4.08 - Reproductive System II Flashcards
The primary male sex organs are the ____________
The ____________ organs include a complex set of ducts and tubules leading from testes to penis
Penis is organ of ____________
Sexual intercourse is also called ____________
Testes
Accessory
Copulation
Copulation
The ____________ is a skin-covered sac that provides testes with cooler environment than
The scrotum is homologous to ____________ ____________ in female
The ____________ is a midline ridge on scrotum
The ____________ ____________ is a layer of smooth muscle that is part of wall of scrotum
Scrotum
Labia majora
Raphe
Dartos muscle
The spermatic cord originates in ____________ ____________
____________ ____________ ____________ from deep abdominal muscles
Cremaster muscle and fascial form from extensions of ____________ ____________ muscles and aponeurosis
Inguinal canal
Internal spermatic fascia
Internal oblique muscle
____________ ____________ ____________ forms from aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
____________ ____________ is a branch of abdominal aorta
____________ ____________ a network of veins surrounding testicular artery
External spermatic fascia
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
____________ is an oval organ within scrotum
Functions include production of sperm and secretion of ____________
Covered anteriorly and laterally by ____________ ____________
- has an outer ____________ layer and inner ____________ layer
Testis
testosterone
Tunica vaginalis
Parietal, visceral
____________ ____________ is a white fibrous capsule deep to tunica vaginalis that cover testes
Tunica albuginea
Back of tunica albuginea is ____________ ____________
- where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves enter
Mediastinum testes
Tunica albuginea projects internally into testes to form ____________
- subdivides to form 250 lobules
- each lobule contains up to 4 ____________ ____________ ____________
Septum
Convoluted seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules contain two types of cells
- Sustentacular cells: nondividing support cells for ____________ ____________
Release ____________ when sperm count is high
Connected by ____________ junctions that form ____________ ____________ border
Sperm development
inhibin
Tight, blood testis
A population of dividing ____________ cells continuously produce sperm at beginning of puberty
Germ
Spaces surrounding seminiferous tubules are ____________ ____________
- ____________ cells reside in these space and produce ____________
interstitial space
interstitial, androgens
Development of sperm
- Germ cells are ____________ cells called ____________
Mitotic division of spermatogonia produce ____________ ____________ (committed cells)
- Meiosis I begins with diploid primary spermatocytes. Haploid cells are called ____________ ____________
- Meiosis Ii originates with ____________ ____________ and produces ____________
- Process of ____________ begins with spermatids
Results in morphologic changes needed to form ____________ that will be motile
diploid, spermatogonia
Primary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes, spermatids
Spermiogenesis, spermatozoa
Spermatozoa has ____________ ____________ over nucleus, a ____________, and ____________
Acrosome cap, midpiece, tail
Beginning at testis, ducts are:
Rete testis
Efferent ductules
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
The rete testis receive sperm from ____________ ____________
- channels merge to form ____________ ____________
Seminiferous tubuules
Efferent ductules
Efferent ductules connect the rete testis to ____________
- posteriosuperior surface of testes
- Epididymis consists of:
Epididymis
head, body tail
Internally, epididymis contains ____________ ____________ ____________ that stores sperm cells and assists in maturation
Long convulated duct
Sperm leaving epididymis enters ____________ ____________
- wall has inner ____________
- contraction of smooth muscle in muscularis ____________ sperm
Ductus deferens
Mucosa
propels
Ductus deferens travels within ____________ ____________ and enters pelvic cavity thru ____________ ____________
Spermatic cord, inguinal canal
As ductus deferens approaches prostate gland, it enlarges to form ____________ which unites proximal portion of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
Ampulla
Each ejaculatory duct conducts sperm and ____________ ____________ secretions to __________ ____________
Seminal vesicle, prostatic urethra
Urethra transports semen from ____________ ____________ to outside of body
____________ ___________ is prostate gland
Membranous urethra goes through ____________ ____________
____________ urethra thru penis
Ejaculatory ducts
prostatic urethra
Urogenital diaphragm
Spongy
Three glands secrete fluids to mix with sperm to create ____________ ____________
- ____________ acidity of vagina
When release during intercourse, semen is called ____________
Seminal fluid
Neutralize
Ejaculate
paired ____________ ____________ are on posterior surface of urinary bladder, lateral to ampulla of ductus deferens
- elongated, hollow organs that secrete viscous, whitish-yellow alkaline fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins, bicarbonate
the ____________ ____________ is located inferior to urnary bladder
- slightly ____________ and contains mucin, citric acid, seminalplasmin, prostate specific antigen
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Acidic
____________ glands are paired pea-shaped
- sit in urogenital diaphragm on either side of membranous urethra
- secrete ____________ viscous mucin
- mucus lubricates urethra prior to ejaculation
Bulbourethral
clear
_________ and _________ are external genitalia in males
Penis and scrotum
Attached portion of penis is root forming _________ and _________ of penis
Bulb and crura
The _________ is elongated portion of penis
Body (Shaft)
Tip of penis is _________
Glans
Glans surrounds _________ _________ _________
External urethral orifice
_________ is foreskin of uncircumcised penis
Prepuce
Three erectile bodies of shaft
- paired _________ _________ are located dorsolaterally
- unpaired _________ _________ is ventral and along midline surrounding spongy urethra
Corpora cavernosa
corpus spongiosum
Distal end of corpus spongiosum continues with _________
Glans
Erectile bodies have venous spaces that fill blood from _________ _________ to produce an erection
Central artery
_________ innervation is responsible for erection
Parsympathetic
_________ innervation is responsible for ejaculation
Sympathetic
Is corpora cavernosa paired or unpaired?
Paired
Is corpus spongiosum paired or unpaired?
Unpaired
_________ _________ is appearance of genitalia which starts at 7th week of development
Phenotypic sex
if _________ gene is present, proteins that stimulate _________ hormones
- male phenotypic development occurs
What chromosome for males?
Sex-determining region Y (SRY)
androgen
Y
In 5th week, _________ _________ gives rise to _________ _________ that forms gonads
Intermediate mesoderm
genital ridges
Two ducts form embryonically
- _________ ducts form male duct system
- _________ ducts form female duct system
Mesonephric (wolffian)
Paramesonephric (Mullerian ducts)
In 6th week of development, there are external genitalia
- paired _________ _________ on either side of urogenital membrane
- a _________ _________ anterior to urogential folds
- paired _________ _________, lateral to urethral folds
Urogenital folds
genital tubercle
Labiosacral swelling
Prenatal period is between _________ and _________
Fertilization and birth
pre-embryonic period: first _________ weeks after fertilization
2
embryonic period:
- what weeks?
- what happens?
3-8
- all major systems develop
Fetal period?
- what weeks?
- what happens?
- what is organism called?
9-38
- growth and development
- fetus
Within a week of fertilization, _________ enters uterus
Bastocyte
Blastocyte embeds within _________ layer of endometrium
- process is called _________
Functional
implantation
The _________ _________ and _________ produce 3 extraembryonic membrances
Bilaminar germinal disc, trophoblast
_________ _________ serves as a site for early blood cell and vessel formation
yolk sac
_________ is a thin layer of cells derived from _________
- a fluid-filled _________ _________ appears between amnion and epiblast layer
amnion, epiblast
amniotic cavity
_________ is outermost layer of membrane responsible for formation of placenta
Chorion
Placenta is highly _________
Vascularized
Placenta:
- exchange of what?
- transmission of _________ _________ to embryo
- production of _________ and _________ to maintain uterine lining
Nutrients, waste products, gases
- maternal antibodies
- estrogen, progesterone
Placenta develops from both embryo and mother
- embryonic portion is _________
- maternal portion is _________
Chorion
Functional layer of endometrium
Early embryo is attached to placenta by _________ _________
Umbilical cord
_________ _________ are edge of chorion
- inside villi are branches from _________ _________ _________
- adjacent to villi is _________
Chorionic villi
- umbilical blood vessels
- functional layer of endometrium
Amniocentesis
- fetal cells obtained from _________ _________
- usually performed at what week?
Amniotic fluid
14
Chorionic villi sampling
- fetal cells obtained from _________ _________
- can be done at what week (and later)?
- sample can be taken through _________ or _________ _________
Chorionic villi
- week 10
- Cervix, abdominal sampling
Near end of third month of pregnancy, _________ occupies most of pelvic cavity
- as fetus grows, uterus extends _________ into abdominal cavity
Uterus
higher
Uterus
- pushes maternal intestines, liver, stomach _________
- _________ diaphragm
- _________ thoracic cavity
Superiorly
elevates
widens
_________ of ureters and urinary bladder during pregnancy
- _________ on veins returning blood from pelvis and lower limbs
Compression
pressure
symptoms of pregnancy
- _________ _________
- _________ _________ pain
- _________ enlargement
- _________ heart rate and blood volume
- _________ volume of air inhaled and exhaled
- _________ symptoms
- increased _________ due to fluid retention
Weight gain
lower back
breast
increased
increased
urinary
edema
Obstetrics is medicine that deals with pregnancy and birth
- _________ also means giving birth
- _________ is the process by which fetus is expelled from vagina
parturition
labor
uterine contractions start from _________ of uterus and move _________
- labor begins when uterine contractions occur at regular intervals, usually causing pain.
- as intervals between contraction _________, contractions _________
top, downward
shorts, intensify
Stage of dilation: The time from _________ to _________.
- how many hours does it last?
Onset of labor to complete dilation
6-12 hours
What happens in stage of dilation?
- _________ of uterus
- _________ _________
- _________ _________ of cervix
Contractions
rupturing of amniotic sac
Complete dilation
Stage of expulsion
- Time from _________ to _________
- how much time?
Complete dilation to delivery
10 min to several hours
Placental stage
- The time of what?
- How long?
Placenta is expelled by powerful uterine contractions
- 3-5 minutes to an hour
What is dystocia?
Difficult labor
Dystocia is caused by
- Abnormal ________ of fetus
- _________ _________ of inadequate size
Position
Birth canal
What is a breech presentation?
when does it commonly occur?
Fetal lower limbs enter birth canal first
Premature births
What is C-section?
Where is the cut made?
When baby is delivered through an abdominal incision
Low horizontal cut through abdominal wall, lower portion of uterus
A history of C-sections means what?
Does not mean the pregnant woman didn’t attempt vaginal delivery
Premature infant weighs less than _________ lbs
- What problem occurs after delivery for an infant under 36 weeks?
5.5
Respiratory distress syndrome
RDS is due to insufficient _________
Surfactant
What does surfactant do?
Produced by lung cells that decrease surface tension and reduces tendency of air sacs to collapse
RDS can be fixed using _________ and _________ that deliver oxygen until lungs can operate on their own
Artificial surfactant, ventilator
