Chapter 3: Cells/Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
cell theory
A
1) cells are the basic units of all living things
2) cells are the building blocks of all living things
3) all cells come from pre-existing cells
4) all cells must maintain homeostasis
2
Q
light microscope
A
magnification of 500x-1000x; see the outside of cells and tissues
3
Q
a beam of electrons; infinite magnification; see inside of cells and organelles
A
electron magniscope
4
Q
holds chromosomes and genes; controls the cell
A
nucleus
5
Q
cytosol and organelles; contains everything inside the cell
A
cytoplasm
6
Q
only the fluid inside the cell
A
cytosol
7
Q
liquid barrier of the cell; can not be crossed without “doors”; determines what goes in and out of the cell
A
cell/plasma membrane
8
Q
fluid outside of the cell
A
extracellular fluid
9
Q
fluid between cells
A
interstitual fluid
10
Q
functions of the cell membrane
A
-physical isolation with its external environment
-regulates what goes in and out of the cell
-sensitivity to the environment(ability to make changes)
-structural support
11
Q
structure of the cell membrane
A
the structure is a phospholipid bilayer with outer edges being polar phosphate heads; these are connected to 2 nonpolar fatty acid tails; this causes the membrane to be impermeable because almost nothing can cross the polar phosphate heads and nonpolar fatty acid tails
12
Q
what is the cell membrane made of?
A
3 macromolecules: 2 carbohydrates, 2 lipids, and 2 proteins
13
Q
what are the two substances that can fit through the cell membrane? explain
A
O2 and CO2; they are small enough to pass through the phosphate heads and are nonpolar, which fits them through the tails
14
Q
what does cholesterol do for the cell membrane?
A
it controls the flipping of the —
15
Q
what are the two types of proteins?
A
integral and peripheral
16
Q
proteins that span the entire cell membrane; in contact with both cytose and extracellular fluid
A
integral proteins
17
Q
proteins found on either the inside or outside surface of the cell membrane
A
peripheral proteins
18
Q
which functions of the cell membrane proteins use integral proteins?
A
receptor, transport, and structural proteins
19
Q
which functions of the cell membrane proteins use peripheral proteins?
A
enzymes and structural proteins
20
Q
which function of the cell membrane proteins uses both integral and peripheral?
A
structural proteins
21
Q
attach/receive substances(ex. hormones) and force the cell to do something
A
receptor proteins
22
Q
move substances from one side of the membrane to another(has carrier and channel proteins too)
A
transport proteins
23
Q
transport proteins that are completely open and move lots of substances at a time
A
channel proteins
24
Q
transport proteins that have only one part open at a time and move a small/controlled amount of a substance at a time
A
carrier proteins
25
speed up reactions
enzymes
26
proteins from one cell membrane are attached to proteins of another cell(can also have peripheral proteins attached to a cytoskeleton)
structural proteins
27
what are the two types of carbohydrates in the cell membrane?
glycolipids and glycoproteins
28
attached to the lipid part of the membrane on the outside surface
glycolipids
29
attached to the protein part of the membrane on the outer surface
glycoproteins
30
functions of glycolipids and glycoproteins
ID tags, cell-to-cell recognition, "gang signs"
31
what are the types of transport across the cell membrane?
passive, active, and vesicular
32
random movement of a substance from an area of high to low concentration without the use of energy; moves with the gradient
passive transport
33
types of passive transport
diffusion, facilitative diffusion, and osmosis
34
moves from high to low, requires no energy or help from membrane proteins(ex. O2 and CO2 because they are small enough and nonpolar)
diffusion
35
diffusion that requires help from membrane proteins; high to low; does not require energy; ex. glucose, fatty acid, amino acid, K+, Na+, Ca+2, Cl-
facilitative diffusion
36
movement of water from an area of free available water to an area of lower free available water without energy; requires help from membrane protein aquaporin
osmosis
37
solution has a higher number of solutes than the other side (osmosis)
hypertonic solution
38
solution that has a lower number of solutes than the other side (osmosis)
hypotonic solution
39
solution that has the same number of solutes on both sides (osmosis)
isotonic
40
when an RBC bursts
hemolysis
41
when a cell shrinks/gets smaller
crenation
42
moves from low to high concentration against the gradient; uphill; requires energy and help from a membrane/carrier protein; ex. Na+ pump, H+ pump, Na+-K+ pump
active transport
43
movement of larger substances in and out of the cell without crossing the membrane
vesicular transport
44
types of vesicular transport
endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis) and exocytosis
45
bringing in larger substances without crossing the membrane; uses pseudo pods; ex. WBC engulfing bacteria
phagocytosis
46
bringing in small and nonspecific substances; "cell sipping"
pinocytosis
47
bring in small and specific substances; ex. cholesterol, anemia
receptor-mediated endocytosis
48
substances going out of the cell; cell size gets bigger
exocytosis
49
little "organs"(not made of tissue) inside the cell
organelles
50
cytoskeleton(microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules), ribosomes(free, fixed), microvilli, cilla, flagella, and proteasomes
non membranous organelles
51
ER(smooth, rough), golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, nucleus
membraneous organelles
52
thinnest part of cytoskeleton; usally found under the cell membrane; used for attachment of structures to the cell membrane
microfilaments
53
thicker part of the cytoskeleton
intermediate filaments
54
thickest fibers of the cytoskeleton; used for structure of the cell; used to transport organelles and hold them in place; used to transport chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis (not all cells have these and cannot repair if they don't)
microtubules
55
produce proteins
ribosomes
56
found in cytosol; make proteins for the cell
free ribosomes
57
found on the ER; makes proteins that leave the cell through exocytosis
fixed ribosomes
58
extension of the cell membrane; more surface area; has folds for more places to move substances across the cell membrane; ex. cells lining the small intestine
microvilli
59
extension of the cell membrane; used to move substances across the outer membrane
cilla
60
tail-like extension of the cell membrane; moves the cell
flagella
61
hollow structure filled with enzymes called proteases
proteasomes
62
ribbon-like structure attached to the nucleus; functions: synthesis of substances(proteins, lipids, carbs), stores substances, detoxification
ER(endoplasmic reticulum)
63
synthesizes proteins and stores them; generally makes proteins for vesicles or exocytosis
rough ER
64
produce lipids(fats, phospholipids, and steroids) and carbs(long chains of glycogen); ex. RBCs
smooth ER
65
5-6 flattened disks; takes structures made in ER and modifies them; makes 3 types of vesicles
golgi apparatus
66
types of vesicles made by the golgi apparatus
lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and membrane renewal vesicles
67
releases some sort of secretion(sweat, hormones, enzymes) to the outside of the cell
secretory vesicle
68
reproduces cell membrane
membrane renewal vesicle
69
membrane bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes such as proteases and nucleases; stays inside of the cell; destroys old/damaged organelles
lysosomes
70
much smaller than lysosomes; break up fats, fatty acids, and lipids(doing this produces peroxide, which is a free radical); also produces an enzyme to break down peroxide
peroxisomes
71
contains a 2 lipid bilayer; produces ATP
mitochondria
72
stages of _____________
1) Glycolysis
2)Kreb's Cycle
3)ETC(electron transport chain)
aerobic respiration
73
cut glucose in half; done in cytosol
glycolysis
74
strip all H's off of glucose, pump H's into ETC in inner mitochondrial membrane; makes 95% of ATP; located inside of the mitochondria; takes 2 pyruvates and sucks up all of the H's
Kreb's Cycle
75
use H+'s from Kreb's Cycle to make ATP
ETC(electron transport chain)
76
how is ATP made?
ADP+P_1
77
contains all of the chromosomes(46 total, 23 pairs); contains neoplasm; chromosomes are make of DNA and histones(protein balls); surrounded by membrane/envelope; substances such as mRNA and ribosomes can fit; contains nucleolus/nucleoli
nucleus
78
the nucleolus is the site of ________________________
ribosome production
79
making of mRNA from DNA; occurs in the nucleus and cannot leave
transcription
80
takes mRNA to a ribosome(no longer in the nucleus) to put together a protein
translation
81
what are the 3 stages of making a protein?
initiation, elongation, and termination
82
life of a cell from one cell division to the next
cell cycle
83
produce gametes(sperm and eggs); has one set of chromosomes(1N; haploid)
gamatic cells
84
normal body cells; includes cells that protect eggs; has 2 sets of chromosomes(2N; diploid; half from each parent)
somatic cells
85
reasons why cells will go through the cell cycle:
repair, replacement, growth
86
stages of the cell cycle:
G1, S, G2, M phase
87
first gap(normal life of the cell)
G1
88
DNA is doubled(replication); done by enzyme DNA polymerase
S
89
double everything else(cytosol, organelles)
G2
90
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
M phase
91
centrosomes form and move to the poles from microtubules
prophase
92
all chromosomes are lined up at metaphase plates; centrosomes are at poles; all chromosomes are attached to microtubules
metaphase
93
chromosomes split and move to poles
anaphase
94
all chromosomes are at the poles; nuclear membranes form
telophase
95
cleavage furrow forms and the cell splits into 2 cells
cytokinesis
96
a group of cells working together for a _______'s function
tissue
97
study of the form and function of tissues
histology
98
what are the 4 types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
99
composed of epithelic and glands; covers all surfaces(external and internal)
epithelial
100
functions of epithelial tissue
physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and secretion
101
types of intercellular connections
tight junction, desmosomes, and gap junctions
102
the attachments will be near the free surface; makes epithelial tissue waterproof; glues cells together
tight junction
103
staples, nails; stronger attachment
desmosomes
104
straw-like proteins; function: communication of cytosol between cell; ex. cardiac muscle
gap junction
105
opposite the free surface; composed of protein fibers
basement membrane
106
proteins pivot between cells of the bottom layer of the epithelial to the basement membrane
hemidesmosomes
107
what do the two names given to tissues stem from?
number of layers and shape of the cells
108
what are the names that stem from the number of layers?
simple, stratified, and psuedostratified
109
what are the names that stem from the shape of the cells?
cuboidal, columnar, and squamous
110
one layer of cells; function: movement of fluid across the cell membrane
simple
111
more than one layer of cells; function: protection(more layers=more protection)
stratified
112
looked stratified but is only one layer; ex. esophagus, bronchial
pseudostratified
113
dice shaped; height and width are equal
cuboidal
114
tall rectangles
columnar
115
tile shaped, double fried egg shaped
squamous
116
types of glands/secretions
merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine
117
done by normal exocytosis, releases secretion outside of the cell; ex. normal sweat glands, salivary glands
merocrine secretion
118
the top half(free surface side) fills with secretion and falls apart, releasing the secretion(the bottom half is still there); ex. mammary gland
apocrine secretion
119
total destruction of the cell; entire cell fills with secretion and falls apart; no cell left; usually has 2-3 layers and "wants tall columns on top"; ex. oil glands, sebaceous glands
holocrine secretion
120
types of secretions/fluids
serous, mucous, and mixed
121
clear, thinnest, slippery, has enzymes; usually found in the heart
serous
122
thicker, cloudier, no enzymes; used to trap things such as bacteria and dust
mucous
123
a combination between serous and mucous
mixed
124
what are the requirements for connective tissue?
1)cells must be separated
2)there must be ground substance
3)must be fibers between cells
125
what are the types of fibers?
collagen, elastic, and reticular
126
thickest, unbranched, stackable, gives strength and support, flexible
collagen
127
thick, wavy, branched, recoil when stretched(ex. pina of ear)
elastic
128
thinnest; lots of branches(goes in multiple directions)
reticular
129
what are the 3 types of ground substances for connective tissue?
connective tissue proper, liquid connective tissue, and supportive connective tissue
130
what are the two types of connective tissue proper?
loose and dense connective tissue
131
characteristics of loose connective tissue
-not many protein fibers
-not organized
-lots of gel/space between cells
-located under all surface/skin
132
types of cells in loose connective tissue
fibroblasts, adipocytes, WBCs, and mast cells
133
produces protein fibers
fibroblasts
134
fat cells
adipocytes
135
includes phagocytes(capable of engulfing bacteria) and macrophages(large phagocytes)
white blood cells
136
vasodialators(open blood cells)
mast cells
137
functions of loose connective tissue
storage, cushion, insulation, defend against infection(gel stops bacteria)
138
characteristics of dense connective tissue
-cells are dominated by fibers
-avascular
139
3 types of dense connective tissue
tendons, ligaments, and irregular/reticular dense connective
140
connect muscle to bone, composed of collagen fibers
tendon
141
connect bone to bone, contain both collagen and elastic fibers equally
ligament
142
contain reticular fibers, flexible, attaches skin to anywhere else
irregular/reticular dense connective
143
what are the 2 types of liquid connective tissue
blood and lymph
144
cells in blood(liquid connective tissue)
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
145
carries oxygen
red blood cells
146
defends against infection
white blood cells
147
responsible for clotting
platelets
148
what is the liquid in blood?
plasma
149
cell in lymph(liquid loose connective)
WBCs
150
what is the fluid in lymph?
clear/milky-clear substance
151
types of supportive connective tissue
cartilage and bone
152
characteristics of cartilage
-ground substance is similar to rubber cement or an old eraser
-all avascular
-cannot repair itself
153
3 types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, and fibrous
154
most common cartilage, mostly collagen fibers, located in between ribs and sternum, surround and support respiratory tubes
hyaline
155
mostly elastic fibers; stained black; found in the epiglottis, pina of the ear, and the tip of the nose
elastic
156
contains collagen and elastic fibers and more than the other 2, has "shark/fish eyes", found in between the vertebrae and hip bones
fibrous
157
characteristics of bone
-cement-like
-contains almost all collagen fibers(keeps bone from shattering)
-one of the most vascular tissues
158
cells in bone
osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
159
cells in cartilage
chondrocytes
160
4 types of membranes
mucous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous
161
covers internal surfaces that are in contact with the outside environment; has loose connective tissue; simple
mucous membrane
162
examples of places with a mucous membrane
digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive; mouth, nostrils, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina; bronchiole, alveoli
163
lines/covers the surface of the ventral cavities; simple squamous; loose connective
serous membrane
164
skin; only dry surface; stratified squamous; loose and dense connective
cutaneous membrane
165
covers the surface that surrounds movable joints(articulations); incomplete simple squamous(produces synovial); loose connective
synovial membrane
166
when stimluated, the _______ cells/fibers contract
muscular tissue
167
protein filaments in muscular tissue
actin and myosin
168
3 types of muscle
smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
169
when contracted, a bone moves; attached to bones
skeletal muscle
170
characteristics of skeletal muscle
-long, unbranched, and multinucleated(longer=more nuclei)
-striated
-voluntary
171
when contracted, blood moves out of the ventricles; maintains blood pressure; located in the walls of the heart
cardiac muscle
172
characteristics of cardiac muscle
-short, has 1 nucleus
-branched, attached to the next muscle by an intercollated disk(contains gap junctions and desmosomes)
-striated
-involuntary
173
found lining tubes and cavities; when contracted, it moves substances within these tubes and cavities
smooth muscle
174
characteristics of smooth muscle
-short, 1 nucleus
-not striated(only 1)
-can shorten in all directions
-involuntary
-unbranched
