Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System(Blood) Flashcards by Avery Van Senus

what is the first system that develops in an embryo and at how many weeks is it developed?

the cardiovascular system; 3 weeks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a baby grows 2x its size by week _______ once the cardiovascular system is developed and can provide nutrients for growth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 3 requirements for the cardiovascular system?

-fluid(blood)
-pump(heart)
-tubes(blood vessels)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 5 functions of blood?

-transportation
-regulation of pH/composition of ions
-ability to form clots
-defense against pathogens
-regulate body temperature

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is transported in blood? (4)

-dissolved gases(O2, CO2)
-nutrients(glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids)
-wastes
-minerals/ions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is caused by too low of pH?

coma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is caused by too high of pH?

convulsions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 3 characteristics of blood?

-100.4 temp
-pH of 7.35-7.45
-viscosity 5x more than water

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is viscosity

thickness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what type of blood vessel must almost always be used in drawing blood and which specific one is most commonly used?

vein; medial cubital vein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is it called when blood is taken from a vein for a test or to be donated?

venipuncture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is one of the only scenarios where an artery is used to draw blood and what precautions must be taken?

the person’s gas O2 or CO2 levels need to be tested; a surgeon must be present in case of needing emergency surgery to avoid bleeding out

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what artery is used to draw blood if needed?

radial artery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

why is it so dangerous to draw blood from an artery?

an artery brings blood from the heart and moves with more power, causing more of a chance of bleeding out

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how much of blood is made up of plasma and what color is it?

55%; straw-colored

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what 4 things make up plasma?

-albumins
-globulins
-fibrinogen
-regulatory proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

60% of plasma; moves water in blood; carries/transports some lipids/hormones

albumins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

35% of plasma; carry/transport lipids/hormones; immunoglobin antibodies(immune function)

globulins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4% of plasma; inactive clotting proteins

fibrinogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

<1% of plasma; ex. angiotension II

regulatory proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what makes up only 1% of plasma?

dissolved solutes(ions, glucose, hormones, nutrients, wastes)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 3 formed elements in blood?

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how much of blood is formed elements?

45%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is another name for RBCs?

erythrocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

measure of the amount of formed elements in blood; equal to the number of RBCs

hematocrit

what is the average male's hematocrit?

4.6(meaning that 46% of blood is RBCs)

what is the average female's hematocrit?

4.2

why do males have more RBCs/a higher hematocrit?

they have testosterone and androgens, which stimulate RBC production

what is the name of the shape of an RBC?

biconcave

why do RBCs have a biconcave shape?

so they have more surface area to exchange O2 and CO2 and so they have flexibility and can bend in tight places

does a fully mature RBC have organelles?

why do RBCs have no nucleus?

there is more space for hemoglobin and we do not want the RBC to control whether or not it divides

why do RBCs have no mitochondria?

we do not want the RBC to use any of the oxygen that it is supposed to be carrying

what percent of the proteins in the cytosol of an RBC is hemoglobin?

95%

what is 1 hemoglobin made up of? (3)

-4 polypeptide chains(2 sets of twins) -4 heme units(1 per polypeptide) -4 Fe+2 units(1 per polypeptide)

how many hemoglobins does each RBC have?

250 million

when body cells are not receiving enough oxygen; skeletal muscles are fatigued without exercising and brain has a hard time staying awake/alert even after sleeping

anemia

how long is the life span of an RBC?

90-120 days/3-4 months

what percent of RBCs will burst on their own and lose all protein chains in urine?

10%

what is it called when more than 10% of RBCs are bursting on their own, causing a orange-ish/red-ish tint to blood

hemoglobinuria

about what percent of RBCs are engulfed by phagocytes/macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow?

90%

what happens to polypeptide chains after RBC is engulfed?

they are broken down into their amino acids and placed into the bloodstream to be used

what happens to the heme units after RBC is engulfed?

they are converted into biliverdin, which is then converted into bilirubin, and then is placed into blood biliverdin-->bilirubin-->into blood

black/green color; day 1 bruise

biliverdin

yellowish-brown color; day 2 bruise

bilirubin

when bilirubin leaks back into blood and goes into body tissues, causing skin and scleras to turn yellow

jaundice

iron in phagocytes are transported in blood on ___________-->taken into bone marrow(ferrin)

transferrin

how much extra iron do females store?

.5g (less than males, this is why anemia is more common)

how much extra iron do males store?

production of RBCs

erythropoesis

what hormone controls erythropoesis?

EPO(erythropoetin)

what 2 things control the release of EPO?

kidney and hair cells

what are the 2 functions of EPO?

-stimulate production of more RBCs -speed up maturation of RBCs

name for antigens in blood

agglutinogens

name for antibodies in blood

agglutinins

has Rh antigen

Rh+

does not have Rh antigen

Rh-

what do agglutinins/antibodies do in blood?

agglutination

the clumping of RBCs and clogging of capillaries

agglutination

antigens: A, Rh antibodies: B

A+

antigens: A antibodies: B, Rh

A-

antigens: B, Rh antibodies: A

B+

antigens: B antibodies: A, Rh

B-

antigens: A, B, Rh antibodies: none(universal recipient)

AB+

antigens: A, B antibodies: Rh

AB-

antigens: Rh antibodies: A, B

O+

antigens: none(universal donor) antibodies: A, B, Rh

O-

when the mom attacks the baby's blood at birth(mom=Rh-, baby=Rh+)

hemolytic disorders of the newborn(HDN)

Rh- mom and Rh+ 2nd baby

erythroblastosis fetalis

larger; contains a nucleus and other organelles; does not have hemoglobin; defends against pathogens, removes toxins and wastes, and destroys damaged/abnormal cells

WBCs/leukocytes

secretory vesicles and lysosomes

granules

WBCs that contain granules that can be seen with a microscope

granulocytes

WBCs that contain granules that are too small to be seen with a light microscope

agranulocytes

what are the 3 granulocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

what are the 2 agranulocytes?

monocytes and lymphocytes

about how many WBCs are in circulation per mL?

6000-9000

what are the 4 characteristics of WBCs?

-amoeboid movement -diapedesis -positive chemotaxis -phagocytosis

-50%-70% of circulating WBCs -granules are chemically neutral and difficult to stain -dense nucleus with 2-5 lobes looking like beads on a string -1st to arrive at an injury site -phagocyte(specializes in attacking bacteria) -lifespan is 10 hrs -engulf 1-2 dozen bacteria, dies, and releases chemicals to attract other ______________ to the site

neutrophils

-granules stain with red dye -2%-4% of circulating WBCs -similar in size to neutrophils -red color and 2-lobed nucleus -attack objects coated with antibodies -primarily attack by performing exocytosis with nitric oxide and cytotoxic enzymes that deteriorate but will also engulf the antibody marked bacteria, protezea

eosinophils

-numerous granules that stain purple/blue -smaller than neutrophils or eosinophils -less than 1% of circulating WBCs -migrate to injury site and release heparin and/or histamine and attract more eosinophils and ______________ to the site

basophils

-largest WBC -nucleus is largest and oval or kidney bean shaped -2%-8% of circulating WBCs -release chemicals that attract or stimulate other neutrophils, _____________, or phagocytes and bring fibroblasts to that area to from scar tissue -can become either free or fixed macrophages

monocytes

-large and contain a very large nucleus -20%-30% of circulating WBCs -migrate from bloodstream-->tissue-->bloodstream -no phagocytes(use perforin or antibodies) -protect against specific pathogens -produced in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues(only WBC produced outside of this)

lymphocytes

chemical that prevents blood clotting

heparin

chemical that inflames tissue surrounding a cut

histamine

macrophages that migrate and are very active; take on pathogens 2x its size

free macrophages

macrophages stationed in connective tissue

fixed macrophages

number of WBCs found in blood smear; determines a variety of infections, inflammatory, and allergic reactions

differential count

low number of WBCs

leukopenia

high number of WBCs

leukocytosis

indicated by extreme leukocytosis; cancer of blood-forming tissues; also have abnormal/immature WBCs in blood; fatal unless treated

leukemia

a group of 4(so far) hormones used to control all WBCs except lymphocytes

CSF(colony-stimulating factor)

what controls lymphocytes?

exposure to antigens

formed by megakaryocytes (pockets of cytosol that start the clotting process); lifespan of about 9-12 days; destroyed by phagocytes if not used

platelets

number of platelets is too low; caused by internal bleeding

thrombocytopenia

number of platelets is too high; caused by bone cancer or infection

thrombocytosis

maintenance of constant blood vessels; used with blood loss; has 3 stages

hemostasis

what are the 3 stages of hemostasis?

-vascular stage -platelet phase -clotting process

innermost layer of blood vessel is simple squamous and 2nd layer is smooth muscle; cut=bleeding; smooth muscle does vascular spasms for about 20-30 mins, this closes the damaged opening of the blood vessel; damaged simple squamous releases sticky substances

vascular stage

platelets release 2 substances(another sticky substance that brings in other platelets, which also releases sticky substances: platelet plug OR chemicals that stimulate clotting process)

platelet phase

uses 11 or 12 clotting proteins; clotting factor-->activates 1st plasma protein-->2nd-->eventually get to Factor X(10th; prothrombinase)--> 11th(thrombin; activates 12th)--> 12th(fibrinogen which turns into fibrin)

clotting process

web-like protein forming in clot

fibrin

pathway in which the clot is formed from the inside of the wall of the blood vessel outward(until next pathway)

intrinsic pathway

pathway in which clot is formed from the outside of the blood vessel wall toward the blood vessel wall

extrinsic pathway

what is the main function of thrombin?

activates another enzyme that dissolves the clot

the inability to form clots

hemophilia

what are the 2 requirements to clot blood?

-clotting proteins -Ca+2 and Vitamin K