Chapter 8: The Nervous System Flashcards by Avery Van Senus

what are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

-receive info from external and internal conditions of the body(PNS)
-coordinate all incoming info from senses and preset conditions(CNS)
-send info away to contract/not contract a muscle(PNS)

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what are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?

central(CNS) and peripheral(PNS)

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the brain and spinal cord

CNS

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cranial nerves and spinal nerves

PNS

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number of cranial nerves

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number of spinal nerves

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what are the 2 branches of the PNS?

afferent division and efferent division

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any info coming toward the CNS; incoming sensory nerves

afferent division

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what are the 2 branches of the afferent division?

somatic sensory and visceral sensory

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sensory info from conscious outside world(touch, smell, etc.) info and our position in it(sensors are located in muscles/tendons)

somatic sensory

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sensory info of internal conditions(Ca+, pH of blood); unconscious

visceral sensory

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takes info away/exiting the CNS; called motor neurons

efferent division

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what are the 2 divisions of the efferent division?

somatic nervous and autonomic nervous

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controls voluntary(skeletal) muscles

somatic nervous

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controls involuntary(smooth and cardiac) muscles

autonomic nervous

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what are the 2 divisions of autonomic nervous?

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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fight or flight response; heart rate rises, more blood to skeletal muscles instead of digestive system

sympathetic division

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rest and digest; heart rate slows, more blood to digestive system than skeletal muscles

parasympathetic division

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functional unit of the nervous system

neuron

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where the nucleus is located; contains ribosomes in cytosol

cell body

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where the impulse starts

axon hillock

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carries info away from the cell body, can have branches of ______ called collaterals

axon

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carry info towards the cell body(1 or more of these)

dendrites

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contains the neurotransmitter

axon terminal

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areas of dark spots in the cell body

nissel bodies

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what are the 3 types of neurons classified by their structure?

multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar

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2+ dendrites and 1 axon; most common neuron(100 million); only in the CNS

multipolar

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1 dendrite and 1 axon; found in special senses(taste, touch, etc.)

bipolar

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only 1 extension on the cell body with 1 dendrite and 1 axon; sensory neurons: only vision and taste

unipolar

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what are the 3 types of neurons classified by their function?

motor/efferent, sensory, and interneurons/association neurons

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takes info away from CNS

motor/efferent neurons

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take info into the CNS

sensory neurons

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communicate with other _______________; only in CNS

interneurons/association neurons

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what are the 4 other types of cells in the CNS?

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglial cells
ependymal cells

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most common cell; functions: extensions cover blood vessels and form blood-brain barrier, repairs and communicates with other glia and neurons

astrocytes

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extensions that produce myelin, which covers the axons of myelinated neurons

oligodendrocytes

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least common glial cells; phagocytes(engulf debris/dead cells)

microglial cells/microglia

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epithelial cells; line cavities/ventricles and tubes(spinal cord); some make cerebrospinal fluid and others have cilia to move it

ependymal cells

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what are the other 2 types of cells found in the PNS?

satellite and schwann cells

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like astrocytes; cover cell bodies and sensory neurons

satellite cells

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produce myelin for the axons of the sensory or incoming motor neurons

schwann cells

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when a threshold is either hit or untouched

all or nothing principle

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what does the Na-K pump do?

switches Na and K back to their original positions in a nerve impulse; requires ATP

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when the membrane has one side charged differently than the other(-70 resting)

polarized

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when the membrane loses its polarity; -70 to -60 and when all Na gates open, it goes toward zero

depolarized

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when the membrane goes back to being polarized(-70); when K gates open or Na-K pump switches to resting state

repolarized

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what are the 2 types of nerve impulses/action potentials

continuous and saltatory propogation

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each section of the axon stimulates the next section; axons are naked/unmyelinated; the slowest impulse(2 mph)

continuous propogation

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skips because axons are myelinated; 100x faster than other impulse(200-300 mph); myelin covers/ blocks gates if they are there; still has naked sections

saltatory propogation

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unmyelinated sections of myelinated axons

nodes of ranvier

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what are the 2 types of synaptic terminals/neurons?

excitatory and inhibitory

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release an ____________ neurotransmitter(ACh); opens Na gates of 2nd cell, -70 to -60, all Na gates open, 2nd cell depolarizes

excitatory

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release an ______________ neurotransmitter; opens K gates and K leaves, 2nd cell goes from -70 to -75 to -80

inhibitory

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when a cell goes from -70,-75,-80

hyperpolarization

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what are the 2 types of neuronal pools?

convergence and divergence

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multiple neurons come together to make one neuron/memory

convergence

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one neuron/memory splits into multiple neurons

divergence

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3 membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

meninges

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what are the 2 functions of meninges?

supply nutrients
cushion CNS

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what are the 3 meninges?

dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

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outermost membrane of the CNS

dura mater

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tough, fibrous connective tissue which attaches to the periosteum of the skull; below this is a fluid-filled space with tissue fluid

outer dura mater(brain)

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normal epithelial membrane; below this is a subdural space filled with lymphatic fluid; drops deep into the brain, called dural folds, works as a seatbelt

inner dura mater(brain)

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only 1 layer; attached to adipose/loose connective tissue; site of epidural injections

dura mater(spinal cord)

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middle layer of CNS

arachnoid

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below this has elastic and collagen fibers that look like a spider web/bungee cord; cushion

arachnoid(brain)

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no spider web/bungee cord; has CSF in subarachnoid space

arachnoid(spinal cord)

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innermost membrane of CNS; highly vascular and is attached to the brain/spinal cord

pia mater

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how long is the spinal cord and where does it start and end?

18 inches; starts at pons and ends between L1 and L2 vertrbrate

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how many cervical spinal nerves?

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how many thoracic spinal nerves?

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how many lumbar spinal nerves?

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how many sacral spinal nerves?

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how many cocygeal spinal nerves?

what are the 2 enlargements on the spinal cord called?

cervical and lumbar enlargements

what are enlargements used for?

to extend nerves out to other areas outside of the spinal cord(ex. arms)

what are the 2 types of sensory info?

somatic sensory and visceral sensory

consious awareness(touch, temp, pain, etc.)

somatic sensory

unconscious senses of internal conditions(CO2 levels)

visceral sensory

controls voluntary(skeletal) muscles

somatic motor

controls involuntary(smooth and cardiac) muscles

visceral motor

how much does the brain weigh?

about 3 lbs

largest part of the brain

cerebrum

outer layer of the cerebrum that is the conscious center for sensory and motor

cerebral cortex

what are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

secretary for all sensory info except smell

thalamus

the connection between the nervous and endocrine systems; emotion center

hypothalamus

contains the pineal gland(controls circadian rhythm)

epithalamus

has nerve tracts on the anterior side and balls for involuntary movement, vision, and sound on the posterior side

midbrain

contains nerve tracts to and from the cerebellum for motor control; also contains centers to adjust involuntary controls

pons

contains nerve tracts that carry both sensory and motor info; sets involuntary controls(hr, bp, br)

medulla oblongata

the most posterior part of the brain; contains all muscle memory

cerebellum

how many ventricles to hold CSF are there in the brain?

ventricles: c-shaped; no attachment to each other; located in each hemisphere of the cerebrums

1st and 2nd ventricles

ventricles: inferior to and between the 1st and 2nd ventricles; close to the midbrain

3rd ventricle

ventricles: located by/near the pons

4th ventricle

where is CSF produced?

choroid plexes

what cells line choroid plexes?

ependymal cells

what are the 2 functions of CSF?

-makes the brain float in the skull
-contains ions, glucose(lots), and waste(CO2)

deep ditch between the right and left cerebral hemispheres

longitudinal fissure

ditches between mounds(gyrus/gyri)

sulcus/sulci

mounds separated by ditches(sulcus/sulci)

gyrus/gyri

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?

frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

separates frontal and parietal lobes

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe

lateral sulcus

incoming somatic(conscious) sensory info(skin receptors-pain, temp, touch, pressure, etc.)

postcentral gyrus/primary sensory cortex

prior experiences/memories of that sense(primary senses: skin, muscle)

association area

pocket that is located between the frontal and temporal lobes

insula

which lobe contains:
-postcentral gyrus/cortex
-somatic sensory association area

parietal lobe

which lobe contains:
-visual cortex
-visual association area

occipital lobe

where all vision goes

visual cortex

visual ________________________: compare to previous experiences

association area

which lobe contains:
-gustatory cortex
-gustatory association area
-olfactory cortex
-olfactory association area

insula

the frontal lobe is responsible for _________ info

motor

functional area: ___________ area
-primary motor cortex
-motor speech area/Broca’s Area
-frontal eye field

motor

functional area: ___________ area
-primary somatosensory cortex
-primary visual cortex
-primary auditory cortex
-primary gustatory cortex
-primary olfactory cortex

sensory

in which lobe is the primary visual cortex located?

occipital

in which lobe is the primary auditory cortex located?

temporal

in which lobe is the primary gustatory cortex located?

insula

which lobe is the primary olfactory cortex located?

insula

functional area: ___________ area
-somatic/premotor cortex
-auditory association area
-visual association area
-Wernicke Area
-somatic sensory association area

association

responsible for controlling the muscular movements necessary for visualization

Broca’s Area

overlaps parietal and temporal lobes; involved in recognition, understanding, and comprehending speech or written language

Wernicke Area

nerve axons that stay in the same hemisphere

association tracts

nerve axons that go from the right to the left hemisphere

commissural tracts

nerve axons that go from the cerebrum to a different part of the brain

projection tracts

a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read; affected individuals cannot speak, read, understand, or interpret the speech of others; usually is the result of a stroke

aphasia

disorder affecting comprehension/use of words; some intellectual functions are average or above average; some are the result of sorting/processing visual images

dyslexia

what are the 4 types of brain waves?

alpha, beta, theta, and delta

brain waves in normal resting adults

alpha

brain waves in intense concentration

beta

brain waves in children or frustrated adults

theta

brain waves in deep sleep

delta

memories that only last for a short period of time

short-term memories

memories that last for a long period of time

long-term memories

loss of memory

amnesia

what are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

lies above the 3rd ventricle; anterior part contains choroid plexes; regulates day and night cycles

epithalamus

what glands secrete melatonin?

pineal

has 2 lobes that are separated by the 3rd ventricle; final relay point for all sensory info(except olfaction) before it goes to the somatic sensory cortex/gyrus; acts as a filter for all sensory info; coordinates voluntary and involuntary motor commands

thalamus

located below the 2 lobes of the thalamus; functions: subconscious control of skel. muscles associated w/ rage, pleasure, pain, and sexual arousal, adjust activities of autonomic functions of pons and medulla oblongata, coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems, secretes many hormones, produces drives for hunger and thirst, coordinates vol/invol activities, regulates body temp, and coordinates daily cycles

hypothalamus

what are the 2 nuclei in the midbrain

superior and inferior colliculi

controls reflex movements of the head, eyes, and neck in response to sudden visual stimulation(ex. bright flash)

superior colliculi

controls reflex movements of head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimulus

inferior colliculi

contains various nuclei and bundles of ascending/descending tracts

midbrain

ability to do work; lots of ions on one side of the membrane compared to the other side

membrane potential

outside of membrane has a huge concentration of Na compared to inside; inside of membrane has huge concentration of K compared to outside; inside of all axons, there are (-) charged proteins

resting potential

when some of the Na membrane proteins open up at the axon hillock, the threshold of the cell goes to -69, -68, …; when it gets to -60, all voltage Na gates open in the first section

threshold potential

going from one section to another; when large amounts of Na rush into the 1st section, some Na goes to 2nd section and forces it to go from -70 to -60; this continues until the end of the axon is reached; when the terminal reaches -60, it opens Ca gates and Ca rushes in and forces the exocytosis of vesicles holding the neurotransmitter

action potential

once Na is out of the cell and K is in the cell, how are they returned to their original positions?

Na-K pump

descending bundles of nerve tracts that go from the cerebrum to either the: cerebellum through the pons OR spinal cord for motor commands

cerebral peduncles

network of interconnected nuclei that extend through the brain stem

reticular formation

when the _________ is active/inactive, so are we

RAS(reticular activating system)

inhibits the activity of the basal nuclei by releasing dopamine

substantia nigra

what is caused by damage to the substantia nigra?

Parkinson’s disease

the basal nuclei are more active; difficulty with voluntary movements because muscles do not relax, movements are more choppy

Parkinson’s disease

nerve tracts called cerebellar peduncles link the cerebellum with the rest of the brain; contain nuclei for control of pace and depth of respiration

pons

what are the folds in the cerebellum called?

folia

what is the cortex in the cerebellum called?

cerebellar cortex

contains 2 hemispheres(right and left) and 2 areas in each hemisphere(anterior and posterior)

cerebellum

what are the 2 functions of the cerebellum?

-adjust postural muscles to maintain balance
-programming/fine-tuning movements controlled at the conscious/unconscious level

connect the brain and spinal cord; contains nuclei where tracts relay/switch over to the other side

medulla oblongata

what are the 2 cortexes in the medulla oblongata?

cardiovascular cortex and respiratory cortex

adjusts HR and strength of cardiac contractions and flow of blood through tissues

cardiovascular cortex

sets pace for respiratory and makes adjustments for centers in pons

respiratory cortex

area of skin on the body that is receiving info from a specific nerve

dermatone

what 2 areas do the cervical nerve plexes control?

neck and diaphragm

what 2 areas do the brachial nerve plexes control?

shoulder and upper arm

what 2 areas do the lumbar and sacral nerve plexes control?

pelvic girdle and lower limbs

autonomic motor response to a stimuli

reflex

what are the 5 stages of a reflex arc?

-sensory receptor is stimulated
-sensory/afferent neuron goes to CNS(spinal cord)
-interneuron(neuron within the spinal cord)
-motor/effector neuron
-skeletal muscle(effector cells)

what are the 2 types of reflex arcs?

simple/monosynaptic and complex/polysynaptic

what are the 2 types of simple/monosynaptic reflex arcs?

-knee-jerk response
-stretch reflex

reflex arc with no interneuron

simple/monosynaptic

rubberized hammer hits patellar tendon; stretching of tendon stimulates sensory neuron, which stimulates motor neuron, which stimulates leg to kick

knee-jerk reflex

reflex arc that maintains posture so you do not fall over

stretch reflex

type of reflex arc that has interneurons and 10+ synapses

complex/polysynaptic

protects body from damage(pain, hot)

withdrawal reflex

how do you know a withdrawal reflex is happening?

you have a reflex before feeling pain(moving your hand off of from a hot pan before feeling pain)

posterior column pathways; spinothalamic pathway(moving up spinal cord); spinocerebellar pathway

sensory pathways

corticospinal(going down spinal cord); medial and lateral pathways

motor pathways

-respiratory pathways: dilated
-skeletal muscles: lots of blood
-pupils: dilated
-sweat glands: stimulated
-digestive tract: less blood
-bladder
-heart rate goes up

sympathetic nervous system

respiratory passageway
-skeletal muscles: less blood
-digestive tract: more blood
-pupils: constricted
-bladder
-heart rate goes down

parasympathetic nervous system

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Chapter 8: The Nervous System Flashcards

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