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Anatomy/Physiology > Chapter 13: The Cardiovascular System(Blood Vessels) > Flashcards

Chapter 13: The Cardiovascular System(Blood Vessels) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 layers of blood vessels called?

A

tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa

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2
Q

innermost layer that is in contact with blood; has a simple squamous epithelial layer and loose connective tissue underneath; called endothelial lining

A

tunica interna

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3
Q

middle layer; composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers; has less elastic farther away from the heart

A

tunica media

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4
Q

mostly composed of connective tissue sheath; used for attachment to other structures; outer covering of the blood vessel; connects arteries, veins, and nerves to each other

A

tunica externa

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5
Q

carries blood away from the heart

A

artery

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6
Q

what are the 3 types of arteries?

A

-large/elastic
-medium/muscular
-arterioles

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7
Q

arteries: tunica media is large and dominated by elastic fibers so that it has the ability to expand and recoil; aorta and tributaries, pulmonary artery

A

large/elastic arteries

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8
Q

arteries: tunica media is dominated by smooth muscle to help it contract and decrease diameter to slow blood down; controlled by sympathetic branch of ANS; rest of named arteries other than large; contract=slows blood down, relax=speeds blood up

A

medium/muscular arteries

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9
Q

arteries: none have names; 10s of 1000s of these; no tunica externa, therefore not attached, allows for more control; tunica media has 2-3 layers of smooth muscle

A

arterioles

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10
Q

only has the tunica interna and no loose connective tissue so that the plasma can leak out of the it; found in _______________ beds; controlled by pre___________ sphincters

A

capillaries

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11
Q

what does the precapillary sphincter do when O2 is low?

A

relaxes and allows blood to flow into the capillary bed

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12
Q

what does the precapillary sphincter do when O2 is high?

A

contracts and allows blood to flow into the capillary bed

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of anastomosis?

A

arteriovenous and arterial

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14
Q

bypasses the capillary bed; arteriole connects to venule

A

arteriovenous anastomosis

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15
Q

2 arterioles that feed into the same capillary bed

A

arterial anastomosis

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of veins?

A

-venules
-medium-sized veins

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17
Q

veins: smallest; no tunica media because blood is already slow and does not need to be slowed down more

A

venules

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18
Q

veins: all named veins except large; contain all 3 tunics but when compared to arteries, tunica media is much smaller because blood does not need to be slowed down; tunica externa is larger because it is used to attach to the insides of major skeletal muscles of the limbs

A

medium-sized veins

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19
Q

hardening or thickening of arterial walls; no changes in width of arteries

A

arteriosclerosis

20
Q

smooth muscle in the walls are replaced with calcium deposits(hardens walls of arteries); increases BP

A

focal calcification

21
Q

hardening or thickening of arterial walls; no changes in the width of arteries

A

atherosclerosis

22
Q

what are the 2 methods of arteriosclerosis?

A

focal calcification and atherosclerosis

23
Q

arteriosclerosis: smooth muscle in the walls is replaced with calcium deposits(hardens walls of arteries); increases BP(hypertension)

A

focal calcification

24
Q

arteriosclerosis: thickening of arterial walls; starts with damage to the tunica interna; caused by the formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media; high levels of lipids(cholesterol–>carried in blood by plasma protein that is a lipoprotein–>HDL and LDL); when cholesterol levels are high for a long period of time, an inflammatory response occurs

A

atherosclerosis

25
Q

pressure is lowest when blood is…

A

coming back to the heart

26
Q

pressure is highest when blood is…

A

leaving the heart

27
Q

what 3 factors oppose pressure?

A

resistance, viscosity, and turbulence

28
Q

resist/oppose movement(slow it down)

A

resistance

29
Q

smooth muscle contracts and blood hits walls of arteries; diameter decreases with muscular contraction and causes collisions of blood cells, causing blockages

A

vascular resistance

30
Q

thickness of fluid; can cause collisions of blood cells

A

viscosity

31
Q

highest by walls and lowest in the middle of the blood vessel; collisions of solids in blood with walls or other solids

A

turbulence

32
Q

pressure lessens as distance from heart increases; systolic pressure is peak BP and diastolic pressure is minimum BP(difference between these is pulse pressure)

A

arterial pressure

33
Q

pressure within a capillary bed; helps with homeostasis

A

capillary pressure

34
Q

1/10 of the pressure of the arterial system, but pressure declines slowly

A

venous pressure

35
Q

what is the 1st sound(systolic) heard in measuring BP?

A

thump

36
Q

what is the 2nd sound(diastolic) heard in measuring BP?

A

no sound

37
Q

what are the 2 types of cardiovascular regulation?

A

autoregulation and neural control

38
Q

cardiovascular regulation: all cells close the capillaries(located in capillary beds); controlled by precapillary sphincters; cells of capillary bed regulate themselves by having the ability to control the precapillary sphincter

A

autoregulation

39
Q

cardiovascular regulation: sensors located in aorta and carotid arteries; monitors pressure and chemical levels; 3 control mechanisms are the heart, blood vessels, and hormones

A

neural control

40
Q

what are the 2 types of neural control?

A

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

41
Q

monitor BP(pressure receptors); monitored by medulla oblongata(cardioaccelatory and cardiodecelatory/cardioinhibitory centers); determines how much blood comes out of ventricles

A

baroreceptors

42
Q

monitors chemical levels in blood(O2, CO2, pH); monitored by medulla oblongata(cardioaccelatory and cardiodecelatory/cardioinhibitory centers)

A

chemoreceptors

43
Q

what are the 3 control mechanisms of neural control?

A

heart, blood vessels, and hormones

44
Q

control mechanisms: makes SA node fire more–>more BPM–>helps ventricles contract more

A

heart

45
Q

control mechanisms: in tunica media, smooth muscle contracts, decreasing the diameter

A

blood vessels

46
Q

control mechanisms: has quick responses(E and NE) and long-term responses(ADH and EPO)

A

hormones

Anatomy/Physiology (27 decks)

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