Semester 2 Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
blood typing system; depends on what antigens and antibodies an RBC has
A
ABO
2
Q
formed element in blood; large; does not have hemoglobin; defends against pathogens, removed toxins and wastes, and destroys damaged or abnormal cells
A
white blood cells
3
Q
formed element in blood; formed from megakaryocytes(pockets of cytosol that start the clotting process); lifespan of 9-12 days; if not used, engulfed by phagocytes
A
platelets
4
Q
blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
A
pulmonary vein
5
Q
a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower/middle portion of the body into the heart
A
inferior vena cava
6
Q
valves that prevent blood from flowing back into the pulmonary trunk or aorta
A
semilunar
7
Q
thickest layer of the wall of the heart; contains cardiac muscle cells, blood vessels, and nerves
A
myocardium
8
Q
layer of the wall of the heart wall that makes fluid; outer layer is made up of simple squamous and inner layer is made up of loose connective tissue
A
pericardium
9
Q
composed of loose connective tissue and lots of lymphocytes(WBCs); has a hard, fibrous capsule around it (cannot expand)
A
lymph node
10
Q
located behind and to the left of the stomach; filters blood–>cleans it from pathogens, bad cells, debris, etc.
A
spleen
11
Q
located/sitting at the top of the heart; produces thymosins–>activate/produce/screen T cells; most active at the age of 2; largest at 10 years old and begins falling apart after this age(is mostly gone by age of 50); gets smaller with age
A
thymus
12
Q
blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
A
pulmonary artery
13
Q
the largest artery in the body that carries blood out of the heart to the rest of the circulatory system
A
aorta
14
Q
chemical secreted by basophils that inflames surrounding tissue during clotting process
A
histamine
15
Q
receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins
A
left ventricle
16
Q
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
A
right ventricle
17
Q
part of bone that contains blood stem cells that become RBCs, WBCs, or platelets
A
red bone marrow
18
Q
bilirubin leaks back into blood and goes into body tissues, causing skin and scleras of eyes to turn yellow
A
jaundice
19
Q
rope-like fibers that are attached to ridges of muscle along the ventricle wall
A
chordae tendinae
20
Q
a segment of the large intestine that passes horizontally across the abdomen and sits beneath other organs in the abdominal cavity
A
transverse colon
21
Q
a sphincter that controls the flow of material from the ileum into the cecum
A
ileocecal sphincter
22
Q
part of the pharynx that lies between the soft palate and hyloid bone; part of where food passes through to get to the esophagus
A
oropharynx
23
Q
muscular sphincter that regulates the flow of chyme between the stomach and small intestine
A
pyloric sphincter
24
Q
part of the small intestine that is supported by a sheet of mesentery; most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here; about 8 ft(2.5 m) long
A
jejunum
25
salivary gland that lies under the skin, covering the lateral and posterior surface of the mandible; empties into the vestibule at the level of the 2nd upper molar
parotid
26
located on the intestinal wall and are used to increase surface area; used for nutrient absorption
microvilli
27
a hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps increase low blood sugar
glucagon
28
is communicated with by a gastric pit; extends deep into the underlying lamina propria; secrete about 1500 mL of gastric juice
gastric glands
29
a lymphatic capillary that transports materials that cannot enter blood capillaries
lacteal
30
tiny vessels that collect and filter fluid from body cells and tissues; regulates tissue fluid homeostasis and promotes immune surveillance; transports lumeal substances
lymphatic capillary
31
activated B cells that secrete antibodies
plasma cells
32
concentric layers of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis; in esophagus
muscularis externa
33
fingerlike projections covered by simple columnar epithelium on intestinal wall
villi
34
a chemical that breaks down proteins
pepsin
35
blade-shaped flap of tissue reinforced by cartilage that is attached to the dorsal and superior surface of the thyroid cartilage; folds over the entrance of the larynx during swallowing
epiglottis
36
pancreatic cells that produce, store, and secrete enzymes necessary for digestion and absorption in the small intestine
acini
37
huge cells with 50 nuclei and lots of vesicles containing acid and digestive enzymes; increases blood levels when low; breaks down bone
osteoclasts
38
the shaft or central part of a long bone
diaphysis
39
cells that maintain bone; cells are made by osteoblasts and become _______________
osteocytes
40
cells that make bone when told to do so because of high levels of calcium
osteoblasts
41
ends of long bones; made up of spongy cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
epiphysis
42
part of bone that contains stem cells that can become bone cells, fat, or cartilage
yellow marrow
43
osteocytes arranged in concentric layers around a central/Harvesian canal; basic functional unit of compact bone; only in compact bone
osteon
44
the joint between the clavicle and manubrium; have flattened or slightly curved faces, surfaces slide across one another, very slight movement
gliding joint
45
the joint that moves the elbow; permit angular movement in a single plane
hinge joint
46
the joint that twists the pelvis; rotation
pivot joint
47
the joint that moves the radius and ulna; angular movement in two planes across length of oval
ellipsoidal joint
48
the joint that moves the shoulder; round head of one bone rests in cup-shaped depression of another, all kinds of rotational movement
ball-and-socket joint
49
middle layer that surrounds/covers a group of muscle fibers called a fascicle, composed of collagen and elastic fibers
perimysium
50
connect muscle to bone; composed of collagen fibers
tendon
51
contain microfilaments(actin and myosin); there are hundreds to thousands of these in a muscle fiber
myofibrils
52
beads; thin filament
actin
53
connects muscle to anything else(usually muscle)
aponeurosis
54
innermost layer of skeletal muscle; surrounds an individual muscle fiber; connects all muscle within a fascicle like velcro
endomysium
55
functional unit of a muscle fiber; hundreds of these in one myofibril
sarcomere
56
heads; thick filaments
myosin
57
tube-like tunnels inside the muscle fiber so that the impulse can travel throughout the whole muscle fiber
T-tubules
58
helps convert ADP to ATP; is used for extra energy one ATP runs out
creatine phosphate
59
muscle fibers that are 3x slower to contract(.03 sec); thinner(less power); more space to add mitochondria(longer bursts of energy) and O2 storage; appears darker(dark meat)
slow fibers
60
1st stage of aerobic respiration; enzymes takes glucose and cuts it in half in the cytosol of the cell; result of this is hydrogen
glycolysis
61
stimulated and contracts in .01 sec; appears lighter(light meat); thickest fibers(can hold more myofibrils); few mitochondria so only quick bursts of energy; less room for O2 storage; built for anaerobic respiration
fast fibers
62
contains a 2 lipid bilayer; produes ATP
mitochondria
63
liquid portion of blood; straw colored; 55% of blood
plasma
64
primary sensory cortex; incoming somatic(conscious) sensory info(pain, temperature, vibrations, touch, pressure, but no taste or hearing)
postcentral gyrus
65
most posterior part of the brain; contains all muscle memory
cerebellum
66
secretary for all sensory info except smell; part of the diencephalon
thalamus
67
contain nerve tracts that carry both sensory(somatic and visceral) and motor(somatic and autonomic) info; sets involuntary controls(HR, BR, BP, etc.)
medulla oblongata
68
another name for Wernicke's Area; place where the somatic, visual, and auditory association areas all meet one another in the posterior part of the superior temporal lobe
general interpretive area
69
pain receptors; all free nerve endings; found in skin, joint capsules, and periosteums; large receptive field; sensitive to extreme temperatures, mechanical stress(stretching, ripping, twisting), and chemicals
nociceptors
70
located in the nasal cavity; consist of olfactory epithelium(have olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and regenerative basal cells/stem cells
olfactory organs
71
has microvilli at its ends(called taste hairs through a taste pore; dissolved chemicals dissolve these and stimulate a change in membrane potential in these-->action potential in sensory neuron
gusatory cells
72
the center of color vision and sharpest vision site
fovea
73
the 3 bones of the inner ear(malleus, incus, and stapes)
ossicles
74
provide senses with autonomic activity; monitor pressure changes; free nerve endings
baroreceptors
75
an intrinsic muscle of the eye formed as a ring of smooth muscle in the eye's middle layer
ciliary muscle
76
part of the ear that maintains balance with movement
semicircular canals
77
primary motor cortex; deals with outgoing info
precentral gyrus
78
place in the brain where all vision goes
visual cortex
79
a hormone that controls the release of another hormone
releasing hormone
80
source: anterior pituitary gland
trigger: GnRH
target: interstitial cells of testes
function: secretion of testosterone
LH(lutenizing hormone)
81
source: suprarenal cortex of suprarenal glands
trigger: low Na+ in blood
target: kidneys, sweat glands, salivary glands, tongue, taste buds
function: absorbs Na+ from urine back into blood-->H2O follows-->Na+ pulled out and K+ is brought in; sensitive taste buds/tongue=desire salt
aldosterone
82
source: parathyroid gland
trigger: low levels of Ca+ in blood
target: kidneys and bones
function: stimulate osteoclasts-->reduce bone size; conserve/bring Ca+ back into blood
PTH(parathyroid hormone)
83
source: kidneys
trigger: kidney doesn't get enough oxygen
target: bone marrow
function: makes bone marrow produce more RBCs
EPO(erythropoetin)
84
source: anterior pituitary gland
trigger: GnRH
target: follicle cells of ovaries
function: makes estrogen
FSH(follicle stimulating hormone)
85
source: thyroid follicles of thyroid gland
trigger: TSH
target: body cells
function: attach to mitochondria and turn it on; attach to genes to make enzymes for glycolysis
T4(thyroxine)
86
source: hypothalamus/posterior pituitary gland
trigger: low amounts of H2O in blood/low BV
target: kidney
function: conserve water in blood
ADH(antidiuretic hormone)
87
source: suprarenal cortex of suprarenal gland
trigger: ACTH
target: body cells, liver, and adipocytes
function: glucose sparing effect(conserve glucose); dump fatty acids into blood
cortisone
88
a form of lipid derivatives; nonpolar; a class of hormones; ex. testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
steroid
89
smallest hormone structures; have the same atoms as amino acids; ex. epinephrine, T3, T4
amino acid derivatives
90
hormones made up of 2-8 amino acids
peptide
91
messengers that move freely throughout the cell body
primary messenger
92
messengers that can bind to membranes and can anchor themselves in one place
secondary messenger
93
lymph node in the back of the mouth and top of the throat
tonsil
94
top layer of skin; cells have become keratinized; about 15-30 layers thick; it takes about 4 weeks for cells to get here
stratum corneum
95
gland in the male reproductive system that produces semen
prostate
96
end of a neuron; contains and releases the neurotransmitter
synaptic terminal
97
the spiral cavity in the inner ear containing the Organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations
cochlea
98
an endocrine gland in the brain that releases many hormones; has an anterior and posterior part; secretes TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH, and MSH
pituitary
99
a thin muscle located in the wall of the cheek
buccinator
100
air sacs in the lungs that allow for rapid gaseous exchange OR the bony socket for the root of a tooth
alveoli
101
the basic functional unit of a kidney; consists of a glomerulus and its associated tubule
nephron
102
moves substances in tubes and organs; involuntary; unstriated; small cells/fibers
smooth muscle
103
the entire outer covering of the body(skin, hair, nails); largest organ in the body
integument
104
male sex hormone that is made in the testicles; promotes sperm production and maturation
testosterone
105
a small sac located under the liver; stores and concentrates bile made in the liver
gallbladder
106
muscle that moves blood; involuntary; dark color; uses only aerobic respiration; striated; has pacemaker cells; small cells/fibers; has branching; connected by intercalated disks; long contractions because Ca+2 stays in cell for a long time
cardiac muscle
107
a system in which all of the cells, tissues, and organs are used to clean and filter lymph fluid or attack pathogens
lymphoid
108
a female reproductive hormone that is used to add glands to the uterine lining
progesterone
109
a nerve supply that is responsible for the peristaltic movements of the bowel
myenteric plexus
110
smooth muscle; pulls entire hair shaft and squeezes the follicle and cell; causes goosebumps
arrector pilli
111
the inner lining of the digestive tract; contains a mucosal epithelium(an epithelial surface moistened by glandular secretions) and an underlying layer of loose connective tissue(lamina propria)
mucosa
112
made by melanocytes; stimulated when melanocytes come in contact with UV damage
melanin
113
yellow, orange pigment found/stored in stratum germinativum; used to produce Vitamin A; stabilizes stem cells in retina of eye
carotene
114
gland that leads hair and puts it into follicles; produces sebum; holocrine secretion; lubricates hair/skin; stimulated by sex hormones
sebaceous glands
115
glands that release sweat in the armpit, groin, and around anus; uses merocrine secretion; secretion is cloudy in appearance; bacteria eats this secretion and its waste product, creating body odor
apocrine glands
116
uses merocrine secretion; glands cover 90% of the body; secretes sweat(99.5% water, rest is salt and urea); cools the body, washes/dilutes the surface of the skin
eccrine glands
117
a protein found on epithelial cells that makes up hair, nails, and skin
keratin
118
a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis; made up of 100s or 1000s of glucose chains
glycogen
119
a monosaccharide carbohydrate; soluble; main sugar found in the body; simple sugar; used to make ATP
glucose
120
a protein made up of amino acids; fibers that provide mechanical strength; are found in skin, tendons, ligaments, bone, and cartilage
collagen
121
a type of monosaccharide carbohydrate that makes sucrose when mixed with glucose; simple sugar
fructose
122
an enzyme that helps your nervous system work correctly; occurs at neuromuscular junctions and promotes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine at postsynaptic receptors
cholinesterase
123
part of the dorsal root on the spinal cord; carries sensory messages from various receptors; transmits sensory info from PNS to CNS
dorsal root ganglion
124
outermost covering of bone; outside layer attaches structures to bone and inside layer contains stem cells that become osteoblasts when needed
periosteum
125
small gland that produces steroid hormones, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
suprarenal
126
part of a neuron; carries info away from the cell body; can have branches on it called collaterals
axon
127
a muscle on the face that controls movement of the mouth
orbicularis oris
128
the deepest layer of skin that is separated from the dermis by the basement membrane and is attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes
stratum basale
129
third portion of the small intestine, in between the jejunum and the cecum
ileum
130
a complex system of nerves in the brain, mostly located in the cortex; controls basic human emotions and drives
limbic system
131
joint that controls the movement of thumbs; have articular faces that fit together, permits circumduction and angular motion but not rotation
saddle
132
needed for respiration; helps turn food into energy
oxygen
133
a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism
acetyl-CoA
134
a vitamin that helps calcium and phosphorus to strengthen bones and teeth
Vitamin D
135
a substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver
urea
136
put these in order:
1. left atrium
2. pulmonary artery
3. right AV valve
4. superior vena cava
5. left semilunar valve
4, 3, 2, 1, 5
137
put these in order:
1. sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca+2 ions
2. neuron releases acetylcholine
3. myosin heads pivot
4. action potential in sarcolemma
5. tropomyosin pulled off of binding sites
4, 5, 1, 2, 3
138
put these in order:
1. calcium binds to troponin
2.acetylcholine binds to motor end plate
3. myosin heads pivot
4. action potential in sarcolemma
5. binding site on actin exposed
4, 5, 1, 3, 2
139
put these in order:
1. voltage-gated K+ channels open
2. voltage-gated Na+ gates open
3. membrane repolarizes
4. membrane depolarizes
5. graded potential reaches threshold at axon hillock
2, 4, 5, 1, 3
140
a cell in an ovary that might go through meiosis to form an egg
oocyte
141
an immature male sex cell formed from a spermatocyte that can develop into a spermatozoon without further division
spermatid
142
an involuntary muscle; a protective and physiological reflex of the testicles
cremaster
143
where the lower end of the uterus connects to the vagina; widens during labor and allows for the passage of menstural blood and sperm
cervix
144
a duct where urine exits the body
urethra
145
a branch where a bronchus divides
bronchiole
