Chapter 13: The Cardiovascular System(Blood Vessels)

Question 1

what are the 3 layers of blood vessels called?

Answer 1

tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa

Question 2

innermost layer that is in contact with blood; has a simple squamous epithelial layer and loose connective tissue underneath; called endothelial lining

Answer 2

tunica interna

Question 3

middle layer; composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers; has less elastic farther away from the heart

Answer 3

tunica media

Question 4

mostly composed of connective tissue sheath; used for attachment to other structures; outer covering of the blood vessel; connects arteries, veins, and nerves to each other

Answer 4

tunica externa

Question 5

carries blood away from the heart

Answer 5

artery

Question 6

what are the 3 types of arteries?

Answer 6

-large/elastic
-medium/muscular
-arterioles

Question 7

arteries: tunica media is large and dominated by elastic fibers so that it has the ability to expand and recoil; aorta and tributaries, pulmonary artery

Answer 7

large/elastic arteries

Question 8

arteries: tunica media is dominated by smooth muscle to help it contract and decrease diameter to slow blood down; controlled by sympathetic branch of ANS; rest of named arteries other than large; contract=slows blood down, relax=speeds blood up

Answer 8

medium/muscular arteries

Question 9

arteries: none have names; 10s of 1000s of these; no tunica externa, therefore not attached, allows for more control; tunica media has 2-3 layers of smooth muscle

Answer 9

arterioles

Question 10

only has the tunica interna and no loose connective tissue so that the plasma can leak out of the it; found in _______________ beds; controlled by pre___________ sphincters

Answer 10

capillaries

Question 11

what does the precapillary sphincter do when O2 is low?

Answer 11

relaxes and allows blood to flow into the capillary bed

Question 12

what does the precapillary sphincter do when O2 is high?

Answer 12

contracts and allows blood to flow into the capillary bed

Question 13

what are the 2 types of anastomosis?

Answer 13

arteriovenous and arterial

Question 14

bypasses the capillary bed; arteriole connects to venule

Answer 14

arteriovenous anastomosis

Question 15

2 arterioles that feed into the same capillary bed

Answer 15

arterial anastomosis

Question 16

what are the 2 types of veins?

Answer 16

-venules
-medium-sized veins

Question 17

veins: smallest; no tunica media because blood is already slow and does not need to be slowed down more

Answer 17

venules

Question 18

veins: all named veins except large; contain all 3 tunics but when compared to arteries, tunica media is much smaller because blood does not need to be slowed down; tunica externa is larger because it is used to attach to the insides of major skeletal muscles of the limbs

Answer 18

medium-sized veins

Question 19

hardening or thickening of arterial walls; no changes in width of arteries

Answer 19

arteriosclerosis

Question 20

smooth muscle in the walls are replaced with calcium deposits(hardens walls of arteries); increases BP

Answer 20

focal calcification

Question 21

hardening or thickening of arterial walls; no changes in the width of arteries

Answer 21

atherosclerosis

Question 22

what are the 2 methods of arteriosclerosis?

Answer 22

focal calcification and atherosclerosis

Question 23

arteriosclerosis: smooth muscle in the walls is replaced with calcium deposits(hardens walls of arteries); increases BP(hypertension)

Answer 23

focal calcification

Question 24

arteriosclerosis: thickening of arterial walls; starts with damage to the tunica interna; caused by the formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media; high levels of lipids(cholesterol–>carried in blood by plasma protein that is a lipoprotein–>HDL and LDL); when cholesterol levels are high for a long period of time, an inflammatory response occurs

Answer 24

atherosclerosis

Question 25

pressure is lowest when blood is...

Answer 25

coming back to the heart

Question 26

pressure is highest when blood is...

Answer 26

leaving the heart

Question 27

what 3 factors oppose pressure?

Answer 27

resistance, viscosity, and turbulence

Question 28

resist/oppose movement(slow it down)

Answer 28

resistance

Question 29

smooth muscle contracts and blood hits walls of arteries; diameter decreases with muscular contraction and causes collisions of blood cells, causing blockages

Answer 29

vascular resistance

Question 30

thickness of fluid; can cause collisions of blood cells

Answer 30

viscosity

Question 31

highest by walls and lowest in the middle of the blood vessel; collisions of solids in blood with walls or other solids

Answer 31

turbulence

Question 32

pressure lessens as distance from heart increases; systolic pressure is peak BP and diastolic pressure is minimum BP(difference between these is pulse pressure)

Answer 32

arterial pressure

Question 33

pressure within a capillary bed; helps with homeostasis

Answer 33

capillary pressure

Question 34

1/10 of the pressure of the arterial system, but pressure declines slowly

Answer 34

venous pressure

Question 35

what is the 1st sound(systolic) heard in measuring BP?

Answer 35

thump

Question 36

what is the 2nd sound(diastolic) heard in measuring BP?

Answer 36

no sound

Question 37

what are the 2 types of cardiovascular regulation?

Answer 37

autoregulation and neural control

Question 38

cardiovascular regulation: all cells close the capillaries(located in capillary beds); controlled by precapillary sphincters; cells of capillary bed regulate themselves by having the ability to control the precapillary sphincter

Answer 38

autoregulation

Question 39

cardiovascular regulation: sensors located in aorta and carotid arteries; monitors pressure and chemical levels; 3 control mechanisms are the heart, blood vessels, and hormones

Answer 39

neural control

Question 40

what are the 2 types of neural control?

Answer 40

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

Question 41

monitor BP(pressure receptors); monitored by medulla oblongata(cardioaccelatory and cardiodecelatory/cardioinhibitory centers); determines how much blood comes out of ventricles

Answer 41

baroreceptors

Question 42

monitors chemical levels in blood(O2, CO2, pH); monitored by medulla oblongata(cardioaccelatory and cardiodecelatory/cardioinhibitory centers)

Answer 42

chemoreceptors

Question 43

what are the 3 control mechanisms of neural control?

Answer 43

heart, blood vessels, and hormones

Question 44

control mechanisms: makes SA node fire more-->more BPM-->helps ventricles contract more

Answer 44

heart

Question 45

control mechanisms: in tunica media, smooth muscle contracts, decreasing the diameter

Answer 45

blood vessels

Question 46

control mechanisms: has quick responses(E and NE) and long-term responses(ADH and EPO)

Answer 46

hormones