Final exam questions unit 4 Flashcards
Growth hormone deficiency is inadequate growth hormone due to __________ or __________ problem
Hypothalamic, pituitary
Over secretion of growth hormone in childhood is called __________
Pituitary gigantisism
Pituitary gigantisim causes what?
Tall height, large organs, large tongue, blood glucose issues
What is acromegaly?
Excessive growth hormone production
Why is acromegaly in adults instead of gigantisim?
Epiphyseal plate is closed, so only bones and organs enlargen
What causes acromegaly?
Loss of feedback control of GH at hypothalamus or pituitary
or GH secreting tumor
What is the treatment for acromegaly?
GH hormon analog
Hyperthyroidism: excessive production of __________
- what are symptoms?
TH
increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, heat intolerance
What is graves disease?
Autoimmune disorder from formation of antibodies that mimck TSH
What is exothalmos?
Protruding and bulging of eyeballs
Hypothyroidism is what?
decreased production of TH
What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Low metabolic rate, lethargy, coldness, weight gain, photophobia
What is destruction of a person’s own immune system called?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
What is goiter?
enlargement of thyroid
What causes goiter?
Dietary iodine deficiency
What is endemic goiter?
What prevelance of goiter in population is a lot
Cushing syndrome is chronic exposure to body’s tissues to excessive levels of __________ hormones
Glucocorticoid
What are symptoms of cushing syndrome?
Body obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, hypertension, excessive hair growth, kidney stones, mentrual irregularities
Addison disease is insufficient production of __________ from adrenal cortex
Steroids (glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid_
Symptoms of Addison’s disease
Weight loss, fatigue, weakness, hypotension, hyperpigmentation
Adrenogenital syndrome: inability to synthesize __________
Manifests in the __________
Corticosteroids
Embryo
In adrenogenital syndrome, pituitary releases massive amounts of __________
ACTH
Adrenogenital syndrome causes __________ which is what?
Virilization, musculinization
Diabetes Mellitus is what?
in adequate uptake of glucose from blood
What test is done to measure glucose?
Hemoglobin A1C
Type 1 diabetes is what?
Absent production and release of insulin by pancreatic islet cells
What is type 2 diabetes?
decreased insulin release by pancreatic beta cells or decreased insulin effectiveness in peripheral tissues
What is gestational diabetes?
Diabetes in pregnancy women
What is hypoglycemia?
when blood glucose drops below 60 mg/dL
What is anemia?
Mass of erythrocytes is less than normal range
Aplastic anemia is decreased erythrocytes due to defective __________ __________
Red bone marrow
Hemorrhagic anemia is
Immediate blood loss due to chronic ulcers or heavy mentrual flow
Pernicious anemia is chronic progressive anemia in adults caused by body’s failure to absorb vitamin __________
B12
A defect in __________ leads to pernicious anemia
Intrinisc factor
Sickle-cell disease is
Autosomal recessive
Erythrocytes become sickle shaped at lower blood oxygen concentrations
Causes difficulty in flowing through blood vessels
What is leukemia?
Cancer in leukocyte- forming cells
Acute leukemia progresses __________ and occurs in children and young adults
Rapidly
Chronic leukemia progresses __________ occurs in middle-aged and older people
Slowly
Granulocyte leukemia is uncontrolled proliferation of immature cells in __________ __________
- present of __________ numbers of immature granulocye
Myeloid stem cells
Large
Lymphocytic leukemia is increased numbers of malignant __________ or __________ in bone marrow and circulating blood
- involves __________ ad __________
Lymphocytes, lymphoblasts
lymph nodes, spleen
Atherosclerosis is what?
Coronary arteries become narrowed and has plaque
Angina pectoris is what pain?
What is it
Referred
Poorly localized pain in left side of chest
What is myocardial infarction?
Sudden occlusion of coronary artery
- portion of myocardium is deprived of oxygen, some tissue dies
Atrial flutter
Atria beats 200-400 times per minute
Abnormal muscle impulses flow, stimulates atrial muscles and AV node repeatedly
Atrial fibrillation
Impulses are more chatoic than atrial flutter
- irregular heart rate
- ventricles increase and decrease contractions
Premature ventricular vontractions
Stress, caffiene, sleep deprivatoin
- rapid bursts due to abnormal pulses
- initiated within AV node or ventricular conduction system
- not fatal
Ventricular fibrillation
Disorganized, rapid movement of ventricular muscles that replaces normal contraction
- heart does not pump blood, circulation stops
- Leads to cardiac arrets
Varicose veins are __________ veins
Dilated, tortuous (many curves)
In varicose veins, valves become __________, causing blood to pool in one area and vein to swell and budge
Nonfunctional
What is sclerotherapy
Irritant is injected into small varicose veins to make them scar and seal off
What is phlebectomy?
Stripping or removing a vein
Varicose veins in annorectal region is called __________
Hemorrhoids
Deep vein thrombosis is __________ __________ in vein
Blood clot
DVT usually happens in __________ region
Calf, sural
CVT usually occurs in those with __________ __________ or inactive, immovile
Heart disease
What is the most serious complication of DVT?
Pulmonary embolism, blood clot breaks free and travels to lung
Atheroscerlosis is presence of __________ which leads to thickening of tunica __________ and narrowing of arterial lumen
Atheroma (plaque)
Intima
What is a risk factor for atheroscerlosis?
Hypercholesterolemia
What is the treatment for atheroscerlosis?
Angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery
What is an aneurysm?
Localized, abnormal dilation of blood vessel
Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a consequence of __________
Atheroscolerosis
Abdominal aortic aneuryms is between __________ arteries and __________
- Stent grafts is treatment
renal, aorta
Berry (cerebral, saccular) aneurysm is what?
Weak area in cerebral blood vessel that balloons out and fills with blood
What causes berry aneurysm?
Congenital defects, high BP, atherosclerosis, head trauma, infection
What is acute tonsillitis?
Inflamed and infected tonsils
Which tonsils are most commonly affected?
Palatine tonsils
What is chronic tonsillitis?
Persistent or recurring infections that lead to permanent enlargement of tonsils
What is tonsillectomy?
Removal of tonsils
only if meds don’t help chronic tonsillitis
Swelling of lymph node is a response to what?
infection
Swelling of lymph node can be a site of what?
Metasteses of cancer cells
Where can lymph nodes be palpated?
Head and neck
Axillary and inguinal regions only if enlarged
Laryngitis is inflammation of __________
Larynx
What is the number one cause of laryngitis?
Viral or bacterial infection
- also can be caused by overuse of voice
Laryngitis can cause __________ in kids
Epiglottitis
Tracheotomy is performed when
Patient requires extended ventilation
What is tracheotomy?
Incision in trachea
What is tracheostomy?
Opening that is made
The __________ sometimes must be cut in the midline to access trachea
Thyroid
What is cicothyrotomy?
Incision in anterior neck inferior to thyroid cartilage and through cricothyroid ligament
What is pneumothorax?
How does it happen?
When free air gets into pleural cavity, space between parietal and visceral pleura
Puncture to chest, or broken rub lacerates lung
What is atelectasis?
When free air in pleura causes lung to deflate
What is tension pneumothorax?
A hole in chest allows air to enter and act as a one-way vlave
What is hemothorax?
Blood collects in pleura due to lacerated artery
What is hydrothorax?
Accumulation of serous fluid within pleural cavity
What is empyema?
Accumulation of pus, like pneumonie
What is asthma?
Chronic condition caused by bronchoconstriction
When exposed to substance, immune reaction causes mucus, swollen submucosa, bronchoconstriction
What is a peptic ulcer?
Chronic erosion of lining of stomach or duodenum
Stomach acid destroys lining and creates elcer
What causes peptic ulcer?
Ba
lance between acidic juice and mucous lining is thrown off
Ulcer can erode organ and cause __________
Performation
__________ has been linked to ulcers
Gastritis
What bacteria causes peptic ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What is diverticulosis?
Presence of diverticula (small bulges) in intestinal ining of colon
What is diverticulosis?
Presence of diverticula (small bulges) in intestinal lining of colon
What is gastritis?
Inflammation of gastric mucosa
What is diveritculitis?
Inflammation of diveritcula
What is liver cirrhosis?
hepatocytes are destroyed and replaced by fibrous scar tissue
What is hepatic portal hypertension?
Scar tissue compresses blood pressure, causing high BP in hepatic portal venous system
What is chronic hepatitis?
Long term inflammation of liver that leads to necrosis of liver tissue
What infection cause chronic hepatitis?
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C
What is ascites?
Fluid accumulates in abdomen, decreased albumin production
When does jaundice occur?
When liver’s ability to eliminate bilirubin is impaired
What causes gallstones?
High concentrations of materials in bile
What is cholelithiasis?
Presence of gallstones in gallbladder
What is cholecystitis?
Inflammation of gallbladder
What is cholecystectomy?
Surgical removal of gallbladder
What is celiac disease?
Autoimmune
gluten intolerance, damages villi in small intestine
What is inflammatory bowel disease?
Crohn’s disease, ulverative collitis
What is crohns disease
Intense cramping and diarrhea
- distal ileum
- full thickness of intestinal wall
What is ulcerative colitis?
Inflammation
LARGE intestine
only mucosa
What is irritable bowel syndrom
Abnormal function of colon with cramps, bloating, constpiation, diarrhea
What is intravenous pyelogram?
injecting small amount f radiopaque dye into vein
As dye passes through kidneys and cleared in urine, series of x-rays provides time lapse of urinary flow
What color should entire pathway of urinary tract be on x-ray?
Dark
If there is a blockage, dark color will suddenly stop
What is renal failure?
Absent renal function caused by destruction of 90% of tissue in kidney
What is peritoneal dialysis?
catheter is permanent placed in pertioneal cavity
bag of dialysis fluid is attached externally
harmful waste is transferred from blood into fluid
What is hemodialysis?
Patient’s blood is cycles through a machine that filters waste products
Who can donate kidney for transplate?
Genetically similar person
how is kidney removed from donor?
Through laparascopic procedure through umbilicus
What is renal calculus
Kidney stone
What is renal calculus formed from
Cyrstalline minerals that build up kidney
most of it is calcium
What is urolithiasis?
Renal calculi in urinary tract
What is hematuria?
Blood in urine
What is lithotripsy?
Ultrasound or shock waves are directed to pulverize into smaller pieces that can be expelled through urine
What is a ureteroscopy?
A scope inserted from urethra into urinary bladder to break up and remove stone
What is the main risk factor for cervical cancer?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection
What is papanicolaou smear?
Diagnostic method for examining cervical epithelial cells
- inserts speculum
- cells are scraped from inside cervix
What gene causes breast cancer?
BRCA1 and BRCA2
What are risk factors for breast cancer?
maternal relatives with breast cancer
Longer reproductive span
Obesity
Nulliparity (Never have been pregnant)
Late age at first pregnancy
What causes breast cancer?
Increased exposure to estrogen over time
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland
- discrete nodules form within prostate and compress prostatic urethra
What is surgery for BPG?
TURP ( transurethral resection of prostate)
What is screening tool for prostate cancer?
Digital rectal exam
What therapy is done for earlier stages of BPH?
Interstitial radiotherapy
What is done for later stages of BPH
Radical prostatectomy
What is circumcision?
Surgical removal of prepuce (foreskin) of penis
What are benefits of circumcision?
Protects against
urinary tract infections
penile inflammation
penile cancer
Keeps penis clean
