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Anatomy/Physiology > Chapter 10: The Endocrine System and Chapter 11: The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 10: The Endocrine System and Chapter 11: The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 similarities between the endocrine and nervous systems?

A

-both release chemicals to stimulate organs/cells/tissues
-both respond to stimuli
-both mostly use the feedback mechanism
-both use the same chemicals(ex. E, NE)

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2
Q

how does the endocrine system secrete chemicals vs how does the nervous system secrete chemicals?

A

endocrine: releases hormones into the bloodstream

nervous: release neurotransmitters into only certain places

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3
Q

what are the lengths of responses for the endocrine and nervous systems?

A

endocrine: long term responses(changes last for a long period of time)

nervous: quick responses(last for less than 1 second)

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4
Q

what are the 3 ways to release a chemical?

A

-released by a neuron(neurotransmitter; nervous)
-released to a localized area(local regulator; endocrine)
-long distance regulator(endocrine)

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5
Q

what are the 3 different structures of hormones?

A

-amino acid derivatives
-peptide derivatives
-lipid derivatives

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6
Q

hormone structures: smallest structures; have the same atoms as amino acids; can be polar or nonpolar

A

amino acid derivatives

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7
Q

what are 4 examples of amino acid derivatives?

A

E, NE, T3, and T4

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8
Q

hormone structures: most common groups; has 2 classes, peptide and protein derivatives; can be polar or nonpolar

A

peptide derivatives

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9
Q

how many amino acids are peptide derivatives made up of?

A

2-8; only a few

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10
Q

how many amino acids are protein derivatives made up of?

A

lots; more than peptide derivatives

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11
Q

hormone structures: have 3 classes, steroid, fatty acid, and other

A

lipid derivatives

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12
Q

are steroid derivatives polar or nonpolar?

A

nonpolar

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13
Q

what are 3 examples of steroid hormones?

A

T, E, and P

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14
Q

what are fatty acid derivatives made up of?

A

eocosinoids

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15
Q

long chains of fatty acids

A

eocosinoids

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16
Q

what is one example of fatty acid derivatives?

A

prostaglandin

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17
Q

all are attracted to and dissolve in H2O; H2O cannot cross the cell membrane, therefore, these cannot cross the cell membrane either; there also must be a receptor located on the cell membrane

A

polar hormone

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18
Q

do not dissolve in H2O/blood so they can easily pass through the cell membrane; receptor must be on the inside of the cell membrane(in cytosol, organelle, or gene on a chromosome)

A

nonpolar hormone

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19
Q

what are the 3 methods that hormones are released?

A

-humoral response
-hormonal response
-neural response

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20
Q

methods of releasing hormones: group of hormones that are released because a level of a substance is too low or too high

A

humoral response

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21
Q

what are 4 examples of hormones released by humoral response?

A

GCG, INS, CT, and PTH

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22
Q

methods of releasing hormones: group of hormones that are released because another hormone was released

A

hormonal response

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23
Q

methods of releasing hormones: released as a neurotransmitter but goes into general circulation, making it a hormone

A

neural response

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24
Q

all of the cells, tissues, and organs used to clean and filter lymph fluid or attack pathogens

A

lymphatic system

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25
Q

anything that causes disease/disease-causing agents

A

pathogen

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26
Q

what are the 6 types of pathogens?

A

-bacteria
-fungus
-parasites
-protist
-virus
-bad body cells/cancerous cells

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27
Q

which two pathogens attack from the inside of cells and always only attack human body cells?

A

-viruses
-bad body cells/cancerous cells

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28
Q

which is the only pathogen that does not use body cells as food and eat from the outside?

A

bad body cells/pathogens

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29
Q

which 4 pathogens are WBCs and never attack body cells?

A

-bacteria
-fungus
-parasites
-protist

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30
Q

attack many different types of pathogens; use whatever weapons they have; do not reproduce themselves like other lymphocytes but call for extra help; attack with full force no matter what

A

nonspecific defense

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31
Q

attack only one specific pathogen; reproduces itself millions of times

A

specific defense

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32
Q

what are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A

-cleans interstitial fluid
-carry substances(debris, leftover enzymes, broken-up cells, proteins, lipids from digestive system, and hormones)
-production and maturation/screening of lymphocytes

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33
Q

what are the 5 types of WBCs?

A

-monocytes
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
-lymphocytes

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34
Q

which 4 WBCs use nonspecific defense?

A

-monocytes
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

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35
Q

which WBC uses specific defense?

A

lymphocytes

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36
Q

engulfs way more than others(super mario) and are big but only last for about 8 hours

A

macrophage

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37
Q

which 3 WBCs are phagocytes, which attack anything?

A

-monocytes
-neutrophils
-eosinophils

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38
Q

which WBC is a macrophage?

A

monocytes

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39
Q

fluid; carries lipids and WBCs; has clear fluid

A

lymph

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40
Q

walls are simple squamous so interstitial fluid goes into these

A

lymphatic capillaries

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41
Q

why are the walls of lymphatic capillaries simple squamous?

A

it is a smooth surface for the fluid to move and allows lymph to go in

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42
Q

capillaries merge and form vessels; walls are thicker; no new lymphocytes here

A

lymphatic vessels

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43
Q

what are the 2 lymphatic ducts?

A

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

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44
Q

takes old lymph into the circulatory system

A

lymphatic ducts

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45
Q

composed of loose connective tissue and lots of lymphocytes; do not have a hard capsule and can expand

A

lymph nodules

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46
Q

composed of loose connective tissue and lots of lymphocytes; has a hard, fibrous capsule around it and cannot expand

A

lymph nodes

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47
Q

located/sitting at the top of the heart; produces thymosins, which activate/produce/screen T cells; most active at the age of 2, is the largest at 10, and begins falling apart after this age, it is mostly gone by the age of 50

A

thymus

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48
Q

located behind and to the left of the stomach; filters blood–>cleans it from pathogens, bad cells, debris, etc.; has 2 parts: red pulp and white pulp

A

spleen

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49
Q

part of the spleen that contains lots of RBCs

A

red pulp

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50
Q

how many RBCs are there in the body?

A

about 60 trillion

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51
Q

part of the spleen that contains lots of WBCs

A

white pulp

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52
Q

located where the small and large intestine are connected; made up of lots of nodules; contains water, bacteria, and feces

A

appendix

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53
Q

most of these are found in body tissues; make up 20%-25% of the cells in the lymphatic system(about 1/5); has 3 types

A

lymphocytes

54
Q

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells, B cells, and NK cells

55
Q

recognize their pathogen by their antigens(gang signs); made in bone marrow and mature/screen in the thymus; make up 80% of lymphocytes; 3 types

A

T cells

56
Q

what are the 3 types of T cells?

A

Tc, TH, and Ts

57
Q

attack by releasing enzymes(puts holes in the cell membrane); attacks bad cells(viruses, infected cells, cancer cells, and bacteria); uses cell-mediated responses

A

Tc(cytotoxic)

58
Q

the response where the cell must be attacked from the inside

A

cell-mediated response

59
Q

attack by releasing enzymes–>these cells call for help from Tc, B, and more WBCs

A

TH(helper)

60
Q

activated to suppress the immune system to release an enzyme to promote apoptosis(cell suicide)

A

Ts(suppressor)

61
Q

15%-20% of lymphocytes; made and screened/matured in bone marrow; called humoral response(attack pathogens in the fluid outside of the cell); attack by releasing antibodies(ninja stars)

A

B cells

62
Q

made and screened/matured in bone marrow; 5%-10% of lymphocytes; called immunological surveillance; attack multiple antigens

A

NK cells(natural killer cells)

63
Q

what are the 7 methods of nonspecific defense?

A

-skin and its secretions
-phagocytes
-immunological surveillance
-interferons
-complement proteins
-inflammatory response
-fever

64
Q

nonspecific defense: lots of layers(dead) and it can speed up or slow down its reproductive rate; waterproof and rubbery; has holes to secrete fluid

A

skin/its secretions

65
Q

what is secreted from the holes in the skin? (6)

A

saliva
-tears
-wax
-sweat
-oil
-acid

66
Q

which 3 of the skin secretions contain antibodies?

A

-saliva
-tears
-mucus

67
Q

which 2 of the skin secretions are trappers?

A

mucus and wax

68
Q

which one of the skin secretions contains salt?

A

sweat

69
Q

which 3 of the skin secretions have a low pH?

A

sweat, oil, and acid

70
Q

nonspecific defense: attack multiple things; attacks by endocytosis/engulfing; has 2 groups

A

phagocytes

71
Q

4 examples of macrophages

A

-monocytes
-microglia
-dust cells of alveoli/resp. tract
-Kueffler cells of liver

72
Q

always the first to an infection site; free?

A

microphage

73
Q

2 examples of microphages

A

neutrophils and eosinophils

74
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of microphages?

A

diapedesis and positive chemotaxis

75
Q

microphages having the ability to fit in small places; can get in and out of capillaries; only cells that can do this

A

diapedesis

76
Q

the phagocytes are drawn towards chemicals

A

positive chemotaxis

77
Q

what cells do immunological surveillance?

A

NK cells

78
Q

nonspecific defense: only found in peripheral tissue; look for antigens(gang signs) of cells(bad cells: body, bacteria, fungus) that are recognized; always attack with enzymes called perforin

A

immunological surveillance

79
Q

enzyme puts holes in cell membrane and fluid rushes in, making it explode and die

A

perforin

80
Q

nonspecific defense: slows virus down; proteins released by any cell of the body to nearby cells; does not kill the virus from reproducing in the nearby cell

A

interferons

81
Q

nonspecific defense: approximately 30 of these with different pathways; 1st one activates the 2nd one

A

complement proteins

82
Q

what are the 3 functions of complement proteins?

A

-form MAC complex when combined with antibodies
-activate phagocytes and lymphocytes
-swell up the area

83
Q

nonspecific defense: swelling response; 1st cell(mast cell/basophil) is found in peripheral tissues; mast cell sees an antigen(gang signs) and releases it chemicals into nearby tissues

A

inflammatory response

84
Q

what are the 2 chemicals released by a mast cell in an inflammatory response?

A

histamine and heparin

85
Q

increases the diameter of nearby capillaries

A

vasodialator

86
Q

vasodilator; brings more fluid to the area; we want more fluid because it brings more cells such as WBCs and RBCs

A

histamine

87
Q

anti-clotter; ex. meds that do not allow blood to clot, usually taken after a heart attack

A

heparin

88
Q

nonspecific defense: damaged body cells/phagocytes/mast cells release pyrogen

A

fever

89
Q

causes increased temperature of an area

A

pyrogen

90
Q

why do we want to raise body temperatures?

A

to speed up reactions for ALL nonspecific defense mechanisms

91
Q

what can a fever of 105 degrees cause? (2)

A

hallucinations and enzymes falling apart

92
Q

not innate; also called acquired immunity or adaptive response; only uses T and B lymphocytes

A

specific response

93
Q

in what cells can DNA be changed in?

A

lymphocytes

94
Q

what does MHC complex stand for?

A

major histocompatibility complex

95
Q

all body cells have this; works like a flagpole; can either have I or II

A

MHC complex

96
Q

what cells have MHC I?

A

normal body cells

97
Q

what cells have MHC II?

A

phagocytes

98
Q

how do Tc cells attack?

A

by releasing enzymes

99
Q

what does proliferation mean?

A

copies itself

100
Q

what does clonal selection mean?

A

most attack and memory cells?

101
Q

which Tc never actually attacks? 1st or 2nd; which one goes through proliferation and clonal selection?

A

1st never attacks and 2nd goes through proliferation and clonal selection

102
Q

what enzymes are released by Tc to attack? (3)

A

lymphotoxin, cytokines, and perforin

103
Q

enzymes: forces body cells’ metabolism to stop

A

lymphotoxin

104
Q

enzymes: forces apoptosis

A

cytokines

105
Q

enzymes: makes holes in the cell membrane and causes it to explode

A

perforin

106
Q

which TH goes through proliferation and clonal selection? 1st or 2nd

A

2nd

107
Q

how do TH cells attack?

A

by releasing enzymes that call for help

108
Q

what cells do enzymes call for help from? (2)

A

Tc and B

109
Q

how do Ts cells attack?

A

release a suppressor enzyme

110
Q

what cells do the suppressor enzyme released by Ts suppress? (2)

A

Tc and TH

111
Q

what cells are suppressed by the suppressor enzyme released by Ts? (2)

A

Tc and TH

112
Q

what type of response is done by B cells?

A

humoral

113
Q

what do B cells use to attack

A

antibodies(ninja stars)

114
Q

how many antibodies are secreted per second after it goes through proliferation and clonal selection? how long are they secreted for

A

2000-3000 per second for 2-3 days

115
Q

what are the 5 functions of antibodies?

A

-neutralization
-agglutination
-bond with complement proteins to form MAC
-activate phagocytes by marking pathogens
-activate inflammatory response

116
Q

antibodies completely surrounding pathogens

A

neutralization

117
Q

antibodies forming clumps of lots of bacteria

A

agglutination

118
Q

what is the difference between passive and active immunity?

A

passive: your immune system is attacking

active: another person’s immune system is attacking

119
Q

what are 2 examples of passive immunity?

A

breastfeeding and chemotherapy

120
Q

what are the 3 abnormal immune responses?

A

-autoimmune disorder
-allergies/inappropriate response
-virus attacking your immune system

121
Q

T or B cells are attacking normal body cells instead of pathogens; inflammatory response?

A

autoimmune disorder

122
Q

body attacks wrong antigens of substances that are not pathogens; inflammatory response

A

allergies/inappropriate response

123
Q

what are 3 examples of autoimmune disorders?

A

-rheumatoid arthritis
-crohn’s disease
-multiple sclerosis

124
Q

what are 2 examples of viruses attacking your body cells?

A

HIV+ and AIDS

125
Q

virus is inside of your cells(TH) and is hiding

A

HIV+

126
Q

virus attacks and destroys TH cells; symptoms are cold, flu, pheumonia(these could all kill you with this)

A

AIDS

127
Q

dirty part of the vessel

A

afferent vessel

128
Q

clean part of the vessel

A

efferent vessel

129
Q

what are effector cells?

A

T cells/attacker cells

130
Q

where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

everywhere except the right side of the body above the diaphragm

131
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

the right side of the body above the diaphragm

Anatomy/Physiology (27 decks)

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