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Bio 108 > Seed plants, Gamnosperms > Flashcards

Seed plants, Gamnosperms Flashcards

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1
Q

Seed plants have______ dominant and ___________ dependent

A

Seed plants have Sporophyte dominant and Gametophyte dependent.

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2
Q

What are the five innovations of seed plants?

A
  1. Independent sporophyte and dependent gametophyte
  2. Heterospory
  3. Ovules
  4. Pollen
  5. Seeds
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3
Q

What is a “Heterospory”

A

A seed plant produces two sizes of spores.

Megaspores and microspores

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4
Q

What are ovules?

A
  • A megaspore retained within parent sporophyte.
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5
Q

What is pollen?

A
  • A Microspore that develops into pollen grains
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6
Q

What is a seed?

A

Fertilized ovule develops into seed. Containing Next generation sporophyte.

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7
Q

True or false:

Within Seed Plants the Gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte.

A

True.

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8
Q

How is a female Gametophyte developed?

A

Via Motosis from a megaspore.

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9
Q

When a Female gametophyte is being produced, where is the (1n) stage produced?

A

Within sporophyte megasporangium.

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10
Q

After the (2n) stage of a female Gametophyte is produced, what is it wrapped in?

A

integuments.

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11
Q

integuments + megasporangium + megaspore =

A

Ovule

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12
Q

What are the three componants of a Ovule?

A

Integuments
Megasporangium
megaspore.

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13
Q

is a Mircrospore 1n or 2n?

A

1n

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14
Q

Where is the microspore contained?

A

inside the 2n microsporeangium, which is retained on the parent sporophyte

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15
Q

How are Male Gametophytes produced?

A

Through mitosis of microspores

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16
Q

What is ‘immature pollen’?

A

tiny 1n male gametophytes.

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17
Q

how many cells are within a pollen grain at MINIMUM?

A

2 cells.

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18
Q

What are pollen grains coated in that makes them resilient?

A

Sporopellenin?

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19
Q

What happens when pollen reaches an ovule?

A

They ‘pollenate’ and then ‘fertilize’ the ovule.

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20
Q

How is pollen usually packed within a plant?

A

as single grains or small clumps of 4-16 grains.

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21
Q

How do orchids and milkweeds pack their pollen?

A

they clump them together in groups of 1000-1,000,000 grains.

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22
Q

What are the clumps of pollen created by orchids and milkweed called?

A

Pollinia

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23
Q

What aspect of pollen causes an allergenic response in people?

A

the proteins associated with the sporopollenin coat.

protective layer that makes them hardy and tough

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24
Q

in non-seed plants, it is the single-celled sperm that goes in search of eggs. Within seed plants, it is the _________ that goes must reach the egg.

A

Entire Male Gametophyte.

25
Q

A Sporophyte embryo in gametophyte tissues in parent sporophyte wrapping is a……..?

A

Seed

26
Q

What is the “dispersal stage” of seed plants?

A

The seed.

27
Q

What is the “Dispersal stage” of non-seed plants?

A

a spore.

28
Q

When did the first seed plants occur in the fossil record?

A

360 MYA

29
Q

How many “main” clades of extant seed plants exist today?

A

Two

30
Q

What are the clades of the seed plants found today?

A

Gymnoperms and Angiosperms

31
Q

What does the root word “Gymnos” mean?

A

Naked

32
Q

What does the root word “sperm” mean?

A

Seed

33
Q

What does the root word “angio” mean?

A

Container, vessel.

34
Q

When was the first Gymnosperm found?

A

305 MYA

35
Q

When was the first angiosperm found?

A

125 MYA

36
Q

gymnosperms and angiosperms probably arose from different __________________ ancestors.

A

progymnosperm

37
Q

What characterizes a Gymnosperm?

A

seeds that is relatively ‘naked’

ie. ovule and seed lie on surface of sporophyll.

38
Q

What is the normal shape for a gymnosperm sporophyll?

A

A stroblia (cone)

39
Q

What are the 4 extant phyla of Gymnosperms?

A
  • Ginkophyta
  • Gentophyta
  • Cycadophyta
  • Coniferophyta.
40
Q

Although the relationships between the 4 extant phyla of gymnosperm is not clear, they do appear to make up a __________ group.

A

Monophyletic.

41
Q

How many extant species with the Phylum of Ginkophyta are there?

A

1 - Ginko biloba

42
Q

Within Ginkophyta, what is a key characteristic of their sperm?

A

Flagellated sperm.

43
Q

What are the madisonal uses of Ginkophyta leaves?

A

they are used increase blood flow (proven), and improve memory (not proven).

44
Q

How many Extant specises of Cycadophyta exist?

A

roughly 130 species

45
Q

Where are Cycadophyta found?

A

They are tropical areas, growing no taller than 1m high.

46
Q

When were the Cycadophyta most dominant and diverse?

A

during the Mesozoic era.

47
Q

What is a unique characteristic about Cycadophyta’s sperm?

A

Much like the Ginkophyta, the sperm is Flagellated.

48
Q

What is the key way that Cycadophta seed are distributed.

A

Through birds/animals dropping them places.

49
Q

How many Extnet species of Gnetophyta exist?

A

there are three Genera with about 76 extant spp.

50
Q

What are the three main Genera?

A

Gnetum - 35 spp.

Weleitschia - 1 spp in Africa.

Ephedra - 40 spp

51
Q

Some species of Epthedra contain alkioids called ________ and ________ that caused bronchi dilation.

A

Eqphedrine and pseudoephedrine.

52
Q

How many specises of Coniferophyta exist?

A

This is the most species rich phylum with around 600 extant species.

53
Q

What does the root word “fer” mean?

A

To bear.

54
Q

What is special about Coniferophyta?

A

some of the species can live up to 3000 years old.

55
Q

Most Coniferophyta are ________, and do not drop their leaves in autumn seasons.

A

Evergreen.

56
Q

Some Coniferophyta are _______ and drop their leaves in the winter

A

deciduous.

57
Q

what insects are responsible for the mass eradication of Coniferophyta across Canada?

A

Bark beetles.

58
Q

What is a defense Conifers have that protect them from insects?

A

Pitch (resin)

Bio 108 (24 decks)

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