Chapter 9: The Special Senses Flashcards
1
Q
what is the difference between general and special senses?
A
general senses are found everywhere and special senses are only found in specific places
2
Q
what are the 4 types of general senses?
A
nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors
3
Q
what are the 5 types of special senses?
A
vision, hearing, balance, gustation, and olfaction
4
Q
specialized cells or extensions
A
sensory receptors
5
Q
info coming into the body(you may or many not feel it)
A
sensation
6
Q
sensations that reach a cerebral cortex(you can feel it)
A
perception
7
Q
being able to ignore a sensation after a while; as perception continues, it becomes smaller
A
adaptation
8
Q
the area that a given receptor can detect on the skin; the bigger the ______________________, the less you notice about that area
A
receptive field
9
Q
the ________ reloads the excitement of the original perception
A
RAS
10
Q
what are pain receptors called?
A
nociceptors
11
Q
T or F: are nociceptors free nerve endings
A
true
12
Q
where are nociceptors found? (3 places)
A
skin, joint capsules, and periosteums
13
Q
nociceptors have a __________ receptive field
A
large
14
Q
what are nociceptors sensitive to? (3)
A
extreme temperatures, mechanical stress, and chemicals
15
Q
what are the 2 types of pain?
A
fast pain and slow pain
16
Q
myelinated axons; sharp, prickly pain
A
fast pain
17
Q
unmyelinated axons; deep, throbbing pain
A
slow pain
18
Q
what are temperature receptors called?
A
thermoreceptors
19
Q
where are the free nerve endings in thermoreceptors located? (4)
A
dermis, skeletal muscle, liver, and hypothalamus
20
Q
_______ receptors are 3-4x more numerous than ______ receptors; these two receptors also have no structural differences
A
cold; warm
21
Q
what 2 general receptors use the same pathways?
A
nociceptors and thermoreceptors
22
Q
what is the pathway(in order) of nociceptors and thermoreceptors? (3 places)
A
reticular formation–>thalamus–>primary sensory cortex
23
Q
pressure, touch, and position receptors; sensitive to stretching, compression, and twisting
A
mechanoreceptors
24
Q
what are the 3 classes of mechanoreceptors?
A
-tactile receptors
-baroreceptors
-proprioceptors
25
provide sensation of touch, pressure, and vibration; range from free nerve endings to sensory complexes with accessory cells and supporting structures
tactile receptors
26
provide detailed info about source of stimulation(location, size, shape, texture, and movement)
fine touch and pressure receptors
27
provide poor localization of little info about stimulus
crude touch and pressure receptors
28
what are the 6 types of tactile receptors in skin?
-free nerve endings
-root hair plexes
-tactile discs/Merkel cells
-tactile corpuscles/Meissner corpuscles
-lamellated corpuscles/Pacinian corpuscles
-Ruffini corpuscles
29
sensitive to touch and pressure; found between epidermal cells
free nerve endings
30
free nerve endings that are wrapped around hair follicles; stimulated by hair movement
root hair plexes
31
fine touch/pressure receptors; found on hairless skin; release chemicals that stimulate sensory neurons; release chemicals when composed
tactile discs/Merkel cells
32
sensitive to fine touch/pressure and to low-frequency vibrations; found in eyelids, fingertips, external genitalia
tactile corpuscles/Meissner corpuscles
33
large receptors are sensitive to deep pressure/pulsing or high-frequency vibrations; found in fingers, breasts, and external genitalia
lamellated corpuscles/Pacinian corpuscles
34
sensitive to pressure and distortion of skin; located in the deepest layer of the dermis
Ruffini corpuscles
35
all tactile receptors travel through the: (3 places)
posterior column pathway, spinothalamic pathway, and spinal cord
36
what 3 things can alter tactile receptors?
infection, disease, or damage to neurons/pathways
37
provide sensory info about autonomic functions; monitors pressure changes; free nerve endings; movement inside these tubes distorts dendrites and alters rate of action potentials; monitors BP blood flow, and lung expansion
baroreceptors
38
monitors positions of joints, tendons/ligaments, and muscular contractions; free nerve endings in joint capsules to detect pressure, tension, and movement of joints
proprioceptors
39
what are the 2 types of proprioceptors?
golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles
40
skeletal muscle and its tendon; monitors strain on the tendon
golgi tendon organs
41
monitors length of skeletal muscle and skeletal reflexes to trigger stretch
muscle spindles
42
respond to dissolved particles; for autonomic control of respiratory and cardiovascular systems; receptors respond to pH of blood and CO2 levels; found in medulla oblongata, carotid, and aortic arteries
chemoreceptors
43
the sense of smell
olfaction
44
what are the 2 olfactory organs?
olfactory epithelium and olfactory(Bowman) gland
45
have olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and regenerative basal(stem) cells
olfactory epithelium
46
produce mucus that covers epithelium; prevents buildup of too many stimuli and free of dust and debris
olfactory(Bowman) gland
47
about what percentage of air reaches the olfactory epithelium?
2%
48
cilia on olfactory receptors; odorants/chemicals bind to cilia, producing an action potential
odorant-binding-proteins
49
olfactory info is relayed to the CNS through the _______________________
olfactory bulbs
50
about how many receptor cells in a 5cm^2 area(this area of cilia would cover the entire body)
10-20 million
51
sense of taste
gustation
52
gustatory receptors form sensory structures called ______________
taste buds
53
has microvilli at its ends(called taste hairs through a taste pore)
gustatory cell
54
what do dissolved chemicals contacting taste hairs and stimulating a change in membrane potential of olfactory cells cause?
action potential
55
what are the 6 primary taste sensations?
-salty
-sweet
-sour
-bitter
-umami
-water
56
which 2 sensations are found at the anterior portion of the tongue?
salty and sweet
57
which 2 sensations are found at the posterior portion of the tongue?
sour and bitter
57
pleasant taste found in beef broth, chicken broth, and parmesan cheese?
umami
58
eyelids; windshield wipers; clean the surface of the eye; prevents objects from touching the eye
pelpabra
59
inner corner of eye
medial canthus
60
outer corner of eye
lateral canthus
61
prevents dirt and insects from touching eyes; hair(has sebaceous glands and secretes sebum)
eyelashes
62
secrete a lipid-rich substance; keeps eyelids from sticking together
tarsal glands
63
at the medial canthus; contains glands that produce thick secretions; leads to eye boogers
lacrimal caruncle
64
underneath part of eyelid that touches the eye and outer covering of eye(only the front part that you can see)
superficial epithelium of eye
65
produces, removes, and distributes tears
lacrimal apparatus
66
made up of water, alkaline secretions, enzymes, etc.
tears
67
tears directed here lead to nasolacrimal duct
lacrimal canals near medial canthus
68
carry tears to nasal cavity
nasolacrimal duct
69
what are the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye?
-inferior rectus
-superior rectus
-lateral rectus
-medial rectus
-inferior oblique
-superior oblique
70
what is the diameter of the eye?
1 inch
71
what is the weight of the eye?
8 grams
72
what are the 2 cavities in the eye called?
anterior cavity and posterior cavity(vitreous chamber)
73
what are the 3 layers/tunics in the eye?
fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and neural tunic
74
what 2 structures are contained in the fibrous tunic?
sclera and cornea
75
what are the 3 functions of the fibrous tunic?
-provides mechanical support and protection
-attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles
-aides in focusing
76
white part of the eye; dense fibrous connective tissue; contains collagen and elastic fibers; thickest over posterior cavity and thinnest over anterior cavity; 6 extrinsic muscles insert here; contains small blood vessels and nerves
sclera
77
transparent; continuous with sclera; no blood vessels so epithelial cells obtain O2 and nutrients from tears; limited regeneration
cornea
78
why don't cornea transplants have to worry about rejection?
there are few blood vessels, specifically WBCs, to attack the tissues
79
contains many blood and lymphatic vessels to supply tissues of the eye; regulates the amount of light entering the eye; secretes/reabsorbs aqueous humor that circulates the eye; controls shape of lens for focusing
vascular tunic
80
what are the 3 structures contained within the vascular tunic?
-iris
-ciliary body
-choriod
81
controls the dilation/contraction of pupil using the 2 layers of pupillary muscles; eye color is formed here
iris
82
the iris has no melanocytes and light bounces off of the pigmented epithelium
blue eyes
83
when the iris has more melanocytes
brown, black, or green eyes
84
attaches ciliary muscle to interior of eye; consists of ciliary muscle; connected to/controls suspensory ligaments
ciliary body
85
what do the 2 layers of pupillary muscles do?
-one forms circles around pupil
-other forms rays around pupil and constrict it
86
controls thickness of lens so light passes through the center of the lens along the visual axis
suspensory ligaments
87
posterior to the ciliary body; between the fibrous and neural tunics; capillary network which delivers O2 and nutrients to the neural tunic
choroid
88
the innermost layer/tunic; contains 2 layers(pigmented part and neural part)
neural tunic
89
outer layer; absorbs light as it passes through the neural part; contains several layers of cells
pigmented part
90
innermost part; has photoreceptors(rods and cones) that respond to light; has supporting cells and neurons that start processing and integration of visual info; has blood vessels
neural part
91
what are the 2 types of photoreceptors?
rods and cones
92
cannot tell the difference in light waves; very sensitive to light but cannot determine what kind of light; these are the reason we can see so well at night and why we cannot see colors at night
rods
93
color vision; 3 types(red, green, and blue); stimulations of the different color combinations give us different colors; allow for sharper and clearer images; require bright lights(not used in dim light or at night)
cones
94
where are most rods and cones located?
around the sides of the retina; most cones concentrate where visual image is passing through the lens and cornea
95
location where visual image passes through the lens and cornea
macula lutea
96
what is the center of the macula lutea called?
fovea
97
center of color vision and sharpest vision site
fovea
98
line drawn from the center of the object that you are looking at to the center of the lens to the center of the fovea
visual axis
99
synapse with ganglion cells
bipolar cells
100
the axons of ganglion cells deliver sensory info to the brain through the _______________
optic nerve
101
used for color contrast; play a big role in the eye's adjustment to dim/bright environments
horizontal and amacrine cells
102
blue/big part of rhodopsin; is the difference between the cones and a rod
opsin
103
located in opsin(red part); is affected by light
retinal
104
what does GMP stand for?
guanine monophosphate
105
when you get high-intensity light, which is when lots of light particles are needed and need more ATP than what is stored; causes you to see blinding white light and spots after
bleaching
106
looks line an onion; made up of elastic fibers; fat when resting; fibers are pulled out then snapped back; located posterior to cornea
lens
107
what are the 2 parts of the lens?
elastic fiber core and outer layer
108
composed of elastic fibers that go back to their normal shape after being stretched(similar to a rubber band); the fat part
elastic fiber core
109
concentric rings/layers of cells; cells must be transparent here for light to pass through
outer layer(lens)
110
concentric rings/layers of cells; cells must be transparent here for light to pass through
outer layer(lens)
111
the adjustment of the lens when objects are moving closer or fartther
accomodation
112
what 3 structures do accommodation?
lens, suspensory ligaments, and ciliary muscle
113
the place behind the lens where the image you are looking at comes back together; we want this to occur at the fovea
focal point
114
the distance behind the lens for the focal point to form; the closer to the object, the longer the __________________ is; accommodation causes this to always be the same no matter what; ensures that the focal point lands on the fovea
focal distance
115
normal, 20/20 vision
emmetropia
116
nearsighted; can see near objects but far objects are blurry; caused by eyeball being too long
myopia
117
far-sighted; can see far objects but near objects are blurry; caused by eyeball being too shallow/short
hyperopia
118
"old man's vision"; elastic fibers do not recoil as well so lens does not relax to its fattest shape
presbyopia
119
an imperfection in the eye's curvature; lens is curved differently on one side
astigmatism
120
caused by pressure of too much aqueous fluid build up in the eyeball; pushes against retina; rods/cones, and optic nerve; fluid is blocked at the canal of Schlemm
glaucoma
121
cloudy/possibly yellowish areas in outer layers of lens; replace with new one from donor or artificial
cataracts
122
image hits the retina is upside down and inverted; perceived by rod/cone first
image formation
123
what are the different places that image travels to in image formation in order? (6)
rod/cone, bipolar neuron, ganglion cells, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe
124
how many different parts make up the ear?
3
125
made up of the pinna, external auditory meatus, and tympanum/tympanic membrane
outer ear
126
what is another name for the pinna?
auricle
127
what is another name for the external auditory meatus?
ear canal
128
what is another name for the tympanum/tympanic membrane?
eardrum
129
external flap; directs sound towards tympanum
pinna
130
contains hair and ceruminous glands that produce cerumen
external auditory meatus
131
what is cerumen
earwax
132
flexible epithelium; thin sheet that vibrates and separates outer and inner ear
tympanum
133
contain pharyngeal auditory canal/Eustachian canal/auditory tube
middle ear
134
what is the function of the pharyngeal auditory canal/Eustachian canal/auditory tube?
equalize the pressure of the backside of the eardrum
135
what is a middle ear infection called?
ottis media
136
what are the 3 bones in the middle ear called?
malleus, incus, and stapes
137
location of senses of equilibrium and hearing; contains bony labyrinth and membraneous labyrinth
inner ear
138
what is the name of the bone that covers the entire inner ear?
bony labyrinth
139
what is the name of the tissue inside of the bony labyrinth?
membraneous labyrinth
140
what is the name of the fluid inside of the bony labyrinth?
perilymph
141
what is the name of the fluid inside of the membraneous labyrinth?
endolymph
142
includes saccule and utricle; provides sensation of gravity and linear acceleration
vestibule
143
structures used to maintain balance with movement
semicircular canals
144
structure responsible for hearing
cochlea
145
semicircular canals; ampula contains cupula(jello), which has stereocilia inside; endolymph moves->stereocilia move->impulse
rotational movement
146
contains otoliths; stones push on gel; which contains stereocilia; all contained within vestibule
acceleration/decelaration
147
what is one cause of deafness?
loss of ligament between 1st and 2nd bones
