Chapter 8: The Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 3 functions of the nervous system?
A
-receive info from external and internal conditions of the body(PNS)
-coordinate all incoming info from senses and preset conditions(CNS)
-send info away to contract/not contract a muscle(PNS)
2
Q
what are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?
A
central(CNS) and peripheral(PNS)
3
Q
the brain and spinal cord
A
CNS
4
Q
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
A
PNS
5
Q
number of cranial nerves
A
12
6
Q
number of spinal nerves
A
31
7
Q
what are the 2 branches of the PNS?
A
afferent division and efferent division
8
Q
any info coming toward the CNS; incoming sensory nerves
A
afferent division
9
Q
what are the 2 branches of the afferent division?
A
somatic sensory and visceral sensory
10
Q
sensory info from conscious outside world(touch, smell, etc.) info and our position in it(sensors are located in muscles/tendons)
A
somatic sensory
11
Q
sensory info of internal conditions(Ca+, pH of blood); unconscious
A
visceral sensory
12
Q
takes info away/exiting the CNS; called motor neurons
A
efferent division
13
Q
what are the 2 divisions of the efferent division?
A
somatic nervous and autonomic nervous
14
Q
controls voluntary(skeletal) muscles
A
somatic nervous
15
Q
controls involuntary(smooth and cardiac) muscles
A
autonomic nervous
16
Q
what are the 2 divisions of autonomic nervous?
A
sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
17
Q
fight or flight response; heart rate rises, more blood to skeletal muscles instead of digestive system
A
sympathetic division
18
Q
rest and digest; heart rate slows, more blood to digestive system than skeletal muscles
A
parasympathetic division
19
Q
functional unit of the nervous system
A
neuron
20
Q
where the nucleus is located; contains ribosomes in cytosol
A
cell body
21
Q
where the impulse starts
A
axon hillock
22
Q
carries info away from the cell body, can have branches of ______ called collaterals
A
axon
23
Q
carry info towards the cell body(1 or more of these)
A
dendrites
24
Q
contains the neurotransmitter
A
axon terminal
25
areas of dark spots in the cell body
nissel bodies
26
what are the 3 types of neurons classified by their structure?
multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar
27
2+ dendrites and 1 axon; most common neuron(100 million); only in the CNS
multipolar
28
1 dendrite and 1 axon; found in special senses(taste, touch, etc.)
bipolar
29
only 1 extension on the cell body with 1 dendrite and 1 axon; sensory neurons: only vision and taste
unipolar
30
what are the 3 types of neurons classified by their function?
motor/efferent, sensory, and interneurons/association neurons
31
takes info away from CNS
motor/efferent neurons
32
take info into the CNS
sensory neurons
33
communicate with other _______________; only in CNS
interneurons/association neurons
34
what are the 4 other types of cells in the CNS?
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglial cells
ependymal cells
35
most common cell; functions: extensions cover blood vessels and form blood-brain barrier, repairs and communicates with other glia and neurons
astrocytes
36
extensions that produce myelin, which covers the axons of myelinated neurons
oligodendrocytes
37
least common glial cells; phagocytes(engulf debris/dead cells)
microglial cells/microglia
38
epithelial cells; line cavities/ventricles and tubes(spinal cord); some make cerebrospinal fluid and others have cilia to move it
ependymal cells
39
what are the other 2 types of cells found in the PNS?
satellite and schwann cells
40
like astrocytes; cover cell bodies and sensory neurons
satellite cells
41
produce myelin for the axons of the sensory or incoming motor neurons
schwann cells
42
when a threshold is either hit or untouched
all or nothing principle
43
what does the Na-K pump do?
switches Na and K back to their original positions in a nerve impulse; requires ATP
44
when the membrane has one side charged differently than the other(-70 resting)
polarized
45
when the membrane loses its polarity; -70 to -60 and when all Na gates open, it goes toward zero
depolarized
46
when the membrane goes back to being polarized(-70); when K gates open or Na-K pump switches to resting state
repolarized
47
what are the 2 types of nerve impulses/action potentials
continuous and saltatory propogation
48
each section of the axon stimulates the next section; axons are naked/unmyelinated; the slowest impulse(2 mph)
continuous propogation
49
skips because axons are myelinated; 100x faster than other impulse(200-300 mph); myelin covers/ blocks gates if they are there; still has naked sections
saltatory propogation
50
unmyelinated sections of myelinated axons
nodes of ranvier
51
what are the 2 types of synaptic terminals/neurons?
excitatory and inhibitory
52
release an ____________ neurotransmitter(ACh); opens Na gates of 2nd cell, -70 to -60, all Na gates open, 2nd cell depolarizes
excitatory
53
release an ______________ neurotransmitter; opens K gates and K leaves, 2nd cell goes from -70 to -75 to -80
inhibitory
54
when a cell goes from -70,-75,-80
hyperpolarization
55
what are the 2 types of neuronal pools?
convergence and divergence
56
multiple neurons come together to make one neuron/memory
convergence
57
one neuron/memory splits into multiple neurons
divergence
58
3 membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
meninges
59
what are the 2 functions of meninges?
supply nutrients
cushion CNS
60
what are the 3 meninges?
dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
61
outermost membrane of the CNS
dura mater
62
tough, fibrous connective tissue which attaches to the periosteum of the skull; below this is a fluid-filled space with tissue fluid
outer dura mater(brain)
63
normal epithelial membrane; below this is a subdural space filled with lymphatic fluid; drops deep into the brain, called dural folds, works as a seatbelt
inner dura mater(brain)
64
only 1 layer; attached to adipose/loose connective tissue; site of epidural injections
dura mater(spinal cord)
65
middle layer of CNS
arachnoid
66
below this has elastic and collagen fibers that look like a spider web/bungee cord; cushion
arachnoid(brain)
67
no spider web/bungee cord; has CSF in subarachnoid space
arachnoid(spinal cord)
68
innermost membrane of CNS; highly vascular and is attached to the brain/spinal cord
pia mater
69
how long is the spinal cord and where does it start and end?
18 inches; starts at pons and ends between L1 and L2 vertrbrate
70
how many cervical spinal nerves?
8
71
how many thoracic spinal nerves?
12
72
how many lumbar spinal nerves?
5
73
how many sacral spinal nerves?
5
74
how many cocygeal spinal nerves?
1
75
what are the 2 enlargements on the spinal cord called?
cervical and lumbar enlargements
76
what are enlargements used for?
to extend nerves out to other areas outside of the spinal cord(ex. arms)
77
what are the 2 types of sensory info?
somatic sensory and visceral sensory
78
consious awareness(touch, temp, pain, etc.)
somatic sensory
79
unconscious senses of internal conditions(CO2 levels)
visceral sensory
80
controls voluntary(skeletal) muscles
somatic motor
81
controls involuntary(smooth and cardiac) muscles
visceral motor
82
how much does the brain weigh?
about 3 lbs
83
largest part of the brain
cerebrum
84
outer layer of the cerebrum that is the conscious center for sensory and motor
cerebral cortex
85
what are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
86
secretary for all sensory info except smell
thalamus
87
the connection between the nervous and endocrine systems; emotion center
hypothalamus
88
contains the pineal gland(controls circadian rhythm)
epithalamus
89
has nerve tracts on the anterior side and balls for involuntary movement, vision, and sound on the posterior side
midbrain
90
contains nerve tracts to and from the cerebellum for motor control; also contains centers to adjust involuntary controls
pons
91
contains nerve tracts that carry both sensory and motor info; sets involuntary controls(hr, bp, br)
medulla oblongata
92
the most posterior part of the brain; contains all muscle memory
cerebellum
93
how many ventricles to hold CSF are there in the brain?
4
94
ventricles: c-shaped; no attachment to each other; located in each hemisphere of the cerebrums
1st and 2nd ventricles
95
ventricles: inferior to and between the 1st and 2nd ventricles; close to the midbrain
3rd ventricle
96
ventricles: located by/near the pons
4th ventricle
97
where is CSF produced?
choroid plexes
98
what cells line choroid plexes?
ependymal cells
99
what are the 2 functions of CSF?
-makes the brain float in the skull
-contains ions, glucose(lots), and waste(CO2)
100
deep ditch between the right and left cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
101
ditches between mounds(gyrus/gyri)
sulcus/sulci
102
mounds separated by ditches(sulcus/sulci)
gyrus/gyri
103
what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?
frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
104
separates frontal and parietal lobes
central sulcus
105
separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe
lateral sulcus
106
incoming somatic(conscious) sensory info(skin receptors-pain, temp, touch, pressure, etc.)
postcentral gyrus/primary sensory cortex
107
prior experiences/memories of that sense(primary senses: skin, muscle)
association area
108
pocket that is located between the frontal and temporal lobes
insula
109
which lobe contains:
-postcentral gyrus/cortex
-somatic sensory association area
parietal lobe
110
which lobe contains:
-visual cortex
-visual association area
occipital lobe
111
where all vision goes
visual cortex
112
visual ________________________: compare to previous experiences
association area
113
which lobe contains:
-gustatory cortex
-gustatory association area
-olfactory cortex
-olfactory association area
insula
114
the frontal lobe is responsible for _________ info
motor
115
functional area: ___________ area
-primary motor cortex
-motor speech area/Broca's Area
-frontal eye field
motor
116
functional area: ___________ area
-primary somatosensory cortex
-primary visual cortex
-primary auditory cortex
-primary gustatory cortex
-primary olfactory cortex
sensory
117
in which lobe is the primary visual cortex located?
occipital
118
in which lobe is the primary auditory cortex located?
temporal
119
in which lobe is the primary gustatory cortex located?
insula
120
which lobe is the primary olfactory cortex located?
insula
121
functional area: ___________ area
-somatic/premotor cortex
-auditory association area
-visual association area
-Wernicke Area
-somatic sensory association area
association
122
responsible for controlling the muscular movements necessary for visualization
Broca's Area
123
overlaps parietal and temporal lobes; involved in recognition, understanding, and comprehending speech or written language
Wernicke Area
124
nerve axons that stay in the same hemisphere
association tracts
125
nerve axons that go from the right to the left hemisphere
commissural tracts
126
nerve axons that go from the cerebrum to a different part of the brain
projection tracts
127
a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read; affected individuals cannot speak, read, understand, or interpret the speech of others; usually is the result of a stroke
aphasia
128
disorder affecting comprehension/use of words; some intellectual functions are average or above average; some are the result of sorting/processing visual images
dyslexia
129
what are the 4 types of brain waves?
alpha, beta, theta, and delta
130
brain waves in normal resting adults
alpha
131
brain waves in intense concentration
beta
132
brain waves in children or frustrated adults
theta
133
brain waves in deep sleep
delta
134
memories that only last for a short period of time
short-term memories
135
memories that last for a long period of time
long-term memories
136
loss of memory
amnesia
137
what are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?
epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus
138
lies above the 3rd ventricle; anterior part contains choroid plexes; regulates day and night cycles
epithalamus
139
what glands secrete melatonin?
pineal
140
has 2 lobes that are separated by the 3rd ventricle; final relay point for all sensory info(except olfaction) before it goes to the somatic sensory cortex/gyrus; acts as a filter for all sensory info; coordinates voluntary and involuntary motor commands
thalamus
141
located below the 2 lobes of the thalamus; functions: subconscious control of skel. muscles associated w/ rage, pleasure, pain, and sexual arousal, adjust activities of autonomic functions of pons and medulla oblongata, coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems, secretes many hormones, produces drives for hunger and thirst, coordinates vol/invol activities, regulates body temp, and coordinates daily cycles
hypothalamus
142
what are the 2 nuclei in the midbrain
superior and inferior colliculi
143
controls reflex movements of the head, eyes, and neck in response to sudden visual stimulation(ex. bright flash)
superior colliculi
144
controls reflex movements of head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimulus
inferior colliculi
145
contains various nuclei and bundles of ascending/descending tracts
midbrain
146
ability to do work; lots of ions on one side of the membrane compared to the other side
membrane potential
147
outside of membrane has a huge concentration of Na compared to inside; inside of membrane has huge concentration of K compared to outside; inside of all axons, there are (-) charged proteins
resting potential
148
when some of the Na membrane proteins open up at the axon hillock, the threshold of the cell goes to -69, -68, ...; when it gets to -60, all voltage Na gates open in the first section
threshold potential
149
going from one section to another; when large amounts of Na rush into the 1st section, some Na goes to 2nd section and forces it to go from -70 to -60; this continues until the end of the axon is reached; when the terminal reaches -60, it opens Ca gates and Ca rushes in and forces the exocytosis of vesicles holding the neurotransmitter
action potential
150
once Na is out of the cell and K is in the cell, how are they returned to their original positions?
Na-K pump
151
descending bundles of nerve tracts that go from the cerebrum to either the: cerebellum through the pons OR spinal cord for motor commands
cerebral peduncles
152
network of interconnected nuclei that extend through the brain stem
reticular formation
153
when the _________ is active/inactive, so are we
RAS(reticular activating system)
154
inhibits the activity of the basal nuclei by releasing dopamine
substantia nigra
155
what is caused by damage to the substantia nigra?
Parkinson's disease
156
the basal nuclei are more active; difficulty with voluntary movements because muscles do not relax, movements are more choppy
Parkinson's disease
157
nerve tracts called cerebellar peduncles link the cerebellum with the rest of the brain; contain nuclei for control of pace and depth of respiration
pons
158
what are the folds in the cerebellum called?
folia
159
what is the cortex in the cerebellum called?
cerebellar cortex
160
contains 2 hemispheres(right and left) and 2 areas in each hemisphere(anterior and posterior)
cerebellum
161
what are the 2 functions of the cerebellum?
-adjust postural muscles to maintain balance
-programming/fine-tuning movements controlled at the conscious/unconscious level
162
connect the brain and spinal cord; contains nuclei where tracts relay/switch over to the other side
medulla oblongata
163
what are the 2 cortexes in the medulla oblongata?
cardiovascular cortex and respiratory cortex
164
adjusts HR and strength of cardiac contractions and flow of blood through tissues
cardiovascular cortex
165
sets pace for respiratory and makes adjustments for centers in pons
respiratory cortex
166
area of skin on the body that is receiving info from a specific nerve
dermatone
167
what 2 areas do the cervical nerve plexes control?
neck and diaphragm
168
what 2 areas do the brachial nerve plexes control?
shoulder and upper arm
169
what 2 areas do the lumbar and sacral nerve plexes control?
pelvic girdle and lower limbs
170
autonomic motor response to a stimuli
reflex
171
what are the 5 stages of a reflex arc?
-sensory receptor is stimulated
-sensory/afferent neuron goes to CNS(spinal cord)
-interneuron(neuron within the spinal cord)
-motor/effector neuron
-skeletal muscle(effector cells)
172
what are the 2 types of reflex arcs?
simple/monosynaptic and complex/polysynaptic
173
what are the 2 types of simple/monosynaptic reflex arcs?
-knee-jerk response
-stretch reflex
174
reflex arc with no interneuron
simple/monosynaptic
175
rubberized hammer hits patellar tendon; stretching of tendon stimulates sensory neuron, which stimulates motor neuron, which stimulates leg to kick
knee-jerk reflex
176
reflex arc that maintains posture so you do not fall over
stretch reflex
177
type of reflex arc that has interneurons and 10+ synapses
complex/polysynaptic
178
protects body from damage(pain, hot)
withdrawal reflex
179
how do you know a withdrawal reflex is happening?
you have a reflex before feeling pain(moving your hand off of from a hot pan before feeling pain)
180
posterior column pathways; spinothalamic pathway(moving up spinal cord); spinocerebellar pathway
sensory pathways
181
corticospinal(going down spinal cord); medial and lateral pathways
motor pathways
182
-respiratory pathways: dilated
-skeletal muscles: lots of blood
-pupils: dilated
-sweat glands: stimulated
-digestive tract: less blood
-bladder
-heart rate goes up
sympathetic nervous system
183
respiratory passageway
-skeletal muscles: less blood
-digestive tract: more blood
-pupils: constricted
-bladder
-heart rate goes down
parasympathetic nervous system
