  • _________ _________ _________ receives small amount of pancreatic juice
A

Pyloric sphincter

  • duodenojejunal flexure
  • major duodenal papilla
  • minor duodenal papilla
71
Q

Jejunum is _________ portion of small intestine
- primary region for _________ digestion and _________ absorption

A

Middle

Chemical, nutrient

72
Q

Ileum
- _________ segment of small intestine
- distal end terminates at _________ _________ , a sphincter that controls entry of materials into large intestine

A

Last

Ileocecal valve

73
Q

histology of small intestine

mucosal and submucosal tunics are _________ _________

_________ are on surface of it

A

Circular folds

villi

74
Q

_________ are on surface of villi

_________ _________ between villi are invaginations of mucosa that release secretin
- stimulates production of digestive juices

submucosal glands of duodenum produce _________ _________

A

Microvilli

Intestinal glands

alkaline mucus

75
Q

Large intestine

absorbs fluids and compacts waste and solidifies into _________
- stores feces until _________

A

feces

defacation

76
Q

The cecum is a blind sac located in _________ _________ quadrant

_________ _________ is a thin hollow appendage with lymphatic nodules

_________ _________ is a junction between small and large intestine

A

Lower right

vermiform appendix

Ileocecal valce

77
Q

Ascending colon extends upward from _________ along right lateral border of abdomen

  • near liver, makes 90 degree turn called _________ _________ _________
A

Cecum

Right colic flexure

78
Q

Transverse colon extens from _________ ________ _________ to _________ _________ _________

A

Right colic flexure to left colic flexure

79
Q

Descending colon runs down left side of abdomen and terminates at _________ _________

A

Sigmoid colon

80
Q

Sigmoid colon has S shape ( the _________ _________) and is suspended by _________ _________. Terminates at _________

A

Sigmoid flexure

sigmoid mesentery, Rectum

81
Q

rectum has three thick transverse folds called _________ _________
- ensure fecal material is retained during passage of gas

rectum terminates at _________ _________

passes through opening of _________ _________ muscles of pelvic floor

A

Rectal valves

Anal canal

Levator ani

82
Q

_________ _________ lines internal surface of anal canal

_________ _________ secrete mucin for lubrication during defacation

internal and external anal sphincters _________ during defacation

veins in anus are _________ when swollen inside or outside anus

A

Anal columns

Anal sinuses

relax

hemorrhoids

83
Q

Histology of large intestine

  • mucosa lined with _________ _________ epithelium with many _________ cells

longitudinal muscle is incomplete, forming bundles called _________ _________
- contraction of it bunch up intestine into many sacs called _________

extending off external surface of _________ is lobules of fat called _________ _________

A

Simple columnar, goblet

Teniae coli

haustra

haustra, omentum appendices

Anatomy (21 decks)

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