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Anatomy > Final exam questions unit 4 > Flashcards

Final exam questions unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Growth hormone deficiency is inadequate growth hormone due to __________ or __________ problem

A

Hypothalamic, pituitary

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2
Q

Over secretion of growth hormone in childhood is called __________

A

Pituitary gigantisism

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3
Q

Pituitary gigantisim causes what?

A

Tall height, large organs, large tongue, blood glucose issues

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4
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Excessive growth hormone production

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5
Q

Why is acromegaly in adults instead of gigantisim?

A

Epiphyseal plate is closed, so only bones and organs enlargen

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6
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

Loss of feedback control of GH at hypothalamus or pituitary
or GH secreting tumor

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7
Q

What is the treatment for acromegaly?

A

GH hormon analog

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8
Q

Hyperthyroidism: excessive production of __________
- what are symptoms?

A

TH
increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, heat intolerance

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9
Q

What is graves disease?

A

Autoimmune disorder from formation of antibodies that mimck TSH

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10
Q

What is exothalmos?

A

Protruding and bulging of eyeballs

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11
Q

Hypothyroidism is what?

A

decreased production of TH

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12
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Low metabolic rate, lethargy, coldness, weight gain, photophobia

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13
Q

What is destruction of a person’s own immune system called?

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

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14
Q

What is goiter?

A

enlargement of thyroid

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15
Q

What causes goiter?

A

Dietary iodine deficiency

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16
Q

What is endemic goiter?

A

What prevelance of goiter in population is a lot

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17
Q

Cushing syndrome is chronic exposure to body’s tissues to excessive levels of __________ hormones

A

Glucocorticoid

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18
Q

What are symptoms of cushing syndrome?

A

Body obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, hypertension, excessive hair growth, kidney stones, mentrual irregularities

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19
Q

Addison disease is insufficient production of __________ from adrenal cortex

A

Steroids (glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid_

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20
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease

A

Weight loss, fatigue, weakness, hypotension, hyperpigmentation

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21
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome: inability to synthesize __________
Manifests in the __________

A

Corticosteroids
Embryo

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22
Q

In adrenogenital syndrome, pituitary releases massive amounts of __________

A

ACTH

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23
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome causes __________ which is what?

A

Virilization, musculinization

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24
Q

Diabetes Mellitus is what?

A

in adequate uptake of glucose from blood

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25
Q

What test is done to measure glucose?

A

Hemoglobin A1C

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26
Q

Type 1 diabetes is what?

A

Absent production and release of insulin by pancreatic islet cells

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27
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

decreased insulin release by pancreatic beta cells or decreased insulin effectiveness in peripheral tissues

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28
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Diabetes in pregnancy women

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29
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

when blood glucose drops below 60 mg/dL

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30
Q

What is anemia?

A

Mass of erythrocytes is less than normal range

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31
Q

Aplastic anemia is decreased erythrocytes due to defective __________ __________

A

Red bone marrow

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32
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia is

A

Immediate blood loss due to chronic ulcers or heavy mentrual flow

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33
Q

Pernicious anemia is chronic progressive anemia in adults caused by body’s failure to absorb vitamin __________

A

B12

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34
Q

A defect in __________ leads to pernicious anemia

A

Intrinisc factor

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35
Q

Sickle-cell disease is

A

Autosomal recessive
Erythrocytes become sickle shaped at lower blood oxygen concentrations
Causes difficulty in flowing through blood vessels

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36
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Cancer in leukocyte- forming cells

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37
Q

Acute leukemia progresses __________ and occurs in children and young adults

A

Rapidly

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38
Q

Chronic leukemia progresses __________ occurs in middle-aged and older people

A

Slowly

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39
Q

Granulocyte leukemia is uncontrolled proliferation of immature cells in __________ __________
- present of __________ numbers of immature granulocye

A

Myeloid stem cells
Large

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40
Q

Lymphocytic leukemia is increased numbers of malignant __________ or __________ in bone marrow and circulating blood
- involves __________ ad __________

A

Lymphocytes, lymphoblasts

lymph nodes, spleen

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41
Q

Atherosclerosis is what?

A

Coronary arteries become narrowed and has plaque

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42
Q

Angina pectoris is what pain?
What is it

A

Referred
Poorly localized pain in left side of chest

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43
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Sudden occlusion of coronary artery
- portion of myocardium is deprived of oxygen, some tissue dies

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44
Q

Atrial flutter

A

Atria beats 200-400 times per minute
Abnormal muscle impulses flow, stimulates atrial muscles and AV node repeatedly

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45
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Impulses are more chatoic than atrial flutter
- irregular heart rate
- ventricles increase and decrease contractions

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46
Q

Premature ventricular vontractions

A

Stress, caffiene, sleep deprivatoin
- rapid bursts due to abnormal pulses
- initiated within AV node or ventricular conduction system
- not fatal

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47
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

Disorganized, rapid movement of ventricular muscles that replaces normal contraction
- heart does not pump blood, circulation stops
- Leads to cardiac arrets

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48
Q

Varicose veins are __________ veins

A

Dilated, tortuous (many curves)

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49
Q

In varicose veins, valves become __________, causing blood to pool in one area and vein to swell and budge

A

Nonfunctional

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50
Q

What is sclerotherapy

A

Irritant is injected into small varicose veins to make them scar and seal off

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51
Q

What is phlebectomy?

A

Stripping or removing a vein

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52
Q

Varicose veins in annorectal region is called __________

A

Hemorrhoids

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53
Q

Deep vein thrombosis is __________ __________ in vein

A

Blood clot

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54
Q

DVT usually happens in __________ region

A

Calf, sural

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55
Q

CVT usually occurs in those with __________ __________ or inactive, immovile

A

Heart disease

56
Q

What is the most serious complication of DVT?

A

Pulmonary embolism, blood clot breaks free and travels to lung

57
Q

Atheroscerlosis is presence of __________ which leads to thickening of tunica __________ and narrowing of arterial lumen

A

Atheroma (plaque)
Intima

58
Q

What is a risk factor for atheroscerlosis?

A

Hypercholesterolemia

59
Q

What is the treatment for atheroscerlosis?

A

Angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery

60
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Localized, abnormal dilation of blood vessel

61
Q

Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a consequence of __________

A

Atheroscolerosis

62
Q

Abdominal aortic aneuryms is between __________ arteries and __________

  • Stent grafts is treatment
A

renal, aorta

63
Q

Berry (cerebral, saccular) aneurysm is what?

A

Weak area in cerebral blood vessel that balloons out and fills with blood

64
Q

What causes berry aneurysm?

A

Congenital defects, high BP, atherosclerosis, head trauma, infection

65
Q

What is acute tonsillitis?

A

Inflamed and infected tonsils

66
Q

Which tonsils are most commonly affected?

A

Palatine tonsils

67
Q

What is chronic tonsillitis?

A

Persistent or recurring infections that lead to permanent enlargement of tonsils

68
Q

What is tonsillectomy?

A

Removal of tonsils
only if meds don’t help chronic tonsillitis

69
Q

Swelling of lymph node is a response to what?

A

infection

70
Q

Swelling of lymph node can be a site of what?

A

Metasteses of cancer cells

71
Q

Where can lymph nodes be palpated?

A

Head and neck
Axillary and inguinal regions only if enlarged

72
Q

Laryngitis is inflammation of __________

A

Larynx

73
Q

What is the number one cause of laryngitis?

A

Viral or bacterial infection
- also can be caused by overuse of voice

74
Q

Laryngitis can cause __________ in kids

A

Epiglottitis

75
Q

Tracheotomy is performed when

A

Patient requires extended ventilation

76
Q

What is tracheotomy?

A

Incision in trachea

77
Q

What is tracheostomy?

A

Opening that is made

78
Q

The __________ sometimes must be cut in the midline to access trachea

A

Thyroid

79
Q

What is cicothyrotomy?

A

Incision in anterior neck inferior to thyroid cartilage and through cricothyroid ligament

80
Q

What is pneumothorax?

How does it happen?

A

When free air gets into pleural cavity, space between parietal and visceral pleura

Puncture to chest, or broken rub lacerates lung

81
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

When free air in pleura causes lung to deflate

82
Q

What is tension pneumothorax?

A

A hole in chest allows air to enter and act as a one-way vlave

83
Q

What is hemothorax?

A

Blood collects in pleura due to lacerated artery

84
Q

What is hydrothorax?

A

Accumulation of serous fluid within pleural cavity

85
Q

What is empyema?

A

Accumulation of pus, like pneumonie

86
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic condition caused by bronchoconstriction
When exposed to substance, immune reaction causes mucus, swollen submucosa, bronchoconstriction

87
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

Chronic erosion of lining of stomach or duodenum

Stomach acid destroys lining and creates elcer

88
Q

What causes peptic ulcer?

A

Ba
lance between acidic juice and mucous lining is thrown off

89
Q

Ulcer can erode organ and cause __________

A

Performation

90
Q

__________ has been linked to ulcers

A

Gastritis

91
Q

What bacteria causes peptic ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

92
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

Presence of diverticula (small bulges) in intestinal ining of colon

92
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

Presence of diverticula (small bulges) in intestinal lining of colon

93
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of gastric mucosa

94
Q

What is diveritculitis?

A

Inflammation of diveritcula

95
Q

What is liver cirrhosis?

A

hepatocytes are destroyed and replaced by fibrous scar tissue

96
Q

What is hepatic portal hypertension?

A

Scar tissue compresses blood pressure, causing high BP in hepatic portal venous system

97
Q

What is chronic hepatitis?

A

Long term inflammation of liver that leads to necrosis of liver tissue

98
Q

What infection cause chronic hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C

99
Q

What is ascites?

A

Fluid accumulates in abdomen, decreased albumin production

100
Q

When does jaundice occur?

A

When liver’s ability to eliminate bilirubin is impaired

101
Q

What causes gallstones?

A

High concentrations of materials in bile

102
Q

What is cholelithiasis?

A

Presence of gallstones in gallbladder

103
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

Inflammation of gallbladder

104
Q

What is cholecystectomy?

A

Surgical removal of gallbladder

105
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

Autoimmune
gluten intolerance, damages villi in small intestine

106
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Crohn’s disease, ulverative collitis

107
Q

What is crohns disease

A

Intense cramping and diarrhea
- distal ileum
- full thickness of intestinal wall

108
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

Inflammation
LARGE intestine
only mucosa

109
Q

What is irritable bowel syndrom

A

Abnormal function of colon with cramps, bloating, constpiation, diarrhea

110
Q

What is intravenous pyelogram?

A

injecting small amount f radiopaque dye into vein

As dye passes through kidneys and cleared in urine, series of x-rays provides time lapse of urinary flow

111
Q

What color should entire pathway of urinary tract be on x-ray?

A

Dark
If there is a blockage, dark color will suddenly stop

112
Q

What is renal failure?

A

Absent renal function caused by destruction of 90% of tissue in kidney

113
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

catheter is permanent placed in pertioneal cavity
bag of dialysis fluid is attached externally
harmful waste is transferred from blood into fluid

114
Q

What is hemodialysis?

A

Patient’s blood is cycles through a machine that filters waste products

115
Q

Who can donate kidney for transplate?

A

Genetically similar person

116
Q

how is kidney removed from donor?

A

Through laparascopic procedure through umbilicus

117
Q

What is renal calculus

A

Kidney stone

118
Q

What is renal calculus formed from

A

Cyrstalline minerals that build up kidney
most of it is calcium

119
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A

Renal calculi in urinary tract

120
Q

What is hematuria?

A

Blood in urine

121
Q

What is lithotripsy?

A

Ultrasound or shock waves are directed to pulverize into smaller pieces that can be expelled through urine

122
Q

What is a ureteroscopy?

A

A scope inserted from urethra into urinary bladder to break up and remove stone

123
Q

What is the main risk factor for cervical cancer?

A

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection

124
Q

What is papanicolaou smear?

A

Diagnostic method for examining cervical epithelial cells
- inserts speculum
- cells are scraped from inside cervix

125
Q

What gene causes breast cancer?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

126
Q

What are risk factors for breast cancer?

A

maternal relatives with breast cancer
Longer reproductive span
Obesity
Nulliparity (Never have been pregnant)
Late age at first pregnancy

127
Q

What causes breast cancer?

A

Increased exposure to estrogen over time

128
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland
- discrete nodules form within prostate and compress prostatic urethra

129
Q

What is surgery for BPG?

A

TURP ( transurethral resection of prostate)

130
Q

What is screening tool for prostate cancer?

A

Digital rectal exam

131
Q

What therapy is done for earlier stages of BPH?

A

Interstitial radiotherapy

132
Q

What is done for later stages of BPH

A

Radical prostatectomy

133
Q

What is circumcision?

A

Surgical removal of prepuce (foreskin) of penis

134
Q

What are benefits of circumcision?

A

Protects against
urinary tract infections
penile inflammation
penile cancer

Keeps penis clean

Anatomy (21 decks)

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