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Bio 108 > Evolution 2 > Flashcards

Evolution 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does “neo-Darwinism” mean?

A

It was coined to reflect the understanding of natural selection + genetic basis of inheritance in the 1930’s and 40’s

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2
Q

What is another term for Neo-Darwinism?

A

Modern sythesis

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3
Q

What was the largest leap in biological understanding after the 1940’s?

A

Understanding the structure of DNA

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4
Q

What is evolution within a species called?

A

Micro-evolution

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5
Q

What does Micro-evolution involve?

A

The change in frequencies of alleles in a population between generations

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6
Q

What is a population?

A

A localized group f individuals of the same species

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7
Q

True or false:

Much like a population, a single individual can evolve

A

False:

A population can evolve (microevolution) but individuals cannot evolve

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8
Q

What are the five main factors that can alter the frequencies of alleles within a population?

A

1: mutation
2: natural selection
3: Genetic Drift
4: Gene flow
5: Extinction

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9
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in an individual’s DNA

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10
Q

What can cause a mutation ?

A
  • error in DNA replication

- Structural damage of DNA

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11
Q

What happens when their is a mutation in the DNA of a creatures Gametes?

A

Then the mutation will be passed on to its offspring

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12
Q

Can single celled organisms avoid passing on their mutations?

A

No, they have no gametes, thus when there is a mutation it is wholly passed on through the process of self replication

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13
Q

True or False:

Mutations can happen randomly or in response to particular selective factors

A

False:

Mutations only happen randomly, the results of the mutations can be positive, negative, or null

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14
Q

Why are genetic mutations important?

A

Because it allows for evolution through genetic diversity

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15
Q

Are neutral mutations always silent?

A

No,

If the environment changes it can cause the neutral mutation to surface either positively or negatively

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16
Q

What are micro-mutations?

A

Mutation that only have small changes on the organism.

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17
Q

What are Macro-mutations?

A

Mutations that have a large effect on the organism.

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18
Q

Are the majority of mutations macro or micro?

A

Micro-mutations

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19
Q

How do most Macro-mutations occur?

A

through the mutation of a that gene that controls the development of a certain aspect.

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20
Q

What mode of evolution results in adaptations?

A

natural selection.

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21
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

An adaptation is a feature, created through the process of natural selection, that provide an advantage to an individual possessing it.

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22
Q

natural selection acts on a __-_______ variation

A

Pre-existing

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23
Q

What is the origin of heritable variability?

A

Mutation

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24
Q

How can natural selection affect distribution of allele frequencies?

A

1: directional selection
2: Diversifying selection
3: Stabilizing selection.

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25
Q

What is directional selection?

A

When the mean of the original population shifts as a whole, losing some species but maintaining its shape.

  • the mean changes
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26
Q

What is diversification selection?

A

The center of the bell curve shrinks and the two ends rise up.

The mean of the population becomes split, the variance increases.

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27
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

When the variance of a species decreases and the mean of the graph increases in height.

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28
Q

Is survival of the fittest am accurate phrase?

A

No, you do not have to have greater fitness than the rest. Only a greater reproductive success.

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29
Q

What is the definition of fitness in a biological prospective?

A

The ability to produce offspring that themselves survive to reproduce

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30
Q

What are the two main types of selection?

A

Sexual and natural selection.

31
Q

What are the two main types of sexual selection?

A

Intra-sexual

Inter-sexual

32
Q

What is intra-sexual selection?

A

The competition between the same sex for assess to mates.

33
Q

What is an example of Intra-sexual competition?

A

Male deer growing larger and sharper antlers to fence with other deer looking to take their mates.

Sexual selection result:
Larger antlers

34
Q

What is inter-sexual selection?

A

The selection of traits based off of the interaction between the sexes

35
Q

What is a example of inter-sexual interaction?

A

Male jumping spiders will grow colorful hairs across their body to impress a female.

Sexual selection:
Females mate with brightly colored males, thus they will evolve brighter colored hairs.

36
Q

Why did Darwin separate natural and sexual selection?

A

Because it seemed like some sexually selected traits would act against selected ones.

ie: peacock feathers make them an easy target, but it was evolved as a sexually selected trait.

37
Q

What do biologist conciser sexual selection to be today?

A

A simple category within natural selection

38
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

The change in a populations allele frequency through chance rather than selection.

39
Q

What can cause genetic drift?

A

Small, random fluctuations in reproductive success.

  • Bottle neck
  • Founder Drift
40
Q

What is an example of genetic drift?

A

you have 100 marbles in a bag: 50 red/ 50 blue.

You randomly take out 50.

You now have 20 red / 30 blue.

The genetic frequency is not deceased for the red allele

41
Q

What is a genetic Bottle neck?

A

It is a dramatic reduction in genetic diversity, due to a massive drop in population size, and drop in allele diversity.

42
Q

What is the founders effect?

A

When a small number of individuals without full complement of allele diversity start a new population in a new area.

43
Q

What size of population is most greatly affected by founders effect/genetic drift?

A

Small populations

44
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The occurrence of when individuals interbreed or migrate among populations.

45
Q

What effect does gene flow have on genetic drift?

A

It counteracts it

46
Q

What effect does Gene flow have on Adaptation and diversity?

A
  • slows local adaptation

- reduces phenotype diversity

47
Q

What is extinction?

A

The complete loss of a portion of a species diversity.

48
Q

What is local extinction called?

A

Extirpation

49
Q

Evolution at the population level is often called what?

A

Micro evolution

50
Q

How does micro evolution occur mainly?

A

Through selection

51
Q

Evolution at a species/clade level is called what?

A

macroevolution

52
Q

What is a species based off a taxonomist definition?

A

What a taxonomist says it is

53
Q

What is a species from a biologist perspective?

A

Population or group of populations whose individuals are capable of interbreeding and producing viable fertile offspring.

54
Q

What is wrong with the biological definition of a species

A

does not work for asexual organisms or plants

55
Q

What is DNA bar coding?

A

An attempt to use molecular methods to recognize and discover species.

56
Q

What is the benefit to DNA bar code?

A

There is little variation within species, and clear differences between species.

57
Q

What is the common use of the DNA Barcode?

A

it is used to identify already described
species

And within Wildlife forensics

58
Q

What is speciation?

A

we observe that Cohesive units of morphologically and behaviorally similar organisms exist, regardless of definition.

59
Q

How did Darwin argue species arose?

A

Gradually through previously existing species, an believed that natural selection was the primary driver.

60
Q

What are the two theories of speciation as seen through the fossil record?

A

Anagenesis

Caldogensis

61
Q

What is Anagenesis

A

Refers to gradual transformations of one species into another

and

gradual change within a lineage that does not involve sepaciation

62
Q

What is Cladoegensis?

A

Refers to splitting of ancestral species into two or more species

63
Q

What is gradualism?

A

Slow differentiation by natural selection over many generations

64
Q

In the 1970’s Gradualism challenged what idea?

A

It challenged the idea of punctuated equilibrium

65
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Speciation that happens rapidly, followed by relitive long period of stasis

66
Q

What are the two main ways that a species can be reproductively isolated?
( no longer can mate with original species)

A

1: Prezygotic behavior prevent sperm from meeting the egg.
2: Postzygotic barriers act after egg and sperm got together.

67
Q

What are the five main factors that play into Prezyotic barriers?

speciation

A

1: Habitat
- one in medow, other in forest
2: Timing
- They reach sexual maturity at different ages
3: Behavior
mating calls are different
4: Mechanical
Genitals or body size are different
5: Gametic
The eggs or sperm cannot recognize each other

68
Q

What are the main factors that play into Postzygotic barriers?
speciation

A
  • hybrid offspring of A and B may die
  • Hybrid offspring of A and B may be infertile
  • Hybrid offspring may be unable to produce viable offspring
69
Q

What is speciation via hybridization?

A

Hybrids of A and B may be fertile among themselves, but reproductively isolated from parents

70
Q

Where is hybridization most commonly found?

A

Plants

71
Q

What is polyploidy in plants?

A

Mutations within seed may lead the play to be self compatible, but isolated from parents

72
Q

Where is the evidence of specication?

A

Fossil records, geographical differentiation, and lab experiments in mating preferences.

73
Q

True or false:

Micro and Macro evolution have stopped occurring due to human interaction with the environment

A

False.

Micro and Macro evolution are still very much happening today.

Bio 108 (24 decks)

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