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Anatomy/Physiology > Chapter 7: The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of muscles?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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2
Q

has over 700 muscles in the body; moves bones(directly or indirectly)

A

skeletal muscle

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3
Q

only one of these muscles, the heart muscle; moves blood

A

cardiac muscle

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4
Q

moves substances in organs and tubes

A

smooth muscle

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5
Q

what are the 5 functions of skeletal muscle?

A

-produce movement
-maintain posture and body position
-support soft tissues
-guard entrances and exits
-maintain body temperature

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6
Q

what are the 3 different types of tissue found in muscle?

A

connective tissue
blood vessels
nerves

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of connective tissue found in skeletal muscle?

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

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8
Q

outermost connective tissue layer; composed of collagen and some elastic fibers; more dense than loose; covers the entire muscle?

A

epimysium

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9
Q

middle layer that surrounds/covers a group of muscle fibers called a fasciae; composed of collagen and elastic fibers

A

perimysium

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10
Q

peri + bundle

A

fascicle

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11
Q

innermost connective tissue layer; surrounds an individual muscle fiber; connects all muscle fibers within the fascicle(velcro)

A

endomysium

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12
Q

the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium all come together to form a _______________ or an ____________

A

tendon; aponeurosis

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13
Q

muscles require large amounts of _______

A

O2

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14
Q

cell membrane of a muscle fiber; excitable membrane; uses impulses/electricity

A

sarcolemma

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15
Q

tube-like tunnels inside the muscle fiber so that the impulse can travel throughout the whole muscle fiber

A

t-tubules

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16
Q

surround each myofibril; contain large amounts of Ca+2

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

contain microfilaments(actin and myosin); there are hundreds to thousands of these in a muscle fiber

A

myofibril

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18
Q

beads; thin filaments

A

actin

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19
Q

heads; thick filaments

A

myosin

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20
Q

what moves actin?

A

myosin

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21
Q

cytoplasm of muscle fiber; contains cytosol and organelles

A

sarcoplasm

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22
Q

functional unit of a muscle fiber; thousands of these in one myofibril

A

sarcomere

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23
Q

bands/lines: length of myosin; dark line

A

A band

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24
Q

bands/lines: end lines

A

Z line

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25
bands/lines: just actin; light band
I band
26
bands/lines: just myosin
H band
27
bands/lines: midline; holds myosin together
M line
28
bands/lines: where actin and myosin overlap
zone of overlap
29
number of myosin attached to actin
tension
30
opposing force to tension; weight you want lift
resistance
31
there is no tension until:
the rope moves
32
relaxation to a contraction back to relaxation
twitch
33
what are the 3 phases of a twitch?
latent contraction relaxation
34
twitch: muscle fiber is stimulated but it cannot contract; ACh is released and opens the Na+ gates, Na+ rushes in and forces the release of Ca+2 by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
latent
35
twitch: more Ca+2 is released and will expose the actin; about 15-20 msec
contraction
36
twitch: Ca+2 is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum; there is no myosin on the actin, which means there’s no tension; about 10 msec
relaxation
37
when you add one impulse to another impulse
summation
38
1000s of impulses/summation, but not a smooth contraction; all muscle movement has some form of this
incomplete tetanus
39
smooth/even muscle contraction; always barely overcomes resistance
complete tetanus
40
nerve and number of muscle fibers it stimulates
motor units
41
stimulates many fibers per nerve; gives more power
large motor units
42
stimulates few fibers per nerve; less power, more precision
small motor units
43
tension increases and surpasses resistance; muscle contracts/shortens; ex. lifting a book, moving a muscle
isotonic contraction
44
tension increased but does not exceed the resistance; muscle stays the same length, does not contract/shorten; ex. moving a car in park, pushing a door you’re supposed to pull, sitting or standing at tension
isometric contraction
45
how does a muscle go back to its original length? 3 ways
-the 3 layers of connective tissue -opposing muscle -gravity
46
making of ATP from glucose/an organic macromolecule with the presence of oxygen
aerobic respiration
47
which stage of aerobic respiration is the only part of anaerobic respiration?
glycolysis
48
what are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration?
glycolysis kreb’s cycle/tca cycle etc
49
aerobic respiration: takes glycogen and cuts it in half; done by enzymes; hydrogen goes out; is located in the cytosol of the cell
glycolysis
50
aerobic respiration: located in the matrix of the mitochondria; enzymes do the work; pyruvates are brought in; 10 carriers go out; waste product is CO2
kreb’s cycle
51
aerobic respiration:located in the inner mitochondrial membrane; done by membrane proteins; 12 carriers and O2 are brought in
etc
52
what is TCA?
tricarboxylic acid
53
what is ETC?
electron transport chain
54
what is the end result of glycolysis?
2 pyruvates, 2 carriers, and 2 ATP
55
what is the term for muscle fibers/muscles dying?
muscle atrophy
56
stimulating other muscle fibers/muscles to help with a contraction
recruiting
57
what protein is stored that can be used for energy?
creatine
58
creatine + ATP
creatine-phosphate(CP) + ADP
59
how is creatine-phosphate made?
take one phosphorus off of ATP and put it on creatine
60
what controls the production of creatine-phosphate?
creatin phosphokinase(CPK)
61
how long does stored ATP last during activity?
1-2 seconds
62
how long does stored creatine-phosphate last during activity?
10-12 seconds
63
no gasping=
aerobic respiration
64
gasping=
anaerobic respiration
65
how much ATP does glycolysis make?
2
66
how much ATP does Kreb's/TCA Cycle make?
2
67
how much ATP does ETC make?
32
68
why do people need to take more breaks and gasp during an anaerobic workout?
the only stage in anaerobic respiration is glycolysis, which only makes 2 ATP per glucose, so you run out of energy much quicker
69
HC3H5O3
lactic acid
70
even when stimulated by a neuron, the muscle does not respond; noodle/jelly legs
muscle fatigue
71
why does muscle fatigue happen? 3 reasons
-ran out of energy/glucose -not enough O2 -too much lactic acid buildup
72
what is actin covered by?
tropomyosin
73
where is calcium stored?
in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
74
when is calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
when sodium comes in contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum
75
when is sodium brought into the cell?
when the neuron releases acetylcholine
76
how is acetylcholine released?
the nerve impulse reaches the synaptic terminal and calcium rushes in and forces the exocytosis of vesicles in the synaptic cleft
77
what breaks the bond of actin and myosin during a contraction?
ATP
78
thickest and widest fibers, can hold more myofibrils for more power
fast twitch/fast fibers
79
how long does it take for a fast fiber to be stimulated and contract?
.01 seconds
80
fast fibers are filled with myofibrils so they have lots of power, but they do not have a lot of room for ___________________ and ___________________, so they can only last for quick bursts of energy
mitochondria and O2 materials
81
fast fibers are built for ____________________
anaerobic respiration
82
what are 2 examples of muscles with fast fibers?
eyelids and fingers
83
take more time to contract, thinner, have less myofibrils and less power, appears darker
slow twitch/slow fibers
84
since slow fibers have fewer myofibrils, they have more room for mitochondria and O2 storage, meaning:
they can withstand longer bursts of energy
85
what is the sister to hemoglobin that slow fibers contain?
myoglobin
86
what type of respiration are slow fibers built for?
aerobic
87
what are 2 muscles that have slow fibers?
calves and back muscles
88
where the muscle starts
origin
89
where the muscle ends; bone that moves
insertion
90
how the bone moves
action
91
muscle that moves the bone
prime mover
92
opposite muscle; opposes prime mover
antagonist
93
2 muscles that work together to move the same bone
synergist

Anatomy/Physiology (27 decks)

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