Chapter 10: The Endocrine System and Chapter 11: The Lymphatic System

Question 1

what are the 4 similarities between the endocrine and nervous systems?

Answer 1

-both release chemicals to stimulate organs/cells/tissues
-both respond to stimuli
-both mostly use the feedback mechanism
-both use the same chemicals(ex. E, NE)

Question 2

how does the endocrine system secrete chemicals vs how does the nervous system secrete chemicals?

Answer 2

endocrine: releases hormones into the bloodstream

nervous: release neurotransmitters into only certain places

Question 3

what are the lengths of responses for the endocrine and nervous systems?

Answer 3

endocrine: long term responses(changes last for a long period of time)

nervous: quick responses(last for less than 1 second)

Question 4

what are the 3 ways to release a chemical?

Answer 4

-released by a neuron(neurotransmitter; nervous)
-released to a localized area(local regulator; endocrine)
-long distance regulator(endocrine)

Question 5

what are the 3 different structures of hormones?

Answer 5

-amino acid derivatives
-peptide derivatives
-lipid derivatives

Question 6

hormone structures: smallest structures; have the same atoms as amino acids; can be polar or nonpolar

Answer 6

amino acid derivatives

Question 7

what are 4 examples of amino acid derivatives?

Answer 7

E, NE, T3, and T4

Question 8

hormone structures: most common groups; has 2 classes, peptide and protein derivatives; can be polar or nonpolar

Answer 8

peptide derivatives

Question 9

how many amino acids are peptide derivatives made up of?

Answer 9

2-8; only a few

Question 10

how many amino acids are protein derivatives made up of?

Answer 10

lots; more than peptide derivatives

Question 11

hormone structures: have 3 classes, steroid, fatty acid, and other

Answer 11

lipid derivatives

Question 12

are steroid derivatives polar or nonpolar?

Answer 12

nonpolar

Question 13

what are 3 examples of steroid hormones?

Answer 13

T, E, and P

Question 14

what are fatty acid derivatives made up of?

Answer 14

eocosinoids

Question 15

long chains of fatty acids

Answer 15

eocosinoids

Question 16

what is one example of fatty acid derivatives?

Answer 16

prostaglandin

Question 17

all are attracted to and dissolve in H2O; H2O cannot cross the cell membrane, therefore, these cannot cross the cell membrane either; there also must be a receptor located on the cell membrane

Answer 17

polar hormone

Question 18

do not dissolve in H2O/blood so they can easily pass through the cell membrane; receptor must be on the inside of the cell membrane(in cytosol, organelle, or gene on a chromosome)

Answer 18

nonpolar hormone

Question 19

what are the 3 methods that hormones are released?

Answer 19

-humoral response
-hormonal response
-neural response

Question 20

methods of releasing hormones: group of hormones that are released because a level of a substance is too low or too high

Answer 20

humoral response

Question 21

what are 4 examples of hormones released by humoral response?

Answer 21

GCG, INS, CT, and PTH

Question 22

methods of releasing hormones: group of hormones that are released because another hormone was released

Answer 22

hormonal response

Question 23

methods of releasing hormones: released as a neurotransmitter but goes into general circulation, making it a hormone

Answer 23

neural response

Question 24

all of the cells, tissues, and organs used to clean and filter lymph fluid or attack pathogens

Answer 24

lymphatic system

Question 25

anything that causes disease/disease-causing agents

Answer 25

pathogen

Question 26

what are the 6 types of pathogens?

Answer 26

-bacteria -fungus -parasites -protist -virus -bad body cells/cancerous cells

Question 27

which two pathogens attack from the inside of cells and always only attack human body cells?

Answer 27

-viruses -bad body cells/cancerous cells

Question 28

which is the only pathogen that does not use body cells as food and eat from the outside?

Answer 28

bad body cells/pathogens

Question 29

which 4 pathogens are WBCs and never attack body cells?

Answer 29

-bacteria -fungus -parasites -protist

Question 30

attack many different types of pathogens; use whatever weapons they have; do not reproduce themselves like other lymphocytes but call for extra help; attack with full force no matter what

Answer 30

nonspecific defense

Question 31

attack only one specific pathogen; reproduces itself millions of times

Answer 31

specific defense

Question 32

what are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 32

-cleans interstitial fluid -carry substances(debris, leftover enzymes, broken-up cells, proteins, lipids from digestive system, and hormones) -production and maturation/screening of lymphocytes

Question 33

what are the 5 types of WBCs?

Answer 33

-monocytes -neutrophils -eosinophils -basophils -lymphocytes

Question 34

which 4 WBCs use nonspecific defense?

Answer 34

-monocytes -neutrophils -eosinophils -basophils

Question 35

which WBC uses specific defense?

Answer 35

lymphocytes

Question 36

engulfs way more than others(super mario) and are big but only last for about 8 hours

Answer 36

macrophage

Question 37

which 3 WBCs are phagocytes, which attack anything?

Answer 37

-monocytes -neutrophils -eosinophils

Question 38

which WBC is a macrophage?

Answer 38

monocytes

Question 39

fluid; carries lipids and WBCs; has clear fluid

Answer 39

lymph

Question 40

walls are simple squamous so interstitial fluid goes into these

Answer 40

lymphatic capillaries

Question 41

why are the walls of lymphatic capillaries simple squamous?

Answer 41

it is a smooth surface for the fluid to move and allows lymph to go in

Question 42

capillaries merge and form vessels; walls are thicker; no new lymphocytes here

Answer 42

lymphatic vessels

Question 43

what are the 2 lymphatic ducts?

Answer 43

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Question 44

takes old lymph into the circulatory system

Answer 44

lymphatic ducts

Question 45

composed of loose connective tissue and lots of lymphocytes; do not have a hard capsule and can expand

Answer 45

lymph nodules

Question 46

composed of loose connective tissue and lots of lymphocytes; has a hard, fibrous capsule around it and cannot expand

Answer 46

lymph nodes

Question 47

located/sitting at the top of the heart; produces thymosins, which activate/produce/screen T cells; most active at the age of 2, is the largest at 10, and begins falling apart after this age, it is mostly gone by the age of 50

Answer 47

thymus

Question 48

located behind and to the left of the stomach; filters blood-->cleans it from pathogens, bad cells, debris, etc.; has 2 parts: red pulp and white pulp

Answer 48

spleen

Question 49

part of the spleen that contains lots of RBCs

Answer 49

red pulp

Question 50

how many RBCs are there in the body?

Answer 50

about 60 trillion

Question 51

part of the spleen that contains lots of WBCs

Answer 51

white pulp

Question 52

located where the small and large intestine are connected; made up of lots of nodules; contains water, bacteria, and feces

Answer 52

appendix

Question 53

most of these are found in body tissues; make up 20%-25% of the cells in the lymphatic system(about 1/5); has 3 types

Answer 53

lymphocytes

Question 54

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

Answer 54

T cells, B cells, and NK cells

Question 55

recognize their pathogen by their antigens(gang signs); made in bone marrow and mature/screen in the thymus; make up 80% of lymphocytes; 3 types

Answer 55

T cells

Question 56

what are the 3 types of T cells?

Answer 56

Tc, TH, and Ts

Question 57

attack by releasing enzymes(puts holes in the cell membrane); attacks bad cells(viruses, infected cells, cancer cells, and bacteria); uses cell-mediated responses

Answer 57

Tc(cytotoxic)

Question 58

the response where the cell must be attacked from the inside

Answer 58

cell-mediated response

Question 59

attack by releasing enzymes-->these cells call for help from Tc, B, and more WBCs

Answer 59

TH(helper)

Question 60

activated to suppress the immune system to release an enzyme to promote apoptosis(cell suicide)

Answer 60

Ts(suppressor)

Question 61

15%-20% of lymphocytes; made and screened/matured in bone marrow; called humoral response(attack pathogens in the fluid outside of the cell); attack by releasing antibodies(ninja stars)

Answer 61

B cells

Question 62

made and screened/matured in bone marrow; 5%-10% of lymphocytes; called immunological surveillance; attack multiple antigens

Answer 62

NK cells(natural killer cells)

Question 63

what are the 7 methods of nonspecific defense?

Answer 63

-skin and its secretions -phagocytes -immunological surveillance -interferons -complement proteins -inflammatory response -fever

Question 64

nonspecific defense: lots of layers(dead) and it can speed up or slow down its reproductive rate; waterproof and rubbery; has holes to secrete fluid

Answer 64

skin/its secretions

Question 65

what is secreted from the holes in the skin? (6)

Answer 65

saliva -tears -wax -sweat -oil -acid

Question 66

which 3 of the skin secretions contain antibodies?

Answer 66

-saliva -tears -mucus

Question 67

which 2 of the skin secretions are trappers?

Answer 67

mucus and wax

Question 68

which one of the skin secretions contains salt?

Answer 68

sweat

Question 69

which 3 of the skin secretions have a low pH?

Answer 69

sweat, oil, and acid

Question 70

nonspecific defense: attack multiple things; attacks by endocytosis/engulfing; has 2 groups

Answer 70

phagocytes

Question 71

4 examples of macrophages

Answer 71

-monocytes -microglia -dust cells of alveoli/resp. tract -Kueffler cells of liver

Question 72

always the first to an infection site; free?

Answer 72

microphage

Question 73

2 examples of microphages

Answer 73

neutrophils and eosinophils

Question 74

what are the 2 characteristics of microphages?

Answer 74

diapedesis and positive chemotaxis

Question 75

microphages having the ability to fit in small places; can get in and out of capillaries; only cells that can do this

Answer 75

diapedesis

Question 76

the phagocytes are drawn towards chemicals

Answer 76

positive chemotaxis

Question 77

what cells do immunological surveillance?

Answer 77

NK cells

Question 78

nonspecific defense: only found in peripheral tissue; look for antigens(gang signs) of cells(bad cells: body, bacteria, fungus) that are recognized; always attack with enzymes called perforin

Answer 78

immunological surveillance

Question 79

enzyme puts holes in cell membrane and fluid rushes in, making it explode and die

Answer 79

perforin

Question 80

nonspecific defense: slows virus down; proteins released by any cell of the body to nearby cells; does not kill the virus from reproducing in the nearby cell

Answer 80

interferons

Question 81

nonspecific defense: approximately 30 of these with different pathways; 1st one activates the 2nd one

Answer 81

complement proteins

Question 82

what are the 3 functions of complement proteins?

Answer 82

-form MAC complex when combined with antibodies -activate phagocytes and lymphocytes -swell up the area

Question 83

nonspecific defense: swelling response; 1st cell(mast cell/basophil) is found in peripheral tissues; mast cell sees an antigen(gang signs) and releases it chemicals into nearby tissues

Answer 83

inflammatory response

Question 84

what are the 2 chemicals released by a mast cell in an inflammatory response?

Answer 84

histamine and heparin

Question 85

increases the diameter of nearby capillaries

Answer 85

vasodialator

Question 86

vasodilator; brings more fluid to the area; we want more fluid because it brings more cells such as WBCs and RBCs

Answer 86

histamine

Question 87

anti-clotter; ex. meds that do not allow blood to clot, usually taken after a heart attack

Answer 87

heparin

Question 88

nonspecific defense: damaged body cells/phagocytes/mast cells release pyrogen

Answer 88

fever

Question 89

causes increased temperature of an area

Answer 89

pyrogen

Question 90

why do we want to raise body temperatures?

Answer 90

to speed up reactions for ALL nonspecific defense mechanisms

Question 91

what can a fever of 105 degrees cause? (2)

Answer 91

hallucinations and enzymes falling apart

Question 92

not innate; also called acquired immunity or adaptive response; only uses T and B lymphocytes

Answer 92

specific response

Question 93

in what cells can DNA be changed in?

Answer 93

lymphocytes

Question 94

what does MHC complex stand for?

Answer 94

major histocompatibility complex

Question 95

all body cells have this; works like a flagpole; can either have I or II

Answer 95

MHC complex

Question 96

what cells have MHC I?

Answer 96

normal body cells

Question 97

what cells have MHC II?

Answer 97

phagocytes

Question 98

how do Tc cells attack?

Answer 98

by releasing enzymes

Question 99

what does proliferation mean?

Answer 99

copies itself

Question 100

what does clonal selection mean?

Answer 100

most attack and memory cells?

Question 101

which Tc never actually attacks? 1st or 2nd; which one goes through proliferation and clonal selection?

Answer 101

1st never attacks and 2nd goes through proliferation and clonal selection

Question 102

what enzymes are released by Tc to attack? (3)

Answer 102

lymphotoxin, cytokines, and perforin

Question 103

enzymes: forces body cells' metabolism to stop

Answer 103

lymphotoxin

Question 104

enzymes: forces apoptosis

Answer 104

cytokines

Question 105

enzymes: makes holes in the cell membrane and causes it to explode

Answer 105

perforin

Question 106

which TH goes through proliferation and clonal selection? 1st or 2nd

Answer 106

2nd

Question 107

how do TH cells attack?

Answer 107

by releasing enzymes that call for help

Question 108

what cells do enzymes call for help from? (2)

Answer 108

Tc and B

Question 109

how do Ts cells attack?

Answer 109

release a suppressor enzyme

Question 110

what cells do the suppressor enzyme released by Ts suppress? (2)

Answer 110

Tc and TH

Question 111

what cells are suppressed by the suppressor enzyme released by Ts? (2)

Answer 111

Tc and TH

Question 112

what type of response is done by B cells?

Answer 112

humoral

Question 113

what do B cells use to attack

Answer 113

antibodies(ninja stars)

Question 114

how many antibodies are secreted per second after it goes through proliferation and clonal selection? how long are they secreted for

Answer 114

2000-3000 per second for 2-3 days

Question 115

what are the 5 functions of antibodies?

Answer 115

-neutralization -agglutination -bond with complement proteins to form MAC -activate phagocytes by marking pathogens -activate inflammatory response

Question 116

antibodies completely surrounding pathogens

Answer 116

neutralization

Question 117

antibodies forming clumps of lots of bacteria

Answer 117

agglutination

Question 118

what is the difference between passive and active immunity?

Answer 118

passive: your immune system is attacking active: another person's immune system is attacking

Question 119

what are 2 examples of passive immunity?

Answer 119

breastfeeding and chemotherapy

Question 120

what are the 3 abnormal immune responses?

Answer 120

-autoimmune disorder -allergies/inappropriate response -virus attacking your immune system

Question 121

T or B cells are attacking normal body cells instead of pathogens; inflammatory response?

Answer 121

autoimmune disorder

Question 122

body attacks wrong antigens of substances that are not pathogens; inflammatory response

Answer 122

allergies/inappropriate response

Question 123

what are 3 examples of autoimmune disorders?

Answer 123

-rheumatoid arthritis -crohn's disease -multiple sclerosis

Question 124

what are 2 examples of viruses attacking your body cells?

Answer 124

HIV+ and AIDS

Question 125

virus is inside of your cells(TH) and is hiding

Answer 125

HIV+

Question 126

virus attacks and destroys TH cells; symptoms are cold, flu, pheumonia(these could all kill you with this)

Answer 126

AIDS

Question 127

dirty part of the vessel

Answer 127

afferent vessel

Question 128

clean part of the vessel

Answer 128

efferent vessel

Question 129

what are effector cells?

Answer 129

T cells/attacker cells

Question 130

where does the thoracic duct drain into?

Answer 130

everywhere except the right side of the body above the diaphragm

Question 131

where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

Answer 131

the right side of the body above the diaphragm