lecture 19 Flashcards
Until recently, what was considered the sister taxa of Hexapods
Myriapods
What is the common name for Hexapods?
Insects
What is the common name for Myriapods?
Centipedes
Where has recent discovery placed Hexapods on the phylogentic tree of life?
Within Crustaceans
What has the new clade of Crustaceans called/
PanCrustaceans
What are Tagmata?
Segmented bodies
What is the tagmata most commonly found in arthropods?
generally they have three segments comprising of:
Head (cephalization) - eatting and sensing
thorax: locomotion
Abdomen: Digestion and reproduction.
True or False:
Some Taxa within Arthropods have a combined head and thorax, what is it called and is this true?
It is called Cephalothorax
True
What Taxa am I describing?
- 1 pair of antennae
- 1 pair of compound eyes
- Has many biramous limbs.
The Trilobita
What dose it mean to be biramous?
to have 2-branched limbs.
When did the majority of trilobita wiped out?
During the end-permian extinction event roughly 280MYA
What is the basic body plan of crustaceans?
They have the following: 2 pairs of antennae biramous limbs compound eyes They have a cephalothroax They are covered by a carapace.
What dose the root word -cephalo- mean>
Head.
What is a Carapace?
shield that covers dorsal and lateral sides.
What are the main mouth parts of Curstaceans?
They are mandibles
What are mandibles?
Single-segmented biting/chewing.
What is the exoskeleton of Crustaceans re-enforced with?
Calcium carbonate.
What dose the root word -crust- mean?
crunchy
How do crustaceans preform gas exchange?
Through gills
How do fully terrestrial Crustaceans perform gas exchange?
they use a tracheae.
Most Crustaceans are sexed, what is the exception?
Barnacles, they are hermaphrodites
How dose sperm transfer occur within Crustaceans?
Through Copulation and intromission.
What is Copulation?
When the male places sperm in or on the females sperm-receiving organ.
What is intromission?
The male part goes inside the female part
How do most of the females of Crustaceans Handel their eggs?
They brood their eggs until they hatch.
True or false:
Some freshwater and terrestrial spp of Crustaceans are direct developers
True!
How do most Crustaceans develop through their life cycle?
Most of them have an indirect life cycle with a larval stage.
What is the most common larval stage of Crustaceans?
They are anuplius.
What are the four forms of nurtent gathering in Crustaceans?
- Filter feeders
- Scavengers
- Predators
- Commensals or parasites
What is a ecologically unsound way of gathering Crustaceans?
Through bottom-trawling.
What is the main reason bottom-trawling is unsound?
It has a 75% bycatch (fish that get thrown back)
What are common Hexapods?
Insects and spring tails
What are common Myriapods?
Centipedes and millipedes
What are the FOUR shared features between Hexapods and Myriapods?
- they have one pair of antennae
- they have mandubles
- they have a tracheae
- they have uniramous limbs.
What dose it mean to have uniramous limbs?
Having one set of legs per segment
True or false:
Pancrustaceans and myriapods all have mandibles as mouth parts.
True.
What is the defining feature of Hexapods?
They are 6-legged arthropods.
What dose the root word -hex- mean?
6
What class is included within Hexapods (gotta love them :D)
insecta
What is the second most important class within Hexapods?
collembola
What is the morphological structure of Hexapods?
-They have clear and consistent Tagmata
Collembola are entognathous
Insecta are ectognathous
What is found on each of the segments of tagmata within Hexapods?
head: 1 pair of antennae
Thorax: 3 pairs of jointed legs
abdomen: has no paired jointed legs
What dose it mean to be entognathous?
It means that the mandeibles are enclosed by the cheeks.
found in collembola
What dose the root word -ento- mean?
in(side)
What dose the root word -gnath- mean?
jaw
What dose the root word -ecto- mean?
out(side)
What dose it mean to be ectognathous?
Mean that your mandibles are not enclosed in cheeks.
this is found in insecta.
what is the Morphology of Collembola? (aside from the shared Hexapoda morphology)
- they posses a collophore
- they have ocelli
What dose the root word -collo- mean?
Glue
What dose it mean to have ocelli
singular lensed eyes
What is the Morphology of Insecta?
they have compund ocelli eyes.
- some possess wings
What is it called when a insect dose not have wings?
Apterygote
What dose the root word -a- mean?
Without
What is it called when a insect dose have wings?
Pterygota
What dose the root word -pter- mean?
wing
What are the three main life cycles of Hexpods?
Ametaboly
Hemimetaboly
holometaboly
What is ametaboly?
A= without meta= change
juveniles look exactly like adults
what is hemimetaboly?
Hemi- partial
meta- change
wings develop over time from wing pads to full wings.
What are the juveniles of Hemimetaboly called?
Nymphs
What is holometaboly?
holo- entire or complete
meta -change
The animal develops wings all at once in a pupa stage.
juveniles always have a different morphology and ecology than adults.
What are the juveniles of holometaboly called?
Larva!
True or false:
All hexapods have separate sexes.
True.
there are no hermaphrodites.
How do collembolans and apterygote insects transfer sperm?
indirectly, through spermatophores.
What is a spermatophore?
Encapsulated package of sperm placed on a substrate.
How do pterygote transfer sperm?
Through copulation.
Males place sperm directly on or in the females sperm-receiving structure.
true or false?
Almost all hexapods are terrestrial.
True.
What is entomology?
The study of insects.
What is a positive effect of Hexapods
They drive insect pollination.
What is the biggest issue facing Hexapods?
Colony-collapse disorder.
What is the main characteristic of Myriapoda?
They have many sets of uniamerous legs.
What dose the root word -myria- mean?
a great many.
Are Myriapoda highly tagmatized.
Nope, they are less tagmatized.
What are the tagmata of Myriapods?
Head: wih ocelli, mandibles, and 1 pr antennae.
Trunk: has 9-325 pairs of jointed legs.
What is the development of Myriapods?
They are direct developers.
what is the oldest fossil of a terrestrial animal of?
A Myriapod
What is the common name for the class Diplopoda?
millipedes.
What is the morpjology of Diplopoda?
They have two pairs of legs and two stigmata per segment.
What is it called when there is a fusion of two adjacent segments?
Diplosegments
What dose the root word -diplo- mean?
Double
What is the common name for Chilopoda?
centipedes
What dose the root word -cheilos- mean?
lip
What is a scary evolutionary trait Chilopoda made to sudbue prey and fight things?
poison claws
Where did the name Chilopoda come from?
Cuz they have a pair of modified legs behind their mouth parts.
How many sets of legs do chilopoda have per segment?
1
What are the most well known members of the Chelicerata?
Horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, and mites
What are the defining morphological traits of Chelicerata
They lack antenae
they have chelicerae as main mouth parts.
What are Chelicerae?
They are 2-3 segmented claws/fangs that are used to crush or stab things.
What dose the root word -Chel- mean?
Claw
What dose the root word -ceros- mean?
horn
How many tagmata do Chelicerata have?
They have 2 main tagmata.
the cephalothrax and abdomen
What are the features of the Cephalpthorax within Chelicerata?
They are wholly or partly covered by a carapace
They have 6 pairs of limbs
and if they have eyes they are here.
What are the six sets of legs found on the cephalothorax within Chelicerata?
Chelicerae (mouth parts)
Pedipalps
4 sets of legs
What are pedipalps?
Pincers in scorpions and sensory organs in spiders.
What is the most well known member of the Class Xiphosura?
The horseshoe crab.
What is are the phylogenetic traits of the horseshoe crab?
They have compound eyes
They have book gills
have a long terminal spine (sword tail)
What dose the key word -xiphos- mean?
Sword
What dose the root word -uros- mean?
tail
How do Xiphosura eat>
They ingest particles from the water.
What is their developmental Juvenal stage?
Planktonic larvae
What is the most well known member of the Class Arachnida?
Spiders
How do Arachnida eat?
They are fluid feeders.
What are the Araneae?
They are the spiders.
What is one of their defining traits about there segmata?
They have tightly constructed junctions between cephalothroax and abdomen
Araneae have ___ segmented Chelicerae
2-segmented chelicerae (fangs)
What produces the webs made by Araneae?
Spinnerets
located in the abdomen, they are a appendage use fro spinning silk.
How do Araneae exchange gases?
Through tracheae and/or book lungs.
How do Araneae catch prey>
through the use of poison glands that empty through Chelicerae
True or false:
Some Araneae use silk to capture prey.
True.
Do spiders show any kind of maternal care?
Yes, they show maternal care of eggs and sometimes young.
How do Araneae suck up sperm?
Through a pedipalp
What is the most well known member of the Scorpiones?
The scorpions.
What is the defining feature of the Scorpiones?
Their pedipalps are modified as grasping pincers.
The abdomen of Scorpiones is____ segmented.
Clearly.
What do Acari do?
they do everything and live everywhere.
How do Acari feed?
they feed through fluid feeding or through the ingestion of solid particles.
What are the young Acari called? and what is their defining feature?
They are called larvae and they have 3 pairs of legs (in the place of 4)
What is so important about Acari?
They are the most economically important arachnids
What is the most famous Acari?
ticks
