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Anatomy/Physiology > Chapter 9: The Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 9: The Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between general and special senses?

A

general senses are found everywhere and special senses are only found in specific places

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2
Q

what are the 4 types of general senses?

A

nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors

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3
Q

what are the 5 types of special senses?

A

vision, hearing, balance, gustation, and olfaction

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4
Q

specialized cells or extensions

A

sensory receptors

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5
Q

info coming into the body(you may or many not feel it)

A

sensation

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6
Q

sensations that reach a cerebral cortex(you can feel it)

A

perception

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7
Q

being able to ignore a sensation after a while; as perception continues, it becomes smaller

A

adaptation

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8
Q

the area that a given receptor can detect on the skin; the bigger the ______________________, the less you notice about that area

A

receptive field

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9
Q

the ________ reloads the excitement of the original perception

A

RAS

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10
Q

what are pain receptors called?

A

nociceptors

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11
Q

T or F: are nociceptors free nerve endings

A

true

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12
Q

where are nociceptors found? (3 places)

A

skin, joint capsules, and periosteums

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13
Q

nociceptors have a __________ receptive field

A

large

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14
Q

what are nociceptors sensitive to? (3)

A

extreme temperatures, mechanical stress, and chemicals

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of pain?

A

fast pain and slow pain

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16
Q

myelinated axons; sharp, prickly pain

A

fast pain

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17
Q

unmyelinated axons; deep, throbbing pain

A

slow pain

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18
Q

what are temperature receptors called?

A

thermoreceptors

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19
Q

where are the free nerve endings in thermoreceptors located? (4)

A

dermis, skeletal muscle, liver, and hypothalamus

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20
Q

_______ receptors are 3-4x more numerous than ______ receptors; these two receptors also have no structural differences

A

cold; warm

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21
Q

what 2 general receptors use the same pathways?

A

nociceptors and thermoreceptors

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22
Q

what is the pathway(in order) of nociceptors and thermoreceptors? (3 places)

A

reticular formation–>thalamus–>primary sensory cortex

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23
Q

pressure, touch, and position receptors; sensitive to stretching, compression, and twisting

A

mechanoreceptors

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24
Q

what are the 3 classes of mechanoreceptors?

A

-tactile receptors
-baroreceptors
-proprioceptors

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25
Q

provide sensation of touch, pressure, and vibration; range from free nerve endings to sensory complexes with accessory cells and supporting structures

A

tactile receptors

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26
Q

provide detailed info about source of stimulation(location, size, shape, texture, and movement)

A

fine touch and pressure receptors

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27
Q

provide poor localization of little info about stimulus

A

crude touch and pressure receptors

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28
Q

what are the 6 types of tactile receptors in skin?

A

-free nerve endings
-root hair plexes
-tactile discs/Merkel cells
-tactile corpuscles/Meissner corpuscles
-lamellated corpuscles/Pacinian corpuscles
-Ruffini corpuscles

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29
Q

sensitive to touch and pressure; found between epidermal cells

A

free nerve endings

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30
Q

free nerve endings that are wrapped around hair follicles; stimulated by hair movement

A

root hair plexes

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31
Q

fine touch/pressure receptors; found on hairless skin; release chemicals that stimulate sensory neurons; release chemicals when composed

A

tactile discs/Merkel cells

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32
Q

sensitive to fine touch/pressure and to low-frequency vibrations; found in eyelids, fingertips, external genitalia

A

tactile corpuscles/Meissner corpuscles

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33
Q

large receptors are sensitive to deep pressure/pulsing or high-frequency vibrations; found in fingers, breasts, and external genitalia

A

lamellated corpuscles/Pacinian corpuscles

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34
Q

sensitive to pressure and distortion of skin; located in the deepest layer of the dermis

A

Ruffini corpuscles

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35
Q

all tactile receptors travel through the: (3 places)

A

posterior column pathway, spinothalamic pathway, and spinal cord

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36
Q

what 3 things can alter tactile receptors?

A

infection, disease, or damage to neurons/pathways

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37
Q

provide sensory info about autonomic functions; monitors pressure changes; free nerve endings; movement inside these tubes distorts dendrites and alters rate of action potentials; monitors BP blood flow, and lung expansion

A

baroreceptors

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38
Q

monitors positions of joints, tendons/ligaments, and muscular contractions; free nerve endings in joint capsules to detect pressure, tension, and movement of joints

A

proprioceptors

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39
Q

what are the 2 types of proprioceptors?

A

golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles

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40
Q

skeletal muscle and its tendon; monitors strain on the tendon

A

golgi tendon organs

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41
Q

monitors length of skeletal muscle and skeletal reflexes to trigger stretch

A

muscle spindles

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42
Q

respond to dissolved particles; for autonomic control of respiratory and cardiovascular systems; receptors respond to pH of blood and CO2 levels; found in medulla oblongata, carotid, and aortic arteries

A

chemoreceptors

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43
Q

the sense of smell

A

olfaction

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44
Q

what are the 2 olfactory organs?

A

olfactory epithelium and olfactory(Bowman) gland

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45
Q

have olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and regenerative basal(stem) cells

A

olfactory epithelium

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46
Q

produce mucus that covers epithelium; prevents buildup of too many stimuli and free of dust and debris

A

olfactory(Bowman) gland

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47
Q

about what percentage of air reaches the olfactory epithelium?

A

2%

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48
Q

cilia on olfactory receptors; odorants/chemicals bind to cilia, producing an action potential

A

odorant-binding-proteins

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49
Q

olfactory info is relayed to the CNS through the _______________________

A

olfactory bulbs

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50
Q

about how many receptor cells in a 5cm^2 area(this area of cilia would cover the entire body)

A

10-20 million

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51
Q

sense of taste

A

gustation

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52
Q

gustatory receptors form sensory structures called ______________

A

taste buds

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53
Q

has microvilli at its ends(called taste hairs through a taste pore)

A

gustatory cell

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54
Q

what do dissolved chemicals contacting taste hairs and stimulating a change in membrane potential of olfactory cells cause?

A

action potential

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55
Q

what are the 6 primary taste sensations?

A

-salty
-sweet
-sour
-bitter
-umami
-water

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56
Q

which 2 sensations are found at the anterior portion of the tongue?

A

salty and sweet

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57
Q

which 2 sensations are found at the posterior portion of the tongue?

A

sour and bitter

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57
Q

pleasant taste found in beef broth, chicken broth, and parmesan cheese?

A

umami

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58
Q

eyelids; windshield wipers; clean the surface of the eye; prevents objects from touching the eye

A

pelpabra

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59
Q

inner corner of eye

A

medial canthus

60
Q

outer corner of eye

A

lateral canthus

61
Q

prevents dirt and insects from touching eyes; hair(has sebaceous glands and secretes sebum)

A

eyelashes

62
Q

secrete a lipid-rich substance; keeps eyelids from sticking together

A

tarsal glands

63
Q

at the medial canthus; contains glands that produce thick secretions; leads to eye boogers

A

lacrimal caruncle

64
Q

underneath part of eyelid that touches the eye and outer covering of eye(only the front part that you can see)

A

superficial epithelium of eye

65
Q

produces, removes, and distributes tears

A

lacrimal apparatus

66
Q

made up of water, alkaline secretions, enzymes, etc.

A

tears

67
Q

tears directed here lead to nasolacrimal duct

A

lacrimal canals near medial canthus

68
Q

carry tears to nasal cavity

A

nasolacrimal duct

69
Q

what are the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

-inferior rectus
-superior rectus
-lateral rectus
-medial rectus
-inferior oblique
-superior oblique

70
Q

what is the diameter of the eye?

A

1 inch

71
Q

what is the weight of the eye?

A

8 grams

72
Q

what are the 2 cavities in the eye called?

A

anterior cavity and posterior cavity(vitreous chamber)

73
Q

what are the 3 layers/tunics in the eye?

A

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and neural tunic

74
Q

what 2 structures are contained in the fibrous tunic?

A

sclera and cornea

75
Q

what are the 3 functions of the fibrous tunic?

A

-provides mechanical support and protection
-attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles
-aides in focusing

76
Q

white part of the eye; dense fibrous connective tissue; contains collagen and elastic fibers; thickest over posterior cavity and thinnest over anterior cavity; 6 extrinsic muscles insert here; contains small blood vessels and nerves

A

sclera

77
Q

transparent; continuous with sclera; no blood vessels so epithelial cells obtain O2 and nutrients from tears; limited regeneration

A

cornea

78
Q

why don’t cornea transplants have to worry about rejection?

A

there are few blood vessels, specifically WBCs, to attack the tissues

79
Q

contains many blood and lymphatic vessels to supply tissues of the eye; regulates the amount of light entering the eye; secretes/reabsorbs aqueous humor that circulates the eye; controls shape of lens for focusing

A

vascular tunic

80
Q

what are the 3 structures contained within the vascular tunic?

A

-iris
-ciliary body
-choriod

81
Q

controls the dilation/contraction of pupil using the 2 layers of pupillary muscles; eye color is formed here

A

iris

82
Q

the iris has no melanocytes and light bounces off of the pigmented epithelium

A

blue eyes

83
Q

when the iris has more melanocytes

A

brown, black, or green eyes

84
Q

attaches ciliary muscle to interior of eye; consists of ciliary muscle; connected to/controls suspensory ligaments

A

ciliary body

85
Q

what do the 2 layers of pupillary muscles do?

A

-one forms circles around pupil
-other forms rays around pupil and constrict it

86
Q

controls thickness of lens so light passes through the center of the lens along the visual axis

A

suspensory ligaments

87
Q

posterior to the ciliary body; between the fibrous and neural tunics; capillary network which delivers O2 and nutrients to the neural tunic

A

choroid

88
Q

the innermost layer/tunic; contains 2 layers(pigmented part and neural part)

A

neural tunic

89
Q

outer layer; absorbs light as it passes through the neural part; contains several layers of cells

A

pigmented part

90
Q

innermost part; has photoreceptors(rods and cones) that respond to light; has supporting cells and neurons that start processing and integration of visual info; has blood vessels

A

neural part

91
Q

what are the 2 types of photoreceptors?

A

rods and cones

92
Q

cannot tell the difference in light waves; very sensitive to light but cannot determine what kind of light; these are the reason we can see so well at night and why we cannot see colors at night

A

rods

93
Q

color vision; 3 types(red, green, and blue); stimulations of the different color combinations give us different colors; allow for sharper and clearer images; require bright lights(not used in dim light or at night)

A

cones

94
Q

where are most rods and cones located?

A

around the sides of the retina; most cones concentrate where visual image is passing through the lens and cornea

95
Q

location where visual image passes through the lens and cornea

A

macula lutea

96
Q

what is the center of the macula lutea called?

A

fovea

97
Q

center of color vision and sharpest vision site

A

fovea

98
Q

line drawn from the center of the object that you are looking at to the center of the lens to the center of the fovea

A

visual axis

99
Q

synapse with ganglion cells

A

bipolar cells

100
Q

the axons of ganglion cells deliver sensory info to the brain through the _______________

A

optic nerve

101
Q

used for color contrast; play a big role in the eye’s adjustment to dim/bright environments

A

horizontal and amacrine cells

102
Q

blue/big part of rhodopsin; is the difference between the cones and a rod

A

opsin

103
Q

located in opsin(red part); is affected by light

A

retinal

104
Q

what does GMP stand for?

A

guanine monophosphate

105
Q

when you get high-intensity light, which is when lots of light particles are needed and need more ATP than what is stored; causes you to see blinding white light and spots after

A

bleaching

106
Q

looks line an onion; made up of elastic fibers; fat when resting; fibers are pulled out then snapped back; located posterior to cornea

A

lens

107
Q

what are the 2 parts of the lens?

A

elastic fiber core and outer layer

108
Q

composed of elastic fibers that go back to their normal shape after being stretched(similar to a rubber band); the fat part

A

elastic fiber core

109
Q

concentric rings/layers of cells; cells must be transparent here for light to pass through

A

outer layer(lens)

110
Q

concentric rings/layers of cells; cells must be transparent here for light to pass through

A

outer layer(lens)

111
Q

the adjustment of the lens when objects are moving closer or fartther

A

accomodation

112
Q

what 3 structures do accommodation?

A

lens, suspensory ligaments, and ciliary muscle

113
Q

the place behind the lens where the image you are looking at comes back together; we want this to occur at the fovea

A

focal point

114
Q

the distance behind the lens for the focal point to form; the closer to the object, the longer the __________________ is; accommodation causes this to always be the same no matter what; ensures that the focal point lands on the fovea

A

focal distance

115
Q

normal, 20/20 vision

A

emmetropia

116
Q

nearsighted; can see near objects but far objects are blurry; caused by eyeball being too long

A

myopia

117
Q

far-sighted; can see far objects but near objects are blurry; caused by eyeball being too shallow/short

A

hyperopia

118
Q

“old man’s vision”; elastic fibers do not recoil as well so lens does not relax to its fattest shape

A

presbyopia

119
Q

an imperfection in the eye’s curvature; lens is curved differently on one side

A

astigmatism

120
Q

caused by pressure of too much aqueous fluid build up in the eyeball; pushes against retina; rods/cones, and optic nerve; fluid is blocked at the canal of Schlemm

A

glaucoma

121
Q

cloudy/possibly yellowish areas in outer layers of lens; replace with new one from donor or artificial

A

cataracts

122
Q

image hits the retina is upside down and inverted; perceived by rod/cone first

A

image formation

123
Q

what are the different places that image travels to in image formation in order? (6)

A

rod/cone, bipolar neuron, ganglion cells, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe

124
Q

how many different parts make up the ear?

A

3

125
Q

made up of the pinna, external auditory meatus, and tympanum/tympanic membrane

A

outer ear

126
Q

what is another name for the pinna?

A

auricle

127
Q

what is another name for the external auditory meatus?

A

ear canal

128
Q

what is another name for the tympanum/tympanic membrane?

A

eardrum

129
Q

external flap; directs sound towards tympanum

A

pinna

130
Q

contains hair and ceruminous glands that produce cerumen

A

external auditory meatus

131
Q

what is cerumen

A

earwax

132
Q

flexible epithelium; thin sheet that vibrates and separates outer and inner ear

A

tympanum

133
Q

contain pharyngeal auditory canal/Eustachian canal/auditory tube

A

middle ear

134
Q

what is the function of the pharyngeal auditory canal/Eustachian canal/auditory tube?

A

equalize the pressure of the backside of the eardrum

135
Q

what is a middle ear infection called?

A

ottis media

136
Q

what are the 3 bones in the middle ear called?

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

137
Q

location of senses of equilibrium and hearing; contains bony labyrinth and membraneous labyrinth

A

inner ear

138
Q

what is the name of the bone that covers the entire inner ear?

A

bony labyrinth

139
Q

what is the name of the tissue inside of the bony labyrinth?

A

membraneous labyrinth

140
Q

what is the name of the fluid inside of the bony labyrinth?

A

perilymph

141
Q

what is the name of the fluid inside of the membraneous labyrinth?

A

endolymph

142
Q

includes saccule and utricle; provides sensation of gravity and linear acceleration

A

vestibule

143
Q

structures used to maintain balance with movement

A

semicircular canals

144
Q

structure responsible for hearing

A

cochlea

145
Q

semicircular canals; ampula contains cupula(jello), which has stereocilia inside; endolymph moves->stereocilia move->impulse

A

rotational movement

146
Q

contains otoliths; stones push on gel; which contains stereocilia; all contained within vestibule

A

acceleration/decelaration

147
Q

what is one cause of deafness?

A

loss of ligament between 1st and 2nd bones

Anatomy/Physiology (27 decks)

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