Lecture 1 - Etymology Flashcards
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What is Etymology?
It is the study of word origins.
What is Taxonomy?
The practice ( and a little theory ) of classifying organisms.
What is systemics?
The theory ( and a little practice ) of classifying organisms
- asking the questions of Why?
What is nomenclature?
A system of rules for naming things
What is Ethnotaxonomy?
The examination of how different cultures classify plants and animals.
What is a common name?
Name for species that is not based on the linnaean system.
what are the three main problems with common names?
- Common names can differ among countries and languages
- They can have the same name for different species
- Common names can imply incorrect relationships.
Who made the Linnaean System?
A Swedish Botanist Carl Linnaeus (1707 - 1778)
What as the book called that first proposed the Linnaeus system?
Systema Naturea ( System of nature)
What is the Lannaeus system?
- The use of latin as a universal language of scientific nomenclature.
- Use of binomen (Two part name) for each species.
How is the Binomen split up?
- the first part of the name is the Genus name
- The second name is the Specific Epithet
together they make the species name.
eg. Homo Sapiens
Within the Linnaean system, what are groups of organisms called?
Taxa
What are nested subsets within the Linnaean system?
Taxonomic Levels or ranks
All animals must be placed within the following Seven taxonomic levels:
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
What higher taxonomic category was introduced to the linnaean system? what is it for?
Domain:
Used to recognize the most basic divisions of life.
- ie. Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota
What is the first rule for the Linnaean system?
- Genus and Specific epithets are always italicized.
What is the secound rule for the Linnaean system?
- Taxon names (except specific epithet) capitalized when used as nouns but not when used as adjectives.
What is the Third rule for the Linnaean system?
- A genus name may be abbreviated but never the specific epithet.
( Alces alces = A. alces not Alces a.)
What is the ICZN, and why was it made?
International Code of Zoological Nomencalture.
it was created as a set of rules for naming specises
When was the ICZN founded?
1905
What was one thing that was changed after the ICZN was introduced?
They gave seperate naming codes fro Plants+algae+fungi
and for
bacteria
What is the first rule we need to know from the ICZN?
1 Jan 1758, the first day that published Binomials are considered official
What is the secound rule we need to know from the ICZN?
The oldest published name( back to 1758) for a taxon is considered the correct one.
This means that it has priority and is called the SENIOR SYNONYM
What is a junior synonym.
A taxon that is younger when compared to another taxon.
What is the Third rule we need to know from the ICZN?
The person who originally described the Taxon is considered the Taxon’s author.
What is the fourth rule we need to know from the ICZN?
Once a name for a taxon has been published, even if it was used incorrectly, it can never be used for another taxon.
What is the fifth rule we need to know from the ICZN?
If the same name is used for two diffrent taxa, oldest name takes priority. ( Senior homonym )
What is the sixth rule we need to know from the ICZN?
Same nams from diffrent codes are not homonyms
What is the seventh rule we need to know from the ICZN?
Specific epithets can be shared, but not in the same Genus.
What is the eighth rule we need to know from the ICZN?
Names must be in latin alphabet ( Not cyrillic )
What is the ninth rule we need to know from the ICZN?
Family names for animals end in -idae ( for plants -aceae), subfamilies in - inae (Plants -oideae)
What is the tenth rule we need to know from the ICZN?
If a species s placed in a new genus, for whatever reason, this is indicated by the parentheses around the authority.
Can there be any exceptions to the ICZN rules?
Yes, only if there is a fear of a threat to stability of scientific knowledge.
