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Anatomy/Physiology > Semester 2 Final Exam > Flashcards

Semester 2 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

blood typing system; depends on what antigens and antibodies an RBC has

A

ABO

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2
Q

formed element in blood; large; does not have hemoglobin; defends against pathogens, removed toxins and wastes, and destroys damaged or abnormal cells

A

white blood cells

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3
Q

formed element in blood; formed from megakaryocytes(pockets of cytosol that start the clotting process); lifespan of 9-12 days; if not used, engulfed by phagocytes

A

platelets

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4
Q

blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

A

pulmonary vein

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5
Q

a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower/middle portion of the body into the heart

A

inferior vena cava

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6
Q

valves that prevent blood from flowing back into the pulmonary trunk or aorta

A

semilunar

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7
Q

thickest layer of the wall of the heart; contains cardiac muscle cells, blood vessels, and nerves

A

myocardium

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8
Q

layer of the wall of the heart wall that makes fluid; outer layer is made up of simple squamous and inner layer is made up of loose connective tissue

A

pericardium

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9
Q

composed of loose connective tissue and lots of lymphocytes(WBCs); has a hard, fibrous capsule around it (cannot expand)

A

lymph node

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10
Q

located behind and to the left of the stomach; filters blood–>cleans it from pathogens, bad cells, debris, etc.

A

spleen

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11
Q

located/sitting at the top of the heart; produces thymosins–>activate/produce/screen T cells; most active at the age of 2; largest at 10 years old and begins falling apart after this age(is mostly gone by age of 50); gets smaller with age

A

thymus

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12
Q

blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

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13
Q

the largest artery in the body that carries blood out of the heart to the rest of the circulatory system

A

aorta

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14
Q

chemical secreted by basophils that inflames surrounding tissue during clotting process

A

histamine

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15
Q

receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

A

left ventricle

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16
Q

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

right ventricle

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17
Q

part of bone that contains blood stem cells that become RBCs, WBCs, or platelets

A

red bone marrow

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18
Q

bilirubin leaks back into blood and goes into body tissues, causing skin and scleras of eyes to turn yellow

A

jaundice

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19
Q

rope-like fibers that are attached to ridges of muscle along the ventricle wall

A

chordae tendinae

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20
Q

a segment of the large intestine that passes horizontally across the abdomen and sits beneath other organs in the abdominal cavity

A

transverse colon

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21
Q

a sphincter that controls the flow of material from the ileum into the cecum

A

ileocecal sphincter

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22
Q

part of the pharynx that lies between the soft palate and hyloid bone; part of where food passes through to get to the esophagus

A

oropharynx

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23
Q

muscular sphincter that regulates the flow of chyme between the stomach and small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

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24
Q

part of the small intestine that is supported by a sheet of mesentery; most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here; about 8 ft(2.5 m) long

A

jejunum

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25
Q

salivary gland that lies under the skin, covering the lateral and posterior surface of the mandible; empties into the vestibule at the level of the 2nd upper molar

A

parotid

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26
Q

located on the intestinal wall and are used to increase surface area; used for nutrient absorption

A

microvilli

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27
Q

a hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps increase low blood sugar

A

glucagon

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28
Q

is communicated with by a gastric pit; extends deep into the underlying lamina propria; secrete about 1500 mL of gastric juice

A

gastric glands

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29
Q

a lymphatic capillary that transports materials that cannot enter blood capillaries

A

lacteal

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30
Q

tiny vessels that collect and filter fluid from body cells and tissues; regulates tissue fluid homeostasis and promotes immune surveillance; transports lumeal substances

A

lymphatic capillary

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31
Q

activated B cells that secrete antibodies

A

plasma cells

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32
Q

concentric layers of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis; in esophagus

A

muscularis externa

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33
Q

fingerlike projections covered by simple columnar epithelium on intestinal wall

A

villi

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34
Q

a chemical that breaks down proteins

A

pepsin

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35
Q

blade-shaped flap of tissue reinforced by cartilage that is attached to the dorsal and superior surface of the thyroid cartilage; folds over the entrance of the larynx during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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36
Q

pancreatic cells that produce, store, and secrete enzymes necessary for digestion and absorption in the small intestine

A

acini

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37
Q

huge cells with 50 nuclei and lots of vesicles containing acid and digestive enzymes; increases blood levels when low; breaks down bone

A

osteoclasts

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38
Q

the shaft or central part of a long bone

A

diaphysis

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39
Q

cells that maintain bone; cells are made by osteoblasts and become _______________

A

osteocytes

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40
Q

cells that make bone when told to do so because of high levels of calcium

A

osteoblasts

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41
Q

ends of long bones; made up of spongy cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone

A

epiphysis

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42
Q

part of bone that contains stem cells that can become bone cells, fat, or cartilage

A

yellow marrow

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43
Q

osteocytes arranged in concentric layers around a central/Harvesian canal; basic functional unit of compact bone; only in compact bone

A

osteon

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44
Q

the joint between the clavicle and manubrium; have flattened or slightly curved faces, surfaces slide across one another, very slight movement

A

gliding joint

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45
Q

the joint that moves the elbow; permit angular movement in a single plane

A

hinge joint

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46
Q

the joint that twists the pelvis; rotation

A

pivot joint

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47
Q

the joint that moves the radius and ulna; angular movement in two planes across length of oval

A

ellipsoidal joint

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48
Q

the joint that moves the shoulder; round head of one bone rests in cup-shaped depression of another, all kinds of rotational movement

A

ball-and-socket joint

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49
Q

middle layer that surrounds/covers a group of muscle fibers called a fascicle, composed of collagen and elastic fibers

A

perimysium

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50
Q

connect muscle to bone; composed of collagen fibers

A

tendon

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51
Q

contain microfilaments(actin and myosin); there are hundreds to thousands of these in a muscle fiber

A

myofibrils

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52
Q

beads; thin filament

A

actin

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53
Q

connects muscle to anything else(usually muscle)

A

aponeurosis

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54
Q

innermost layer of skeletal muscle; surrounds an individual muscle fiber; connects all muscle within a fascicle like velcro

A

endomysium

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55
Q

functional unit of a muscle fiber; hundreds of these in one myofibril

A

sarcomere

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56
Q

heads; thick filaments

A

myosin

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57
Q

tube-like tunnels inside the muscle fiber so that the impulse can travel throughout the whole muscle fiber

A

T-tubules

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58
Q

helps convert ADP to ATP; is used for extra energy one ATP runs out

A

creatine phosphate

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59
Q

muscle fibers that are 3x slower to contract(.03 sec); thinner(less power); more space to add mitochondria(longer bursts of energy) and O2 storage; appears darker(dark meat)

A

slow fibers

60
Q

1st stage of aerobic respiration; enzymes takes glucose and cuts it in half in the cytosol of the cell; result of this is hydrogen

A

glycolysis

61
Q

stimulated and contracts in .01 sec; appears lighter(light meat); thickest fibers(can hold more myofibrils); few mitochondria so only quick bursts of energy; less room for O2 storage; built for anaerobic respiration

A

fast fibers

62
Q

contains a 2 lipid bilayer; produes ATP

A

mitochondria

63
Q

liquid portion of blood; straw colored; 55% of blood

A

plasma

64
Q

primary sensory cortex; incoming somatic(conscious) sensory info(pain, temperature, vibrations, touch, pressure, but no taste or hearing)

A

postcentral gyrus

65
Q

most posterior part of the brain; contains all muscle memory

A

cerebellum

66
Q

secretary for all sensory info except smell; part of the diencephalon

A

thalamus

67
Q

contain nerve tracts that carry both sensory(somatic and visceral) and motor(somatic and autonomic) info; sets involuntary controls(HR, BR, BP, etc.)

A

medulla oblongata

68
Q

another name for Wernicke’s Area; place where the somatic, visual, and auditory association areas all meet one another in the posterior part of the superior temporal lobe

A

general interpretive area

69
Q

pain receptors; all free nerve endings; found in skin, joint capsules, and periosteums; large receptive field; sensitive to extreme temperatures, mechanical stress(stretching, ripping, twisting), and chemicals

A

nociceptors

70
Q

located in the nasal cavity; consist of olfactory epithelium(have olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and regenerative basal cells/stem cells

A

olfactory organs

71
Q

has microvilli at its ends(called taste hairs through a taste pore; dissolved chemicals dissolve these and stimulate a change in membrane potential in these–>action potential in sensory neuron

A

gusatory cells

72
Q

the center of color vision and sharpest vision site

A

fovea

73
Q

the 3 bones of the inner ear(malleus, incus, and stapes)

A

ossicles

74
Q

provide senses with autonomic activity; monitor pressure changes; free nerve endings

A

baroreceptors

75
Q

an intrinsic muscle of the eye formed as a ring of smooth muscle in the eye’s middle layer

A

ciliary muscle

76
Q

part of the ear that maintains balance with movement

A

semicircular canals

77
Q

primary motor cortex; deals with outgoing info

A

precentral gyrus

78
Q

place in the brain where all vision goes

A

visual cortex

79
Q

a hormone that controls the release of another hormone

A

releasing hormone

80
Q

source: anterior pituitary gland
trigger: GnRH
target: interstitial cells of testes
function: secretion of testosterone

A

LH(lutenizing hormone)

81
Q

source: suprarenal cortex of suprarenal glands
trigger: low Na+ in blood
target: kidneys, sweat glands, salivary glands, tongue, taste buds
function: absorbs Na+ from urine back into blood–>H2O follows–>Na+ pulled out and K+ is brought in; sensitive taste buds/tongue=desire salt

A

aldosterone

82
Q

source: parathyroid gland
trigger: low levels of Ca+ in blood
target: kidneys and bones
function: stimulate osteoclasts–>reduce bone size; conserve/bring Ca+ back into blood

A

PTH(parathyroid hormone)

83
Q

source: kidneys
trigger: kidney doesn’t get enough oxygen
target: bone marrow
function: makes bone marrow produce more RBCs

A

EPO(erythropoetin)

84
Q

source: anterior pituitary gland
trigger: GnRH
target: follicle cells of ovaries
function: makes estrogen

A

FSH(follicle stimulating hormone)

85
Q

source: thyroid follicles of thyroid gland
trigger: TSH
target: body cells
function: attach to mitochondria and turn it on; attach to genes to make enzymes for glycolysis

A

T4(thyroxine)

86
Q

source: hypothalamus/posterior pituitary gland
trigger: low amounts of H2O in blood/low BV
target: kidney
function: conserve water in blood

A

ADH(antidiuretic hormone)

87
Q

source: suprarenal cortex of suprarenal gland
trigger: ACTH
target: body cells, liver, and adipocytes
function: glucose sparing effect(conserve glucose); dump fatty acids into blood

A

cortisone

88
Q

a form of lipid derivatives; nonpolar; a class of hormones; ex. testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

A

steroid

89
Q

smallest hormone structures; have the same atoms as amino acids; ex. epinephrine, T3, T4

A

amino acid derivatives

90
Q

hormones made up of 2-8 amino acids

A

peptide

91
Q

messengers that move freely throughout the cell body

A

primary messenger

92
Q

messengers that can bind to membranes and can anchor themselves in one place

A

secondary messenger

93
Q

lymph node in the back of the mouth and top of the throat

A

tonsil

94
Q

top layer of skin; cells have become keratinized; about 15-30 layers thick; it takes about 4 weeks for cells to get here

A

stratum corneum

95
Q

gland in the male reproductive system that produces semen

A

prostate

96
Q

end of a neuron; contains and releases the neurotransmitter

A

synaptic terminal

97
Q

the spiral cavity in the inner ear containing the Organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations

A

cochlea

98
Q

an endocrine gland in the brain that releases many hormones; has an anterior and posterior part; secretes TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH, and MSH

A

pituitary

99
Q

a thin muscle located in the wall of the cheek

A

buccinator

100
Q

air sacs in the lungs that allow for rapid gaseous exchange OR the bony socket for the root of a tooth

A

alveoli

101
Q

the basic functional unit of a kidney; consists of a glomerulus and its associated tubule

A

nephron

102
Q

moves substances in tubes and organs; involuntary; unstriated; small cells/fibers

A

smooth muscle

103
Q

the entire outer covering of the body(skin, hair, nails); largest organ in the body

A

integument

104
Q

male sex hormone that is made in the testicles; promotes sperm production and maturation

A

testosterone

105
Q

a small sac located under the liver; stores and concentrates bile made in the liver

A

gallbladder

106
Q

muscle that moves blood; involuntary; dark color; uses only aerobic respiration; striated; has pacemaker cells; small cells/fibers; has branching; connected by intercalated disks; long contractions because Ca+2 stays in cell for a long time

A

cardiac muscle

107
Q

a system in which all of the cells, tissues, and organs are used to clean and filter lymph fluid or attack pathogens

A

lymphoid

108
Q

a female reproductive hormone that is used to add glands to the uterine lining

A

progesterone

109
Q

a nerve supply that is responsible for the peristaltic movements of the bowel

A

myenteric plexus

110
Q

smooth muscle; pulls entire hair shaft and squeezes the follicle and cell; causes goosebumps

A

arrector pilli

111
Q

the inner lining of the digestive tract; contains a mucosal epithelium(an epithelial surface moistened by glandular secretions) and an underlying layer of loose connective tissue(lamina propria)

A

mucosa

112
Q

made by melanocytes; stimulated when melanocytes come in contact with UV damage

A

melanin

113
Q

yellow, orange pigment found/stored in stratum germinativum; used to produce Vitamin A; stabilizes stem cells in retina of eye

A

carotene

114
Q

gland that leads hair and puts it into follicles; produces sebum; holocrine secretion; lubricates hair/skin; stimulated by sex hormones

A

sebaceous glands

115
Q

glands that release sweat in the armpit, groin, and around anus; uses merocrine secretion; secretion is cloudy in appearance; bacteria eats this secretion and its waste product, creating body odor

A

apocrine glands

116
Q

uses merocrine secretion; glands cover 90% of the body; secretes sweat(99.5% water, rest is salt and urea); cools the body, washes/dilutes the surface of the skin

A

eccrine glands

117
Q

a protein found on epithelial cells that makes up hair, nails, and skin

A

keratin

118
Q

a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis; made up of 100s or 1000s of glucose chains

A

glycogen

119
Q

a monosaccharide carbohydrate; soluble; main sugar found in the body; simple sugar; used to make ATP

A

glucose

120
Q

a protein made up of amino acids; fibers that provide mechanical strength; are found in skin, tendons, ligaments, bone, and cartilage

A

collagen

121
Q

a type of monosaccharide carbohydrate that makes sucrose when mixed with glucose; simple sugar

A

fructose

122
Q

an enzyme that helps your nervous system work correctly; occurs at neuromuscular junctions and promotes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine at postsynaptic receptors

A

cholinesterase

123
Q

part of the dorsal root on the spinal cord; carries sensory messages from various receptors; transmits sensory info from PNS to CNS

A

dorsal root ganglion

124
Q

outermost covering of bone; outside layer attaches structures to bone and inside layer contains stem cells that become osteoblasts when needed

A

periosteum

125
Q

small gland that produces steroid hormones, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

A

suprarenal

126
Q

part of a neuron; carries info away from the cell body; can have branches on it called collaterals

A

axon

127
Q

a muscle on the face that controls movement of the mouth

A

orbicularis oris

128
Q

the deepest layer of skin that is separated from the dermis by the basement membrane and is attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes

A

stratum basale

129
Q

third portion of the small intestine, in between the jejunum and the cecum

A

ileum

130
Q

a complex system of nerves in the brain, mostly located in the cortex; controls basic human emotions and drives

A

limbic system

131
Q

joint that controls the movement of thumbs; have articular faces that fit together, permits circumduction and angular motion but not rotation

A

saddle

132
Q

needed for respiration; helps turn food into energy

A

oxygen

133
Q

a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism

A

acetyl-CoA

134
Q

a vitamin that helps calcium and phosphorus to strengthen bones and teeth

A

Vitamin D

135
Q

a substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver

A

urea

136
Q

put these in order:
1. left atrium
2. pulmonary artery
3. right AV valve
4. superior vena cava
5. left semilunar valve

A

4, 3, 2, 1, 5

137
Q

put these in order:
1. sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca+2 ions
2. neuron releases acetylcholine
3. myosin heads pivot
4. action potential in sarcolemma
5. tropomyosin pulled off of binding sites

A

4, 5, 1, 2, 3

138
Q

put these in order:
1. calcium binds to troponin
2.acetylcholine binds to motor end plate
3. myosin heads pivot
4. action potential in sarcolemma
5. binding site on actin exposed

A

4, 5, 1, 3, 2

139
Q

put these in order:
1. voltage-gated K+ channels open
2. voltage-gated Na+ gates open
3. membrane repolarizes
4. membrane depolarizes
5. graded potential reaches threshold at axon hillock

A

2, 4, 5, 1, 3

140
Q

a cell in an ovary that might go through meiosis to form an egg

A

oocyte

141
Q

an immature male sex cell formed from a spermatocyte that can develop into a spermatozoon without further division

A

spermatid

142
Q

an involuntary muscle; a protective and physiological reflex of the testicles

A

cremaster

143
Q

where the lower end of the uterus connects to the vagina; widens during labor and allows for the passage of menstural blood and sperm

A

cervix

144
Q

a duct where urine exits the body

A

urethra

145
Q

a branch where a bronchus divides

A

bronchiole

Anatomy/Physiology (27 decks)

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