Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System(Heart)

Question 1

how big is the heart?

Answer 1

about the size of your fist

Question 2

how is the heart positioned?

Answer 2

tilted and rotated; posterior to the sternum(direct middle), in the mediastinum

Question 3

what are the 2 circuts?

Answer 3

pulmonary and systemic

Question 4

right ventricle–>lungs–>left atrium

Answer 4

pulmonary circuit

Question 5

left ventricle–>body part–>right atrium

Answer 5

systemic circuit

Question 6

how many chambers does the heart have?

Answer 6

4; 2 ventricles and 2 atria

Question 7

what are the 2 functions of the atria?

Answer 7

-receive blood from body
-send blood to ventricles

Question 8

why are atrial walls thinner than ventricular walls?

Answer 8

in atria, blood only has to travel short distance and with no gravity; in ventricles, blood has to travel much longer distances and needs more force

Question 9

what is the 2nd name of the artia?

Answer 9

auricles

Question 10

what are the 2 functions of the ventricles?

Answer 10

-receive blood from atria
-send blood to rest of body

Question 11

ditches that contain an artery, vein, and a nerve; covered by adipose tissue

Answer 11

sulci

Question 12

sulcus found between the atria and ventricles

Answer 12

coronary sulcus

Question 13

sulci found between the ventricles

Answer 13

anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

Question 14

carries blood away from the heart; most have oxygenated blood

Answer 14

artery

Question 15

bring blood to the heart; most have deoxygenated blood

Answer 15

vein

Question 16

vessels where exchange of nutrients/waste take place

Answer 16

capillaries

Question 17

in what direction do the atria contract?

Answer 17

top to bottom

Question 18

in what direction do the ventricles contract?

Answer 18

bottom to top

Question 19

what is the function of the epicardium/visceral pericardium?

Answer 19

make fluid

Question 20

what is the outer layer of the epicardium made up of?

Answer 20

simple squamous

Question 21

what is the inner layer of the epicardium made up of?

Answer 21

loose connective tissue

Question 22

thickest layer(98% of the wall of the heart); contains cardiac muscle cells, blood vessels, and nerves

Answer 22

myocardium

Question 23

innermost/deepest layer of the heart wall; layer of simple squamous; also called the endothelium

Answer 23

endocardium

Question 24

T or F: does cardiac muscle contain intercalated disks?

Answer 24

true

Question 25

why is cardiac muscle dark?

Answer 25

it contains lots of mitochondria

Question 26

brings in deoxygenated blood from the head and upper shoulders

Answer 26

superior vena cava

Question 27

brings in deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body

Answer 27

inferior vena cava

Question 28

brings in deoxygenated blood from the veins of the heart

Answer 28

coronary sinus

Question 29

valve with 3 cusps; prevents blood from flowing backwards

Answer 29

right AV/tricuspid valve

Question 30

rope-like fibers; attached to ridges of muscle along the ventricle wall to papillary muscle

Answer 30

chordae tendinae

Question 31

valve with 2 cusps; prevents backflow of blood

Answer 31

left AV/bicuspid/mitral valve

Question 32

receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

Answer 32

left atrium

Question 33

used to prevent backflow of blood from the aorta

Answer 33

aortic semilunar valve

Question 34

keeps blood from flowing back into the pulmonary trunk

Answer 34

pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 35

consists of dense bands of tough, elastic connective tissue that encircle the bases of the large blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart

Answer 35

cardiac skeleton

Question 36

what are the 2 types of cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 36

contractile and noncontractile cells

Question 37

cardiac muscles cells that contract when stimulated; 90% of cardiac muscle

Answer 37

contractile cells

Question 38

cardiac muscle cells that when stimulated, they either start the impulse or move it along

Answer 38

noncontractile cells

Question 39

what are the 2 types of noncontractile cells?

Answer 39

nodal and conducting cells

Question 40

groups of cells that initiate the impulse; power plant

Answer 40

nodal cells

Question 41

cells that move the impulse from the nodes to the contracting cardiac muscle; power lines

Answer 41

conducting cells

Question 42

what are the 2 types of nodal cells?

Answer 42

SA node and AV node

Question 43

start the impulse for the atria; averages 70-75 times per minute; pacemaker of the heart

Answer 43

SA(sinoatrial) node

Question 44

start the impulse for the ventricles; averages 40 beats/min(when done on its own)

Answer 44

AV(atrioventricular node) node

Question 45

lower than 60 bpm

Answer 45

bradycardia

Question 46

higher than 100 bpm

Answer 46

tachycardia

Question 47

from the start of a heartbeat to the start of the next; one atrial contraction/relaxation and one ventricular contraction/relaxation

Answer 47

cardiac cycle

Question 48

during contraction, chambers empty blood

Answer 48

systole

Question 49

during relaxation, chambers are filling with blood

Answer 49

diastole

Question 50

1st heart sound; produced as AV valves close and semilunar valves open

Answer 50

lubb

Question 51

2nd heart sound; produced at the beginning of ventricular diastole when semilunar valves close

Answer 51

dupp

Question 52

the amount of blood that is pumped out of the ventricles in 1 min; right and left pump equal amounts of blood

Answer 52

cardiac output(CO)

Question 53

what 2 factors affect cardiac output?

Answer 53

heart rate and stroke volume

Question 54

number of bpm

Answer 54

heart rate(HR)

Question 55

how much blood a ventricle holds(mL)

Answer 55

stroke volume(SV)

Question 56

how do you calculate cardiac output?

Answer 56

CO=HRxSV

Question 57

what are the 3 mechanisms that affect cardiac output?

Answer 57

blood volume reflex, autonomic innervation, and hormones

Question 58

cardiac output: measured/stimulated by the amount of blood in that particular chamber

Answer 58

blood volume reflex

Question 59

what are the 2 types of blood volume reflex?

Answer 59

atrial and ventricular reflex

Question 60

blood volume reflex: measures the venous blood that is going into the right atrium; if there is more venous blood, it expands the walls of the right atrium and the receptors are stimulated more often; stimulates SA node; Bainbridge Reflex

Answer 60

atrial reflex

Question 61

blood volume reflex: receptors in the wall of both ventricles; when stimulated, they force bigger and longer contractions of ventricular walls(called Frank-Starling Principle)

Answer 61

ventricular reflex

Question 62

what is the Frank-Starling Principle?

Answer 62

more in=more out

Question 63

cardiac output: both atrial and ventricular receptors go to ANS

Answer 63

autonomic innervation

Question 64

what are the 2 types of autonomic innervation?

Answer 64

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 65

autonomic innervation: fight or flight; increases SA node, harder contractions; when the heart fills with more blood, this is stimulated and sends an impulse to the SA node(HR goes up) and walls of the heart(harder contractions, SV goes up); controlled by medulla oblongata cardioaccelatory and cardiodecelatory centers

Answer 65

sympathetic nervous system

Question 66

autonomic innervation: rest and digest; when the heart fills with less blood, this is stimulated and sends an impulse to the SA node-->slows down HR; walls of heart do not squeeze as hard; controlled by medulla oblongata in cardioaccelatory and cardiodecelatory centers

Answer 66

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 67

which hormones are considered "quick hitters" and where are they secreted from(same place)? (2)

Answer 67

E and NE; secreted from suprarenal cortex

Question 68

which hormones have a long-term effect? (3)

Answer 68

T3, T4, glucagon