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Anatomy > 4.08 - Reproductive System II > Flashcards

4.08 - Reproductive System II Flashcards

1
Q

The primary male sex organs are the ____________

The ____________ organs include a complex set of ducts and tubules leading from testes to penis

Penis is organ of ____________

Sexual intercourse is also called ____________

A

Testes

Accessory

Copulation

Copulation

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2
Q

The ____________ is a skin-covered sac that provides testes with cooler environment than

The scrotum is homologous to ____________ ____________ in female

The ____________ is a midline ridge on scrotum

The ____________ ____________ is a layer of smooth muscle that is part of wall of scrotum

A

Scrotum

Labia majora

Raphe

Dartos muscle

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3
Q

The spermatic cord originates in ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ from deep abdominal muscles

Cremaster muscle and fascial form from extensions of ____________ ____________ muscles and aponeurosis

A

Inguinal canal

Internal spermatic fascia

Internal oblique muscle

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4
Q

____________ ____________ ____________ forms from aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

____________ ____________ is a branch of abdominal aorta

____________ ____________ a network of veins surrounding testicular artery

A

External spermatic fascia

Testicular artery

Pampiniform plexus

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5
Q

____________ is an oval organ within scrotum
Functions include production of sperm and secretion of ____________

Covered anteriorly and laterally by ____________ ____________

  • has an outer ____________ layer and inner ____________ layer
A

Testis

testosterone

Tunica vaginalis

Parietal, visceral

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6
Q

____________ ____________ is a white fibrous capsule deep to tunica vaginalis that cover testes

A

Tunica albuginea

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7
Q

Back of tunica albuginea is ____________ ____________
- where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves enter

A

Mediastinum testes

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8
Q

Tunica albuginea projects internally into testes to form ____________
- subdivides to form 250 lobules
- each lobule contains up to 4 ____________ ____________ ____________

A

Septum

Convoluted seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

Seminiferous tubules contain two types of cells
- Sustentacular cells: nondividing support cells for ____________ ____________
Release ____________ when sperm count is high
Connected by ____________ junctions that form ____________ ____________ border

A

Sperm development
inhibin

Tight, blood testis

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10
Q

A population of dividing ____________ cells continuously produce sperm at beginning of puberty

A

Germ

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11
Q

Spaces surrounding seminiferous tubules are ____________ ____________
- ____________ cells reside in these space and produce ____________

A

interstitial space

interstitial, androgens

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12
Q

Development of sperm

  1. Germ cells are ____________ cells called ____________

Mitotic division of spermatogonia produce ____________ ____________ (committed cells)

  1. Meiosis I begins with diploid primary spermatocytes. Haploid cells are called ____________ ____________
  2. Meiosis Ii originates with ____________ ____________ and produces ____________
  3. Process of ____________ begins with spermatids
    Results in morphologic changes needed to form ____________ that will be motile
A

diploid, spermatogonia

Primary spermatocytes

Secondary spermatocytes

Secondary spermatocytes, spermatids

Spermiogenesis, spermatozoa

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13
Q

Spermatozoa has ____________ ____________ over nucleus, a ____________, and ____________

A

Acrosome cap, midpiece, tail

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14
Q

Beginning at testis, ducts are:

A

Rete testis
Efferent ductules
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra

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15
Q

The rete testis receive sperm from ____________ ____________
- channels merge to form ____________ ____________

A

Seminiferous tubuules
Efferent ductules

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16
Q

Efferent ductules connect the rete testis to ____________
- posteriosuperior surface of testes
- Epididymis consists of:

A

Epididymis

head, body tail

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17
Q

Internally, epididymis contains ____________ ____________ ____________ that stores sperm cells and assists in maturation

A

Long convulated duct

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18
Q

Sperm leaving epididymis enters ____________ ____________
- wall has inner ____________
- contraction of smooth muscle in muscularis ____________ sperm

A

Ductus deferens
Mucosa
propels

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19
Q

Ductus deferens travels within ____________ ____________ and enters pelvic cavity thru ____________ ____________

A

Spermatic cord, inguinal canal

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20
Q

As ductus deferens approaches prostate gland, it enlarges to form ____________ which unites proximal portion of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

A

Ampulla

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21
Q

Each ejaculatory duct conducts sperm and ____________ ____________ secretions to __________ ____________

A

Seminal vesicle, prostatic urethra

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22
Q

Urethra transports semen from ____________ ____________ to outside of body

____________ ___________ is prostate gland

Membranous urethra goes through ____________ ____________

____________ urethra thru penis

A

Ejaculatory ducts

prostatic urethra

Urogenital diaphragm

Spongy

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23
Q

Three glands secrete fluids to mix with sperm to create ____________ ____________
- ____________ acidity of vagina

When release during intercourse, semen is called ____________

A

Seminal fluid

Neutralize

Ejaculate

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24
Q

paired ____________ ____________ are on posterior surface of urinary bladder, lateral to ampulla of ductus deferens

  • elongated, hollow organs that secrete viscous, whitish-yellow alkaline fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins, bicarbonate

the ____________ ____________ is located inferior to urnary bladder
- slightly ____________ and contains mucin, citric acid, seminalplasmin, prostate specific antigen

A

Seminal vesicles

Prostate gland

Acidic

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25
Q

____________ glands are paired pea-shaped

  • sit in urogenital diaphragm on either side of membranous urethra
  • secrete ____________ viscous mucin
  • mucus lubricates urethra prior to ejaculation
A

Bulbourethral

clear

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26
Q

_________ and _________ are external genitalia in males

A

Penis and scrotum

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27
Q

Attached portion of penis is root forming _________ and _________ of penis

A

Bulb and crura

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28
Q

The _________ is elongated portion of penis

A

Body (Shaft)

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29
Q

Tip of penis is _________

A

Glans

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30
Q

Glans surrounds _________ _________ _________

A

External urethral orifice

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31
Q

_________ is foreskin of uncircumcised penis

A

Prepuce

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32
Q

Three erectile bodies of shaft
- paired _________ _________ are located dorsolaterally

  • unpaired _________ _________ is ventral and along midline surrounding spongy urethra
A

Corpora cavernosa

corpus spongiosum

33
Q

Distal end of corpus spongiosum continues with _________

A

Glans

34
Q

Erectile bodies have venous spaces that fill blood from _________ _________ to produce an erection

A

Central artery

35
Q

_________ innervation is responsible for erection

A

Parsympathetic

36
Q

_________ innervation is responsible for ejaculation

A

Sympathetic

37
Q

Is corpora cavernosa paired or unpaired?

A

Paired

38
Q

Is corpus spongiosum paired or unpaired?

A

Unpaired

39
Q

_________ _________ is appearance of genitalia which starts at 7th week of development

A

Phenotypic sex

40
Q

if _________ gene is present, proteins that stimulate _________ hormones
- male phenotypic development occurs

What chromosome for males?

A

Sex-determining region Y (SRY)
androgen

Y

41
Q

In 5th week, _________ _________ gives rise to _________ _________ that forms gonads

A

Intermediate mesoderm
genital ridges

42
Q

Two ducts form embryonically
- _________ ducts form male duct system

  • _________ ducts form female duct system
A

Mesonephric (wolffian)

Paramesonephric (Mullerian ducts)

43
Q

In 6th week of development, there are external genitalia
- paired _________ _________ on either side of urogenital membrane
- a _________ _________ anterior to urogential folds
- paired _________ _________, lateral to urethral folds

A

Urogenital folds

genital tubercle

Labiosacral swelling

44
Q

Prenatal period is between _________ and _________

A

Fertilization and birth

45
Q

pre-embryonic period: first _________ weeks after fertilization

A

2

46
Q

embryonic period:
- what weeks?
- what happens?

A

3-8
- all major systems develop

47
Q

Fetal period?
- what weeks?
- what happens?
- what is organism called?

A

9-38
- growth and development
- fetus

48
Q

Within a week of fertilization, _________ enters uterus

A

Bastocyte

49
Q

Blastocyte embeds within _________ layer of endometrium
- process is called _________

A

Functional

implantation

50
Q

The _________ _________ and _________ produce 3 extraembryonic membrances

A

Bilaminar germinal disc, trophoblast

51
Q

_________ _________ serves as a site for early blood cell and vessel formation

A

yolk sac

52
Q

_________ is a thin layer of cells derived from _________

  • a fluid-filled _________ _________ appears between amnion and epiblast layer
A

amnion, epiblast

amniotic cavity

53
Q

_________ is outermost layer of membrane responsible for formation of placenta

A

Chorion

54
Q

Placenta is highly _________

A

Vascularized

55
Q

Placenta:
- exchange of what?
- transmission of _________ _________ to embryo
- production of _________ and _________ to maintain uterine lining

A

Nutrients, waste products, gases
- maternal antibodies
- estrogen, progesterone

56
Q

Placenta develops from both embryo and mother
- embryonic portion is _________
- maternal portion is _________

A

Chorion
Functional layer of endometrium

57
Q

Early embryo is attached to placenta by _________ _________

A

Umbilical cord

58
Q

_________ _________ are edge of chorion
- inside villi are branches from _________ _________ _________
- adjacent to villi is _________

A

Chorionic villi
- umbilical blood vessels
- functional layer of endometrium

59
Q

Amniocentesis
- fetal cells obtained from _________ _________
- usually performed at what week?

A

Amniotic fluid

14

60
Q

Chorionic villi sampling
- fetal cells obtained from _________ _________
- can be done at what week (and later)?
- sample can be taken through _________ or _________ _________

A

Chorionic villi
- week 10
- Cervix, abdominal sampling

61
Q

Near end of third month of pregnancy, _________ occupies most of pelvic cavity
- as fetus grows, uterus extends _________ into abdominal cavity

A

Uterus
higher

62
Q

Uterus
- pushes maternal intestines, liver, stomach _________
- _________ diaphragm
- _________ thoracic cavity

A

Superiorly
elevates
widens

63
Q

_________ of ureters and urinary bladder during pregnancy
- _________ on veins returning blood from pelvis and lower limbs

A

Compression
pressure

64
Q

symptoms of pregnancy
- _________ _________
- _________ _________ pain
- _________ enlargement
- _________ heart rate and blood volume
- _________ volume of air inhaled and exhaled
- _________ symptoms
- increased _________ due to fluid retention

A

Weight gain
lower back
breast
increased
increased
urinary
edema

65
Q

Obstetrics is medicine that deals with pregnancy and birth
- _________ also means giving birth
- _________ is the process by which fetus is expelled from vagina

A

parturition
labor

66
Q

uterine contractions start from _________ of uterus and move _________
- labor begins when uterine contractions occur at regular intervals, usually causing pain.
- as intervals between contraction _________, contractions _________

A

top, downward
shorts, intensify

67
Q

Stage of dilation: The time from _________ to _________.
- how many hours does it last?

A

Onset of labor to complete dilation
6-12 hours

68
Q

What happens in stage of dilation?
- _________ of uterus
- _________ _________
- _________ _________ of cervix

A

Contractions
rupturing of amniotic sac
Complete dilation

69
Q

Stage of expulsion
- Time from _________ to _________
- how much time?

A

Complete dilation to delivery
10 min to several hours

70
Q

Placental stage
- The time of what?
- How long?

A

Placenta is expelled by powerful uterine contractions
- 3-5 minutes to an hour

71
Q

What is dystocia?

A

Difficult labor

72
Q

Dystocia is caused by
- Abnormal ________ of fetus
- _________ _________ of inadequate size

A

Position
Birth canal

73
Q

What is a breech presentation?
when does it commonly occur?

A

Fetal lower limbs enter birth canal first
Premature births

74
Q

What is C-section?
Where is the cut made?

A

When baby is delivered through an abdominal incision

Low horizontal cut through abdominal wall, lower portion of uterus

75
Q

A history of C-sections means what?

A

Does not mean the pregnant woman didn’t attempt vaginal delivery

76
Q

Premature infant weighs less than _________ lbs
- What problem occurs after delivery for an infant under 36 weeks?

A

5.5
Respiratory distress syndrome

77
Q

RDS is due to insufficient _________

A

Surfactant

78
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Produced by lung cells that decrease surface tension and reduces tendency of air sacs to collapse

79
Q

RDS can be fixed using _________ and _________ that deliver oxygen until lungs can operate on their own

A

Artificial surfactant, ventilator

Anatomy (21 decks)

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